The Byzantine Economy Angeliki E. Laiou and Cecile Morrisson Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-61502-0 - The Byzantine Economy Angeliki E. Laiou and Cecile Morrisson Index More information

INDEX .

abiotikion, 159 Andronikos I, emperor of Trebizond Abydos, 35, 52 (1222–35), 216 accounting, 104, 239 Andronikos II, emperor (1282–1328), 217, Achaia, 167 224 added value, 231 Andros, 111, 128, 190 adelphata, 17 Angevins, 171, 221 Adoulis, 36 animal husbandry, 171 Adrianople, 199 animals, 67, 113 Adriatic sea, 8 animals, pack-animals, 37 Aegean sea, 8, 11, 167, 169, 173, 185, 206, annona civica, 33 212, 213, 215, 220 Antaeopolis, 32 Africa, 11, 15, 35 Antioch, 26 agronomy, 104 Apameia, 26 Akominatos, Michael, 98 Aphrodito, 26, 32 Alexandria, 26, 37, 139 apiculture, 97, 110, 113 Alexios I Komnenos, emperor Apions, family, 32 (1081–1118), 141, 144, 151, 159 Apokaukos, Alexios, 172 Alexios III Angelos, emperor (1195–1203), Apulia, 11, 118 142 aqc¸e, 217 al-Hakim II, caliph (961–976), 77 Arabs, 6 al-Idrisi, 131 arca frumentaria, 34 alimentary products, 56 archaeology, 2, 5 al-Mamun, caliph (813–833), 53 archontes, 129 Almoravids, 155 Argolid, 46, 95 Alonnesos/Pelagonnesi, shipwreck, 117 argyroprates-ai (bankers), 72 alum, 33, 172, 189, 194 aristocracy, 59, 63, 80, 132, 141, 181, 182, Amalﬁ, 84, 143 199, 244 Amorion, 48, 56, 75, 118, 119, 123, 130, Aristotle, 2, 61, 162 131, 137 armamenton-a (arsenals), 74 Anastasios I, emperor (491–518), Armenia, 30 27 Armenia, Lesser, 202 Anatolia, 11, 46, 191 Armenians, 45, 96, 190

Index 261

arms, 55 Black Sea, 135, 172, 185, 187, 202, 203, arsenals, 74 204, 205, 207, 208, 210, 211, 212, 213, art objects, 183 214 art, industries of, 56, 74 blacksmiths, 70, 78 Arta, 183, 206 Boeotia, 12, 110, 111, 129 artisanal activities/production, 111, 115, Boilas, Eustathios, 104 182 Book of the Prefect, 44, 57, 61, 71, 72, 129 artisans, 118, 122, 123, 124, 132, 164, 199 Bouras, Ch., 5 Artze, 137 Bozburun, 82 Asia Minor, 96, 111, 114, 137, 167, 170, bread, 17, 56 172, 182, 187 Bruges, 214 aspers, 217, 223 Bryennios, Nikephoros, 150 aspron-a trachy-ea, billon or copper coin, 151 building, 40, 131, 132, 198 assay, of coins, 217 Bulgaria, 52, 92, 95, 97, 167, 168, 246 associations, commercial, 18, 140 Bulgars, 43 Athanasios I, Patriarch of Constantinoploe, Bursa, 13 228 Athanasios, hegoumenos of Lavra, 104 cadastre, 21, 51 Athens, 118, 127, 132, 181 Caesarea, 26 Athos, Mt., 173, 181, 209 Caffa, 207 Attaleia, 137 Cairo, 139 Attaleiates, Michael, 2, 162 Calabria, 11, 12, 40, 45, 92, 110 Attica, 118 cameos, 183 augustal, gold coin, 222 Candia, 206 autarkeia, 112 capital, 61, 108, 109, 129, 140, 141, 161, Avars, 24, 39 163 Avlona, 206 Cappadocia, 32, 45, 96 Avramiton, 176 Caricinˇ Grad, 29 Axios (Vardar), 11 carpets, 125 cash crops, 98, 110, 175, 176, 180 Badoer, Giacomo, 193, 194, 198, 221 Catalans, 181 Baghdad, 134, 139 cattle, 81, 97 bakers, bakeries, 34 cattle raising, 67, 171 Balkans, 11, 26, 29, 40, 95 caviar, 15 Balsamon, 162 ceramics, 33, 34, 70 bankers, 27, 38, 72, 141, 197, 199, 213 Aegean Ware, 184, 185, 187 banking, 38, 199, 202, 233, 243, 246 African Red Slip, 35, 41 Barcelona, 138, 208 Elaborate Incised Ware, 187 barley, 98 exports, 118, 121 Basil I, emperor (867–886), 20 Fine Sgrafﬁto Ware, 117 Basil II, emperor (976–1025), 8, 9, 16, 53, glazed, 116, 117, 118, 121 95, 102, 115, 155 Glazed White Ware, 41, 75, 116, 185 Basilics, 62, 71 Measles Ware, 117 basilikon silver coin, 217 Palestinian amphorae, 35 beekeeping. See apiculture Phocaean, 35 Benjamin of Tudela, 128, 130, 138 Polychrome Ware, 76 besant, 147, 155, 220 Sgrafﬁto Ware, 121 billon, 217 Sicilian Ware, 75 Bir Umm Fawakhir, 30 Slip Painted, 117 Bithynia, 11, 12, 13, 45, 46, 55, 81, 190, 203 St. Symeon Ware, 186 Black Death, 196. See also plague, 39, 192 Zeuxippus Ware, 184, 185, 187 Zeuxippus Ware derivatives, 184, 185

262 Index

cereals, 65, 97. See grain consumption, 54, 132, 133 Chalkidike, 172, 176, 182, 193 contracts, 18, 20, 32, 62, 80, 163, 228, 233 Chandax, 118, 119 copper, mines, 30 cheese, 138 coppersmiths, 70, 78 Cherson, 41, 84 Cordoba,´ 21, 77 Chilandar, monastery, 179 Corinth, 75, 117, 118, 119, 123, 124, 127, Chilia, 207 128, 131, 136, 171, 185, 186, 187, 189, China, 31, 36, 202 190 Chios, 137, 205, 207 Coron, 167, 191, 206 Chora, monastery of, 122 corporations, 71 chorion, 68 corvees,´ 51, 156, 179 chreokoinonia, 140 Cosmas Indicopleustes, 36 chrysochos-oi, 27 cotton, 171, 172, 195, 203 Cilicia, 11, 45, 96 court titles, 53, 141 Cipolla, C., 155 craftsmen, 27, 70, 122, 198 cities, 5, 25, 26, 27, 31, 34, 37, 39, 41, 42, barrel-makers, 198 47, 55, 73, 87, 93, 118, 131, 133, 137, smiths, 198 182, 196, 197, 232, 237, 240, 241, 246 soap-makers, 198 autonomy, 196, 197, 200 craftsmen, rural, 32 centers of production, 241 credit, 72, 140 freedom of, 182 Crete, 11, 53, 114, 137, 138, 167, 172, 189, functions of, 131 202, 205, 206, 211 civil war of (1341–1354), 199 Crimea, 185, 188, 204 Clarentza, 191, 206 crisis climate, 8, 11, 12, 15, 25, 39, 47, 65, 236, mid-fourteenth century, 233, 237 238 seventh-century, 231, 237, 241 Clysma, 36 crusader states, 145, 202, 203, 204 coinage, 37, 54, 63, 85 crusades, 143, 153 alloy, 216 Fourth Crusade, 127, 147, 166, 167, 203 copper, 38, 87 Crypta Balbi, 41 gold, 50, 53, 148 crystal, 183 gold, Byzantine, 215 currency, 202 gold, Venetian, 221 Cyprus, 11, 17, 25, 30, 35, 37, 40, 131, 136, gold, Western, 215 168, 172, 185, 186, 202 integrating role, 226 Latin Empire, 216 Dagron, G., 78 silver, 150 Dalmatia, 29 coins Danelis, 67 foreign, 215 Danube, 11 production, 74 Davidson, G. R., 123 imitations, 223 debasement, 88, 147, 148, 149, 217, 223 colleganza, 73, 243 decline, 3, 24, 26, 38, 40, 42 commenda, 73, 140, 194, 243 defters (Turkish registers), 16 Commercial Revolution, 241 demand, 7, 43, 56, 71, 97, 115, 121, 124, Constantine V, emperor (741–775), 45, 51, 126, 132, 135, 142, 160, 163, 170, 182, 231 243 Constantine IX Monomachos, emperor domestic demand, 193 (1042–55), 135, 149 elite demand, 73, 76, 113, 122, 124, 126, Constantinople, 33, 41, 47, 48, 54, 71, 73, 132, 160, 167, 182, 186, 192, 244 83, 116, 117, 122, 131, 138, 139, 166, foreign, 126 169, 196, 197, 203, 207, 208, 223 international, 183, 201, 203 construction, 27, 124, 132, 149, 198 demography, 4, 44, 91, 169, 195

Index 263

deniers tournois, French or Frankish silver Epiros, 11, 15, 167, 169, 171, 186, 187, 191, coins, 223 206, 216, 224 deportations, 45 episkepseis, 102 development, 233, 234, 236, 237, 243, 244, epitropos (steward), 104 247 ergasteriakoi (craftsmen and traders), 71 Didymoteichon, 199 estates diminishing returns, 90 imperial, 32, 59, 102, 239, 244 dinar, 155 large, 4, 69, 97, 101, 103, 169, 173, 174, dirhem, 85 238 division of labour, 80, 164, 195, 202, 203, management, 104, 175, 239 204 senatorial, 32 Djadovo, 111 esterlin, English silver coin, 223 Dobrudja, 119, 125 Euboea, 128, 190 Dokimeion, 29 Euchaita, 131, 137 domain, mode of exploitation, 239 Europe, Northern, 237, 240, 245 domus divinae (imperial domains), 32 Europe, Western, 125, 171, 173, 182, 233, Dor D wreck, 40 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, doukaton, 217 243, 244, 245, 246 dowries, 18, 126 exchange, 240, 241, 243, 244 ducat economic exchange, 33, 241 Venetian gold coin, 222 gift exchange, 134, 244 Venetian silver coin, 223 non-economic, 6, 53, 134, 244 dye shops, 127 exchange economy, 2, 4, 91, 113, 115, 133, dyes, 33, 66, 132, 173 139, 163, 201 porphyra, 79 exemptions, 156, 158 dyestuffs, 171, 191 exkousseia-ai (immunity), 106, 156 acorns, 171 exploitation, 100, 105, 107, 111, 114, 178, kermes, 171 179, 239 murex, 33 land, 12, 103 dynatoi, 102 export Dyrrachion (Durazzo, Durres),¨ 27, 37, 136, control, 204 144, 206 exports, 89 Byzantine, 35, 138 earthquakes, 12 Ecloga, 61 fabricae (arms factories), 33 economic behavior, 2 fairs, 81, 113, 128, 137, 180 economic concepts, 6 family, 18, 171, 178, 213 economic growth, 3 famine, 58, 228 Economic History of Byzantium, 5 Farmer’s Law, 44, 65, 69, 99 economic policy, 2, 224 Fatimids, 84, 137, 155 economy feudalism, 105, 157 Western, 235, 236, 237, 244 finances, imperial, 220 economy, mixed, 231, 234, 235 fire beacons, 21 economy, political, 229 fisc, 145 Egypt, 15, 17, 24, 30, 32, 34, 36, 114, 126, fiscal policy, 2, 156 128, 137, 138, 139, 142, 201, 202, 205 fiscality. See taxation embole, 34 fish, 84 emporos-oi (merchants), 80 fishing, 15, 110, 172 enamels, 132, 183 flax, 172 endowments, 170, 246 florin, gold coin, 223 Eparch (Prefect of Constantinople), 72 follis-es, copper coin, 37, 85, 88, 153 Ephesus, 26 food, 17

264 Index

forest, 172 Harmenopoulos, Constantine, 228, 229 Fos, shipwreck, 41 Harvey, A., 3, 112, 243, 245 Foss, C., 3 Hebros (Marica), 11 Francia, 236, 237 Hendy, M. F., 3, 151 Frederick II Hohenstaufen, emperor Herakleios, emperor (610–641), 24, 50 (1214–1250), 222 heuresis thesaurou, 159 free market, 234 Hexabiblos, 228 freedom of the sea, 208 Hieron, 52 fruit, 66 histamenon-a, nomisma-ta, gold coin, 147 horses, 67, 97, 171 Ganos, 118 husbandry, 171 Genoa, 118, 192, 206 hyperpyron, 221, 222 Genoese, 128, 139, 142, 144, 173, 186, 194, gold coin, 151, 153, 155 200, 201, 203, 204, 205, 207, 208, 210, gold or silver coin, 216 212, 213, 214, 225, 246 silver coin, 215 merchants, 246 Geoponika, 31, 65 ideology, 160, 227 gifts, 53, 125, 126, 134 ideology, economic, 49, 50, 61, 233, 236, gigliato, silver coin, 221 243 Gini Coefﬁcient, 177 Ignatios the Deacon, 69 glass, 2, 27, 35, 77, 121, 139, 181, 183, 189, Illyricum, 39 232, 244 imitations of Byzantine products, 128 stained, 122 implements, agricultural, 31, 104 Venetian, 189 impoverishement, 105, 112 window panes, 121, 123, 189 income, per capita, 105, 111 globalization, 193, 222 India, 36 GNP, 136 indigo, 66, 139 gold, 55 inequality, 32, 105, 234 gold, mines, 29 infrastructures, 49, 167, 234 Gomatou, 177 inheritance, 18 Gortyna, 47 innovation, 98, 100, 116, 163 grain, 2, 12, 56, 98, 114, 134, 168, insecurity, 26, 168, 181, 195 171, 204, 208, 210, 212. See also instruction, 20 cereals interest, 162 granaries, 65 interest rates, 18, 38, 72, 140 grazing. See pasture investment, 61, 109, 129, 141, 163, 175, Greece, 127, 206 176, 177 Greek ﬁre, 22, 83 Ioannina, 131, 197, 206 Gregoras, Nikephoros, 191 Ionian sea, 8, 11 grosso, Venetian silver coin, 223 iron, 55, 172, 204, 208, 245 growth Iron Gates, 11 demographic, 45, 92, 239 irrigation, 99, 105, 109 economic, 232, 233, 234, 240 Isaak I Komnenos, emperor (1057–1059), factors of, 91, 238 159 intensive, 91, 195 Isidore, bishop of Thessalonike, 198 sustained, 92 Italy, 11, 12, 15, 17, 39, 43, 202, 237, 238, guilds, 32, 54, 58, 62, 78, 129 241 gynaecea (textile workshop), 33 Italy, Southern, 92, 97, 111 Iviron, monastery, 175 Haldon, J., 7 Halmyros, 136 Jacoby, D., 4 harbours, 15 Jerusalem, 21, 26

Index 265

jewelry, 74, 78, 132 laesio enormis, 58, 62, 227 Jews, 128, 130 Laiou, A. E., 16 John III Vatatzes, emperor (1222–1254), Lal, D. P., 18, 91 171, 176, 216, 224 land, 50, 91 John (VI) Kantakouzenos (1347–1354), acquisition of (legislation on), 102 173, 174, 198, 225 clearing of, 46, 63, 68, 93, 104, 176, 232, just price, 62 245 justice, 228 improvement of, 104, 109, 114 ideal of, 61, 62, 160 of peasant soldiers, 51 social, 232 Land Register of Thebes, 93 Justinian I, emperor (527–565), 27 landholders, 32 Justinian II, emperor (685–695), 45 landlords, 32, 101, 112, 114, 175, 176, 178, plague, 24 179 landowners, 39, 101, 129, 178, 197 Kalomodios, 141 landowning small-holders, 105 Kaplan, M., 3 Larissa, 118 kapnikon (household tax), 51 Lavra, monastery, 99, 105, 173, 174, 175, Karavas, Theodore, 174, 211 179 Kastellorizo, wreck, 185 law kastron-a, 43, 48 maritime, 145, 165 katallaktes-ai (moneychangers), 72 Lefort, J., 3, 46, 107, 186, 245 katartarioi, 78 legumes, 66, 97, 112 Kavasilas, Nicholas, 227, 229 Lemerle, P., 3 Kazhdan, A. P., 3 Lemnos, 100, 174, 182, 187 kekolymena, 54, 79, 144, 204 lending, 32, 228, 243 Kephalas, Leon, 114 Leo the Mathematician, 21 kermes, 66 Leo VI, emperor (886–912), 89 khalkites-ai (bronze or copperworkers), 27, libertas maris. See freedom of the sea 78 Libya, 15 kharage (mint), 74 Licostomo, 207 Khazars, 83, 84 life expectancy, 16 Kherson, 87, 119, 124 Lightfoot, C. S., 123 khrysepseteion, 221 linen, 171, 172 Kiev, 123, 133 literacy, 19, 235, 247 kilns, 39, 117 Liutprand of Cremona, 53, 84 Kitros, 118 loans, 18, 140, 229, 243 klasma-ta (lands left vacant), 102, 114 maritime, 38, 73, 140 Koder, J., 16 Longobardia, 110 Koloneia, 173 loom, 129 kome-ai, 37 Lopez, R. S., 241 kommerkiarios-oi, 80 Lucca, 191, 192 kommerkion, 52, 135, 144, 210, 221, 225 luxury goods, 134, 138, 142, 224 Konya, 145 luxury production, 79, 121, 132, 133, 183 Kos, 11 Lycia, 15 koukoularikon, 191 Lykaonia, 12 kouratoreia-ai, 69, 102 lyniphia, 33 Kovachevo, 111 Kutahiya, 173 Macedonia, 12, 16, 17, 93, 97, 168, 169, Kydones, Demetrios, 205 170, 171, 173, 176, 179, 187, 197 madder, 66 labour, 91, 99, 103, 109, 111, 175, 176, 177, Magistros, Thomas, 227 179, 229 Magyars, 237

266 Index

mahona, 205 Italian, privileges, 142 Makremvolites, Alexios, 199 provincial, 4, 139, 242 Malthusian bind, 90, 164 Syrian, 67 Malthusian impasse, 169 Venetian, 183, 194, 200, 203 Malthusian limits, 195 Western, 180, 194, 201, 232, 233 Mamitzon, 179 Western, privileges, 165, 203 Mamluks, 208 mesoi, 199 manghirs (copper coins), 217 Messenia, 95 Mani, 46 metal, supply. See mines Mantzikert, 95 metalwork, 2, 111 Manuel I Komnenos, emperor metaxarioi, 78, 129 (1143–1180), 147, 160 metaxopratai, 78 Manuel II Palaiologos, emperor metropolis, 238 (1391–1425), 209, 221 Michael IV, emperor (1034–41), 148 Manuel I, emperor of Trebizond (1238–63), Michael of Ephesos, 162 216 Michael VII Doukas, emperor manuelatus-i, coin, 216 (1071–1078), 149 marble, 29, 64 Michael VIII Palaiologos, emperor Mardaites, 45 (1259–1282), 173, 221, 224, 225 mare clausum, 15 migrations, 44 market, 112, 115, 225, 231 mikhaelaton, gold coin, 149 “national”, 55, 182, 233 miliaresion-a, 85, 147, 150 domestic, 55, 60, 125, 130, 133, 187, millet, 98 208, 225, 245 mills, 31, 99, 101, 104, 109, 175, 177, 179, foreign, 55, 130 239 international, 136, 164, 168, 183, 195, mines, 29, 33, 63, 85, 168, 172, 245 201, 202, 203 mint, 74, 86, 221 Italian market, 186 Miracles, of St. Demetrios, 41 market forces, 60, 161, 231, 234 Mistra, 229 marketplaces, 81 mitaton-a, 81, 144 markets, 167, 241 Modon, 167, 191, 206 foreign markets, 182 monasteries, 135, 156, 159, 173, 175, 176, Near Eastern, 133 181, 182, 209, 225, 226, 227 opening, 142 Monemvasia, 131, 191, 196, 199, 209, 210, rural, 37 213 urban, 40 monetary circulation, 59, 181, 215, 222, Western, 133, 134, 171, 182, 205 231, 243 Martin, J.-M., 46 monetary reform (1092), 151 mastic, 205 monetary system, 18, 242 meat, 17 monetization, 37, 40, 52, 87, 147, 153, 156, medicinal plants, 114, 138 239, 242 megalopolis, 37, 56, 135 money, 242 merchants, 129, 199, 201, 241, 242 circulation, 241 Byzantine, 4, 80, 136, 138, 139, 140, 141, concept of, 162 142, 146, 201, 203, 205, 208, 209, 210, moneychangers, 72 225, 234 monopoly, 59, 205, 209 Constantinopolitan, 139 monopsony, 209 foreign, 138, 139, 144, 145 Montpellier, 138 Genoese, 186, 201, 203 morabitino, Almoravid gold coin, 155 Greek, 204 Morea, 67, 169, 171 Italian, 140, 142, 143, 145, 167, 182, 193, Morrisson, C., 3 246 morte (sharecropping contract), 69

Index 267

mosaic icons, 183 Pantokrator, church, 122 mosaics, 121, 122 Paphlagonia, 81 mulberry, 12, 30, 66, 67, 110, 127, 172 Paphos, 124 murex, 33, 127 Parapinakes, 150 paroikoi, 69, 101, 105, 106, 114, 174, 175, Naples, 86 176, 177, 178, 179 naukleros-oi, 34, 80 parthenophthoria, 159 Naupaktos, 172, 206 partnerships, 73, 243 Nicaea, 56, 76, 118, 127, 167, 169, 171, pasture, 103 176, 187, 196, 216, 221, 224 Paterma, 111 Nichoria, 95, 111 Patmos, 11 Nicolet, C., 6 Patras, 45, 67, 128, 136, 191 Nicomedia, 76 Pax Mongolica, 202, 205 Nikephoritzes, 135 peasant households, 51, 103, 169, 170, 178, Nikephoros I, emperor (802–811), 50, 69, 239 82 peasant tenure, 239 Nikephoros I, Patriarch of Constantinople, peasants, 32, 51, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 108, 62 109, 110, 111, 114, 170, 175, 176, 178 Nikephoros II Phokas, emperor (963–69), landowning, 4, 68, 103, 106, 156 60, 77, 88 Pegai, 209 Nikephoros III Botaneiates, emperor Pegolotti, Francesco Balducci, 171, 216, (1078–1081), 150, 160 217 nomisma-ata, 85 Peloponnese, 11, 15, 110, 111, 127, 128, Normans, 236, 237 131, 168, 170, 172, 191, 196, 206, 214, Notitiae Episcopatuum, 47 240 Novgorod, 125, 138 penetes, 102 Novo Brdo, 172, 246 Pera, 194, 204, 207, 225 nummi scifati, 148 Pergamon, 123, 184, 186, 196 nummus-i, 37 perperi latini, 216 Persia, 39, 193 Ochrid, 131, 136 Petchenegs, 95, 96, 149 ofﬁces, sale of, 53 Petritzos (Bachkovo), monastery, 104 oikoi, 134 Philadelpheia, 190 Oikonomides, N., 4, 67, 80 Phocaea, 118, 173, 205, 207 oil-presses, 31, 39 phonikon, 159 olive oil, 17, 30, 54, 97, 114, 135, 146, 171 phoundax, 135, 162 olive tree, 66 Phrygia, 12 olive, cultivation of, 8, 12, 109 pigs, 12, 173 Ostrogorsky, G., 105 piracy, 95, 145, 210 Ottomans, 166, 169, 180, 200, 203, 225, Pisa, 201 233 Pisans, 144 Ouzes, 95 pitch, 64 oxen, 101, 104, 171, 173, 178 plague, 45. See also Black Death Justinianic (Great Plague), 38, 237 Pachymeres, George, 217 plague, mid-14th c., 170 Pakourianos, Gregory, 104 Plethon, George Gemistos, 192, 223, 229 pakton, 107 plough, 99 Palestine, 26, 137, 138, 143, 201 polyculture, 112, 171, 238 Pamphylia, 11, 45 Pontus, 30 Panakton, 181 population, 16, 24, 38, 44, 59, 91, 92, 93, panegyris-eis (fairs), 81 102, 170, 182, 196, 238, 240 panes aedium, 34 urban, 131

268 Index

pottery, 2, 74, 111, 166, 181, 184, 186, 200, Rhodes, 100, 137, 189, 205, 211 232, 244 Rhodian Sea Law, 44, 80, 82 glazed pottery, 75–6, 186–7 Rhodope, 11 pragmateutes-ai, 80 roads, 36 praktika, 169 Robert Guiscard, 127, 143 Preslav, 76, 124 Roger II, King of Sicily (1130–1154), 21, price 128 just price, 58, 62, 161, 162, 228 Roman heritage, 236 price fluctuations, 134 Roman law, 18 price formation, 202 romanatus-i, gold coin, 149 price rise, 162 Romanos I Lekapenos, emperor (920–44), price, formation, 56, 135, 162 58 prices, 2, 56, 57, 60 Romanos IV Diogenes, emperor primitivists, 33 (1068–71), 149 privileges, 137, 139, 143, 156, 225 Rome, 86 commercial, 142, 143, 144, 203, 208, Rus, 83 225, 233 Russell, J., 16 fiscal, 115, 156, 158, 174, 181 Russia, 214 of cities, 197 rye, 98 Proconnesos, 29 Procopius, author, 30 salaries, 53, 231 productivity, 100, 104, 138, 240 salines, 198 profit, 139, 161, 163, 176 salt, 15, 33, 54, 144, 172, 204, 206 just profit, 62, 228 Samothrake, 11 profit rates, 57 San Marco, Venice, 77 profits, regulation of, 57 Saraçhane, 75 prohibitions, on exports, 54, 79, 126, 144 Sardinia, 86 pronoia, 157, 174, 225, 227 Sardis, 118, 119, 123, 184, 189 property rights, 17, 106 Sassanians, 24 prosperity, 170 science, 21 prostates-ai, 72 seals, 20 protectionism, 234 seamen, 198, 199 Pryor, J., 16 security, 25, 27, 48, 55, 95, 232, 234 Psellos, Michael, 141, 162 seignorage, 60, 222, 223 Ptochoprodromos, 98 self-sufficiency, 112, 113, 229 pulses, 17 Seljuks, 92, 95, 97, 171, 208 semi-luxury goods, 132 quarries, 33 Senate, 141 Serbia, 97, 167, 168, 172, 183, 186, 206, 245 Ragusa, 194, 204, 206 Serbs, 200 Raidestos (Rodosto), 135, 150, 162, 171 Serçe Limani, wreck, 82, 124, 139 Ras, 216 sericulture, 109, 110 rates of interest. See interest rates Serres, 185, 186, 187, 193, 197, 198 Ravenna, 86 Servia, 197 raw materials, 56, 132, 138, 183, 192, 195 services, 79, 132 recovery, 49, 55, 237, 240 settlement patterns, 26 regalian rights, 159, 224 settlement, rural, 25, 92 Reggio, 86 settlements, fortified, 41 regional trade, 119 sharecropping, 69, 107, 108, 179 rent, 106, 107, 141, 158, 178, 180 sheep, 171, 173, 178, 180, 193 resin, 64 shipbuilding, 132 resources, 105, 167, 168, 245, 246 ships, 15, 22, 40, 56, 66, 82

Index 269

shipwrecks, 40 surplus, 27, 32, 38, 107, 108, 178, 247 shops, 40, 81 Symeon the New Theologian, 161 Sicily, 11, 15, 17, 35, 43, 86, 110, 222 Symeon, tsar of Bulgaria (893–927), 76 sidereus-eis (blacksmiths), 78 Syracuse, 86 Siderokauseia, 172 Syria, 36, 96, 110, 143, 201, 203 silk, 30, 33, 36, 53, 55, 57, 125, 171, 240 systema-ta (guilds), 72 exports, 128 industry, 78, 110, 127, 130, 166, 190, 192 tanneries, 78 production, 27, 42 Tatars, 168, 207, 208, 212 raw silk, 191 Taurus, mountains, 11, 12, 30 silk industry, Italy, 192 tax, 42, 106, 151, 231, 242 silk workers, 191 collection, 158 silk yarn, 191 exemptions, 115, 197 trade, 80, 84, 134 household, 51 skeptraton, gold coin, 149 land, 34, 50, 106, 156, 178 slaves, 68, 69, 72, 84, 102, 204 personal, 51 Slavs, 24, 39, 41, 44, 45 taxation, 32, 39, 49, 60, 224 Smith, Adam, 18 tax-farming, 52, 159 soap, 132, 194 technical knowledge, 21, 74, 133 social divisions, 199 techniques, 31 solidus-i, 37 agricultural, 64, 98 somateia (corporations), 71 commercial, 233 sources, 2 metallurgy, 148 Southern Italy, 45 technological improvements, 194 Sparta, 119, 136 technology transfers, 133 specialisation, 96, 204, 238, 241 tenant farmers, 101, 102, 104, 106, 158 spices, 36, 83, 137, 138, 139, 202 Tenedos, 35 St. Basil of Caesarea, 61 tessera-ae, 121, 122 St. Philaretos, 68 tetarteron-a, nomismata, gold coin, 88, 147 St. Polyeuktos, 27 tetarteron-a, copper coin, 151 St. Sophia, church, 21, 27, 183 tetarteron-a, gold or copper coin, 60 stamenon-a, billon or copper coin, 151, 216 textile industry, 78 standard of living, 105, 235 textile plants, 12, 30, 66 Stara Planina, 11 textiles, 74, 125, 232, 244 state Western woolens, 194, 202 role of in the economy, 2, 7, 33, 49, 54, woolen, 193 56, 57, 151, 155, 158, 160, 163, 224, Thasos, 29 225, 226, 231, 233, 234, 235, 238, 239, Thebes, 127, 131, 181, 187, 190, 191, 192 240 Theophilos, emperor (829–842), 53, 77 state granaries, 134 Thessalonike, 26, 41, 81, 128, 131, 137, Stefan Dushan, king of Serbia (1331–1355), 174, 186, 187, 194, 196, 198, 199, 200, 199 205, 214, 216 Stefan Radoslav, Serbian ruler (1228–34), Thessaly, 169, 171 216 Thomas Preljubovitch, Despot of Ioannina Stefan Urosh II Milyutin, king in Epiros (1366/7–1384), 209 (1282–1321), 183 Thrace, 11, 39, 45, 97, 171, 173, 181, 186, Stein, E., 16 212 stilts, 116, 184 Timarion, 128 stock raising, 12, 31, 97 timber, 12, 29, 64, 114, 144 Strymon, 11, 173 tools, 31, 64 subsistence, 91, 97, 108 Toubert, P., 18, 55 sugar, 203 touchstone, 217

270 Index

towns. See cities Verroia, 118 trachy-ea aspron-a electrum coin, 151 vestiopratai, 78 trachy-ea, electrum, billon or copper coin, Via Egnatia, 36, 206 216 village community, 51, 68, 101, 156, 232 trade, 24, 33, 35, 36, 38, 40, 41, 42, 80, 136, villages, 25, 32, 40, 45, 48, 51, 55, 101, 176, 168, 232, 241, 242, 246 178, 179, 181, 238 balance of, 194 villas, 26 Bulgarian, 205 vines, 109 Eastern trade, 203 vineyards, 12, 50, 171, 175, 177 freedom of, 138, 210, 233 virtuous cycle, 23, 96 Genoese, 207 viticulture, 109 grain trade, 134, 135 Vizye, 199 internal, 146 Vlachs, 97 international, 119, 134, 136, 137, 146, Vlastares, Matthew, 229 207, 224 inter-regional, 37, 82, 83, 114, 136, 198 wages, 162 liberalisation, 144 weights, 222 local, 37, 42 weights and measures, 168 long-distance, 34, 36, 82 western industries, 182 Mediterranean, 23, 192, 201 wheat, 30, 34, 98, 135, 171, 180, 203, 207 regional, 81, 119, 136 price of, 150, 202 Venetian, 198, 206 Whitehouse, D., 123, 189 traders, 36, 72, 80, 193 Wickham, C., 7, 243, 259 transaction cost, 168 winds, 15 transactions, 18, 20, 149 wine, 12, 17, 30, 54, 66, 84, 110, 113, 171, transportation costs, 13, 202 180 transportation, ﬂuvial, 36 wine, Gaza, 35 transportation, land, 36 women, labour of, 127 trapezites-ai, 72 life expectancy, 16 Trebizond, 83, 137, 167, 207, 224 property rights, 18 trikephalon-a, coin, 216, 217 woodland, 12, 31, 47, 97, 103 Turks, 168, 169 wool, 171, 173, 180, 194 woolen cloth, 125 Umayyads, 24 workshops, 39, 118, 119, 132, 185, 186, 190 urbanization, 93, 100 workshops, imperial, 33, 74, 79

Valachia, 11, 214 Yası Ada, wreck, 40–1 Valsamon, 162 yields, 30 vegetables, 12, 31, 66 yields, agricultural, 65 Venetians, 128, 138, 139, 143, 144, 200, 203, 210, 212 Zaccaria, Manuele and Benedetto, 173 Venice, 117, 183, 186, 191, 192, 206, 208, zeugaratos, 107 213, 214, 243 Zonaras, 162