The Newsletter of the Friends of the Egypt Centre, Swansea

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INSCRIPTIONS

Issue 31 Annual General Meeting July 2010 Don’t forget this year’s AGM will take place on Wednesday 29 September In this issue: at 6.30 pm Annual General Meeting 1 to be followed by the first talk of the new academic year: Surveying a Suspect Shabti 1 by L. S. J. Howells Beyond Isis and Osiris: Editorial 3 Alternative sexualities in ancient Egypt Griffiths Memorial Lecture 2010 3 by Sheila Nowell John J. Johnston (University College London) Mummymania 4 Through an examination of archaeological and textual evidence, this by L. S. J. Howells lavishly illustrated talk addresses those aspects of human sexuality which, Crossword solution 4 largely, fall outside the ‘official’ record. The often outré behaviour of gods and kings in the literature of the Pharaonic period is contextualised Cairo by bus: A Journey of the alongside less ambiguous writings and graffiti Rekhyt to Egypt’s capital and beyond (Part Two) 5 from later periods, culminating in a by L. S. J. Howells consideration of the circumstances surrounding the death and apotheosis of the A Ushabti Exhibition in Cardiff 7 by Kenneth Griffin final god of the ancient world: Antinous. Crossword 8 Don’t miss what promises to be by Daphne MacDonagh a fascinating lecture! Lecture Programme 8 Fulton House Room 2

Surveying a Suspect

Shabti

Some months ago I was asked by an acquaintance

whether I could find out whether a shabti which had been in his family’s possession since the early 1970’s was genuine. Unfortunately the piece had no provenance beyond it had previously been owned by a person of some importance in the Catholic Church and the only potential clue as to its origins was that at some point it had been contained within a box marked ‘Cairo Museum’, which had now unfortunately been mislaid. Perhaps this was a clue as to whether the item was a copy or not. Why would this item be kept

within such a box?

by L. S. J. Howells … continued overleaf

The lack of contextual Surveying a Suspect Shabti (continued) knowledge of the piece If the item was stolen, common sense would and of the presence of dictate that the box be discarded immediately. an inscription*, makes it Alternatively perhaps the box was kept in order extremely difficult to to further add to the possible illusion that the conclude whether or item was an original piece. However, it is also not it is a copy or an known that during the mid Twentieth Century original item. It can be the Cairo Museum adopted the practice of argued that its selling duplicate original shabtis in their shop. appearance makes it Several weeks later the shabti arrived. Upon unlikely that it is a observing it a number of features were instantly forgery. Who would apparent. Firstly, and most importantly, there is copy such an ugly and no inscription thereby making a difficult task a ungainly example in lot more onerous. Secondly, the piece has order to make it ‘hooked feet’, a rare feature which Stewart marketable? Surely believes was to facilitate the removal of the when constructing shabti from its mould. copies it makes sense to make one that would The shabti itself is mummiform, made from be attractive to a painted terracotta/pottery (colours present are prospective buyer? In yellow, blue and white) and is of a poor conclusion, judging by construction. It features a lappett or tripartite The actual proportions of the shabti some elements of the wig and has its arms crossed over the chest. itself do not correspond with any of decoration and a rough However, it does not carry any equipment or the three published examples used as approximation of the symbols in its hands. comparative pieces in this instance. design itself, it can be This particular example consists of a A similar example is a deduced that if the much larger and more distorted make shabti which belonged to shabti is genuine it is up. an individual named based upon the late th th Nekhtruamen and which 19 , early 20 Dynasty Also of note is the extremely poor can be found in Flinders- shabtis manufactured workmanship, although this does not Petrie’s book, Shabtis, at Tuna el Gebel. necessarily preclude it as genuine, as published in 1935. It attested examples exist of crude bears some comparison by L. S. J. Howells pottery shabtis. However this shabti with the shabti under does bear some similarities to shabti References consideration, particularly 23 in the book by Glenn Janes, Flinders Petrie, W.M. with regard to the position Shabtis: A Private View, particularly (1935) Shabtis. British of the arms (see left). the simple facial construction (see School of Egyptian illustration below). Archaeology. London. Janes, Glenn (2002) Shabtis: A Private View. Cybele. Paris. Another example of a shabti featuring hooked Schneider, H.D. (1977) feet and bearing minor resemblance to the Shabtis: An Introduction to piece can be found in Schneider’s Shabtis: the History of Ancient Volume III (piece no. 3.5.2.7.) and can be seen Egyptian Funerary below: Statuettes. Rijksmuseum Van Oudheden Te Leiden. Leiden. Stewart, H.M. (1995) Egyptian Shabtis. Shire Publications. Princes Risborough. With thanks to Ed Hinton, Ken Griffin and V. A. Donohue.

* At some future date the shabti will be observed under Shabti 23 an ultraviolet light in order to Piece no 3.5.2.7 determine whether there are any traces of an inscription.

Editorial Griffiths Memorial Lecture 2010 Welcome to the 31st issue of On Saturday 8th May the Friends of the Egypt Centre proudly hosted the Inscriptions. Griffiths Memorial Lecture. This year’s lecture was delivered by Professor Please take note in your diaries of Alan Lloyd on the Tomb of Neferseshemptah. the date, timing and location of the In 1946 Gwyn Griffiths and Kate Bosse-Griffiths came to Swansea. Gwyn AGM. The title of the talk that was born in South Wales and Kate in Germany and they met in Oxford. Their follows the AGM is most intriguing! influence in Swansea for the growth of Egyptology was enormous. In 1971, Once again the Centre has had a through their various contacts they managed to secure for the University successful year and our over 3,000 Egyptian antiquities from the Wellcome Trust. Kate, along with congratulations and gratitude go to her work at Swansea Museum, catalogued and displayed many of these everyone who made it all possible. objects as well as writing articles on a number of them. There were various Readers may have noticed that stipulations attached to its long term loan and use. One of the most important Inscriptions has reduced in was that the collection would be available to students as a learning resource. frequency of issue; that is because A further clause included that the labels for the objects would be bilingual. we need more contributions! We are Both Kate and Gwyn were members of Plaid Cymru and passionate about very grateful those who have sent the Welsh language. Eventually, with the help of the Taliesin, The European us material, without whose input Regional Development Fund and the National Lottery the Egypt Centre was we wouldn’t have been able to put built to display the collection. The museum opened in 1998 with over 1,000 this issue together. objects on display in two galleries and now houses the largest Egyptological So please get scribing and give us collection in Wales. Kate died in 1998, sadly before the opening of the Egypt something for the next issue. It Centre, and Gwyn in 2004. doesn’t have to be about Egypt. We’d like to hear about any The afternoon started with a welcome by our chair Ken Griffin, and after his adventures or misadventures that opening remarks Heini Griffiths, son of Kate and Gwyn Griffiths gave a short you may have had in your travels bilingual talk about his parents with some entertaining stories about them. in various parts of the world. Robat Griffiths was also present, as were other members of the family. Obviously, if there’s an ancient history or archaeology angle to your After this came the Memorial Lecture, given by Alan Lloyd in his unique style, story, so much the better. on the Tomb of Neferseshemptah. Neferseshemptah was the son-in-law of King Teti and brother-in-law of Pepi I, and his career saw the steady rise in A short extract of part of the his fortunes in the kingdom, though he clearly died before he was able to programme for the coming year is complete the decoration of his tomb. The decoration is generally very high on the back page of this issue and quality, and the inscriptions provide a wealth of information on his status. it promises to be of the usual high The lecture not only discussed the artistic merits of what survived but used standard. the text in an attempt to unlock the way in which high level administration We wish all Friends and associates was orchestrated during the early Sixth Dynasty. The re-excavation and full a happy summer holiday and look recording of the tomb were undertaken in the 1970s by a joint expedition forward to seeing everyone again at with Alan Lloyd representing the EES. the AGM and lecture on 29 September. After closing remarks and questions we all mingled in the foyer of the Wallace lecture theatre to chat and enjoy the wine and buffet provided by the Mike Mac Donagh Friends and excellently catered for by Alison and Phil John. by Sheila Nowell

Prof. Lloyd, Ken Griffin and others pictured at the buffet after the Griffiths Memorial Lecture Photos: Phillip John

Dr Day spoke of the post classic Mummymania period as dating from 1972 to the present and identified through Review of the talk given by Dr Jasmine Day to popular culture and children’s toys the Friends of the Egypt Centre, 7/4/10 the concept that mummies are now This talk was experimental in two aspects. Firstly it was seen as decrepit entities linked to our first talk in what may potentially become our regular pollution, and suggested that they venue, this being Room 2 in Fulton House. Secondly Dr are viewed as an icon of difference Jasmine Day has approached Egyptology from a different to western values of hygiene and angle. Dr Day is a graduate of the University of Western youth. Australia. She is primarily an anthropologist rather than an Egyptologist and her main interest is in how modern western Dr Day’s talk was very society views the Ancient Egyptian world. entertaining, if a little intense, and it was refreshing to hear of an aspect of Egyptology as The talk began with a studied by someone of a different discipline. It was short film of Dr Day particularly interesting to determine how popular ideas of being interviewed ancient Egyptian culture have been influenced by fictional regarding her work on books and horror movies. NBC in the U.S. during 2007 at the Rosicrucian Dr Day’s book, Mummymania, was published by Routledge Museum in San Jose. during 2006 (ISBN 0415340225). Dr Day spoke of how mummies have been viewed since the popularisation of Egyptology as a direct result of Napoleon’s expedition, and how the image of mummies has altered over time linked to events such as Carter’s discovery of Tutankhamen’s tomb. Dr Day in her work has identified three distinct phases of how mummies were perceived, these being what she terms pre-classic, classic and post classic.

Dr Day spoke of how mummies were interpreted in western culture during the pre-classical period, being seen as both by L. S. J. Howells benign entities and capable of placing curses, and used examples to illustrate these such as Bram Stoker’s 1903 novel, ‘The Jewel of the 7 Stars’ which concerns an Crossword Solution 1 2 3 4 5 archaeologists attempt to resurrect a long dead Egyptian B A S D EN N UT th queen. Dr Day also gave examples of late 19 Century 6 7 romance novels that featured men falling in love with female E E E U NAS 8 9 10 mummies and spoke of how these promoted the S ANDALBEARER L 11 objectification of women. U T K A TEN 12 13 14 Next up was the classic period wherein the belief that B D AHSHUR X mummies were malignant evil entities expanded. Dr Day 15 16 A PIS E E A SWA N linked the idea that mummies were able to inflict numerous 17 curses and therefore slay innocent people to a popular, T A K HNUM N 18 though completely fallacious story that the Titanic was sunk U M E A E D as a direct result of a cursed mummy being on board the 19 20 21 M UT E T ET I SHER I ship. Dr Day also reminded us of the many well known horror films on the topic such as the classic 1959 Hammer E G E S I 22 23 24 Horror film featuring Christopher Lee and Peter Cushing C OFF I N I NTEF A Y and the performance of Boris Karloff as Imhotep in 1932’s, 25 A N D B S A The Mummy. As an aside Dr Day pointed out that the 26 27 clichéd filmic mummy limp originated from the actor Tom I NUNDAT I ON K 28 Tyler who starred in the film the Mummy’s Hand as he R T O S U RAEUS suffered from rheumatoid arthritis in real life. O N R (see back page for Crossword)

Cairo by bus: A Journey of the Rekhyt to Egypt’s capital and beyond (Part Two) After a concerted effort to remove the The next day we left Cairo behind partying. No matter, we were only trapped minibus from the sands and travelled to Alexandria. Once staying one night. The next morning between the Red Pyramid and the there we began the day’s as we attempted to board the bus Bent Pyramid whilst Reg watched explorations at the catacombs of and move on to Siwa Oasis we were from a safe distance and advised us Kom el Shoqafa followed by a visit to stopped by the hotel security. What upon our physical progress, we ‘Pompey’s Pillar’ and its open air god had we angered now? Several, it returned to the Oasis Hotel to await museum. Then on to Alexandria’s would appear, as some unnamed our reinforcements for the second museum which is the best lit and laid members of our team had availed week which would see us travel out museum I have ever visited. themselves of the mini fridge and outside Cairo to other sites in Lower Unusually for Egypt you are also goodies in their room under the Egypt. allowed to take photographs as the illusion they were free. Mental portrait of the statue of Akhenaten note...nothing is free in Egypt except These reinforcements included Janie, from Karnak Temple below proves. the sunshine. After some horse- a woman with an awe-inspiring talent trading and the return of several for shopping in whatever form it may packs of peanuts we were on the come. In fact on another Rekhyt trip road again. her pursuit of a bargain stooped to the point of having a large wooden Our next destination was to be Siwa statue sawn in two in order to fit it in Oasis, until fairly recently the most her case and get it back home. inaccessible of the oases in Egypt and renowned for its mineral water. Suitably reinforced, our party under First a short eternity in the back of heavy police guard headed for the the minibus travelling through some Delta in order to visit firstly Bubastis of the most magnificently isolated and then Tanis. There’s not much left landscape. Upon arriving at Siwa we of Bubastis, capital of Egypt during firstly visited the Mountain of the the 22nd and 23rd Dynasties and the Dead, a hill honeycombed with late cult centre of Bastet; though what period tombs, then the Shali, an remains is definitely worth visiting, abandoned fortified village, before particularly the huge statue of moving on to our hotel, the Merytamun, daughter of Ramesses We would not be staying in completely fantastic and well II. Tanis however was a lot better, Alexandria that night; that honour recommended (should you find though firstly we had to chase away instead would pass to the resort of yourself in that part of the world) the Egyptian children who thought it Mersa Matruah. But first a Siwa Safari Paradise. It was paradise made a fantastic soccer pitch. What gargantuan bus journey which indeed. do Egyptologists know? involved passing El Alamein, scene of two very important World War Two Once night fell we investigated the battles which were decisive for the town and discovered three things. Allied forces in North Africa. Indeed Firstly you could obtain bottles of Winston Churchill is quoted as saying fizzy karkade* there. Secondly, the “Before Alamein we never had a silver jewellery manufactured there is victory. After Alamein, we never had of excellent quality, and thirdly you a defeat.” don’t tend to see many women there Upon arrival at our hotel in Mersa other than a stray tourist or two. Matruah we discovered it was However, it is a very relaxed place to magnificent and opulent and a visit and I take great pains not to welcome relief after several hours suggest in any way at all that this is thundering along the road from in fact linked to point three... Alexandria. The Jaz Almaza Hotel The next morning we visited the which sits on the shores of the temple of the Oracle of Amun as Mediterranean is incredibly posh Goalpost or Fine Example of however it was also a bit soulless Egyptian Workmanship? * and full of a lot of noisy young The thirst quenching beverage of choice for your common garden Egyptologist if Italians indulging in some serious the bar has run out of Egyptian Stella.

was located and its contents made the middle of nowhere, and b) it was the impending evening’s stay at our so hot that what little tarmac that hotel seem bearable. covered the alleged roads to our destination had begun to melt. After failing miserably to convince us that going to the Valley of the Whales was in fact a really bad idea they then proceeded to drive as slow as is humanly possible in some form of The Shali at Siwa Oasis is well protest. At one stage my GPS worth visiting recorded that we were travelling at 8 miles an hour. It would have been visited by Alexander the Great in 331 quicker to walk. BCE. If you’re planning on visiting it A welcome sight... Nevertheless we eventually reached at some point, I’d do it sooner rather The next morning we left the our destination to be greeted by than later as the seriously eroded ‘interesting’ hotel behind and some more perfect desolation and rock it sits on is unlikely to be travelled toward the Faiyum. Before many fossils of long dead creatures. hanging around for too much longer. we reached the Faiyum we stopped Rather than add to their number we We then moved on to Cleopatra’s off at the Roman town of Karanis, a walked round as long as we could Bath, named after you-know-who but, site as well preserved as you could bear and steeled ourselves for our typically, there is absolutely no imagine and wandered, under heavy eventual return to some form of evidence to link her to it. After a short police guard once more, around its civilisation. After the strangely time admiring its clear waters we temples and settlements before we speedy return journey we headed to climbed aboard the bus and began departed for our hotel on the shores the Meidum pyramid (but were told our journey back to Alexandria. of Lake Faiyum, the Shakshok. An we were too late to get in— Our Alexandrian hotel was excellent hotel and well personally I blame the Egyptian interesting. It was very brown and recommended to anyone should they guide and driver). 1970’s. Pleasant enough, or so I find themselves in the vicinity. It was We then returned to the Oasis Hotel thought, until I found a bath a ‘dry’ hotel but they accommodated in Cairo to prepare for our departure containing more filth than a Flanders our crew of thirsty Egyptologists by the next day. Some of our team then trench circa 1917. No matter, we sending someone out to obtain a suffered a relapse of their addiction wouldn’t be hanging around too long, ‘quantity’ of bottles of Egyptian Stella to books and the final morning saw a we were eating out tonight. for very reasonable prices. We swift visit to the French Institute An unnamed member of our party needed this rehydration as the next bookshop. The end result of this had us believe that he had great day was to see us visit the Valley of involved much repacking of bags and knowledge of all of Alexandria’s the Whales, a notoriously warm at least one member of our team finest eating establishments and location and so it proved. wearing a raincoat, pockets stuffed convinced us to dine at a ‘special with books, as we negotiated the restaurant’ he knew. Some of the customs. vegetarian members of our party It had been an exhausting two were surprised, and less than weeks, involving somewhere around delighted, to find some small pieces 1200 miles of bus travel, but had of chopped up meat in their allegedly been well worth the effort for the vegetarian food—the Egyptian number of difficult to reach places we interpretation of vegetarianism is akin visited. Leaving Egypt one is to that of the grandmother in the TV reminded that parting is such sweet show, the Royle Family, who upon sorrow and so it proved once more. I being confronted with a vegetarian suspect that I’m not alone amongst offered them some ‘thinly sliced my companions in looking forward to ham’. the next Journey of the Rekhyt. At least the tahina salad was safe and after the meal was partially by L. S. J. Howells rescued the more prudent members The state we'd have been in if of our party went searching for we'd stayed in the sun any If you missed the first part of Syd something to drink as dehydration longer... Howells’ fascinating article, ask had begun to set in. After negotiating at the Egypt Centre for a copy of several locals offering ‘holiday Our Egyptian guide and driver were Inscriptions Issue 30! —Ed Rolexes’ for sale at a bargain price of not keen for us to visit this particular £10 who appeared in our path, a bar attraction, possibly because a) it is in

A Ushabti Exhibition in Cardiff This year, the National Mer(et)ptah(hapy)”. As the Museum of Cardiff decided shabti breaks off at the feet to put on a temporary the hapy section of his name exhibition of their ushabti is gone although traces of it collection. The exhibition are just visible. The title will last for 6 months and khesef-priest related to the will finish at the end of this Delta town of Sebennytos year. In total the museum which might suggest that has around 40 specimens Gemenefhorbak served in with the vast majority of this town. them being on display The highlight of the during this period. The exhibit is undoubtedly the collection consists of both five wooden figures belong- wooden as well as faience ing to the 19th Dynasty examples which date from pharaoh Seti I. The ushabtis the New Kingdom through of Seti are known from to the Late Period. many museums throughout Additionally, several years the world, with the king ago a further group of believed to have had more ushabtis belonging to the than 700 examples, if not museum were donated to the many more. In fact, early Egypt Centre. While a travellers to the tomb of Seti number of the figures, relate to how they were particularly the wooden handed wooden figures as ones, are uninscribed many Ushabti of torches to better view the of them contain the Ankhwennefer recently discovered tomb! Ushabti of Seti I hieroglyphs with reveal the common name of the period, … continued overleaf names of the owners. was the name of his mother. Of the inscribed ushabtis, A group of seven a group of nine belong to a ushabtis belong to the same man named Ankhwennefer. individual but unfortunately Ushabtis of this man are the crudeness of the known from elsewhere with execution of the hiero- two examples in Leiden and glyphs makes it difficult to one in The Hague resp- identify the owner. These ectively. While the tomb of figures, which date to the Ankhwennefer is unknown, same period as the previous it is believed that he was set, are inscribed on three originally buried at Saqqara sides with the back pillar with his tomb being being blank. disturbed—like so many A single faience speci- others—during the 19th men belongs to a man Century. The style of the named Gemenefhorbak, figure further suggests that whose ushabtis are known in Ankhwennefer was alive Leiden, Bolonga, Budapest during the First Persian and the old Hoffmann Period of the 27th Dynasty. collection. The provenance The inscription, which runs is also believed to be vertically down the back Saqqara and is probably Late pillar, reads as “the Period. The whole illuminated one, the Osiris, inscription, which is carved Ankhwennefer, born to on the front, reads as “the Ireteru.” Ireteru, a fairly Osiris, the khesef-priest, Photo of the exhibit Gemenefhorbak, born of

… continued from page 7 Each figure contains five to six lines of Lecture Programme hieroglyphs running around the body of the Please take note of the autumn’s Friends meetings as follows: ushabti while a heavy layer of black pitch Wednesday 29 Sept 2010 6.30 pm AGM hides the finer carving. 7.00 pm John J. Johnston This exhibit is certainly well worth visiting (University College London) with the excellent display panels and lighting ‘Beyond Isis and Osiris: Alternative sexualities in ancient Egypt’ helping to bring the ushabtis to life. Through and examination of archaeological and textual evidence, Beyond Isis and Osiris is a lavishly illustrated talk by John J. by Kenneth Griffin Johnston, addressing those aspects of human sexuality which, largely, fall outside the ‘official’ record. The often outré behaviour of Crossword gods and kings in the literature of the Pharaonic period is 1 2 3 45 contextualised alongside less ambiguous writings and graffiti from

67 later periods, culminating in a consideration of the circumstances surrounding the death and apotheosis of the final god of the ancient 89 10 world: Antinous. 11 th 12 13 14 Wednesday 13 Oct 2010 Dylan Bickerstaffe (Independent Scholar) 15 16

17 ‘The Royal Mummies of Thebes: Clues to Identity’

18 It seems almost to good to be true that we actually have the mortal

19 20 21 remains of famous pharaohs and queens who ruled Egypt during the New Kingdom over 3000 years ago. In some cases the identity seems reasonably secure, but there are other cases where severe doubts 22 23 24 exist. This talk will explain the context of the discovery of the royal 25 mummies, before exploring the various methods by which we 26 27 establish or verify their identity—including an explanation of what 28 the recent DNA tests do and don’t say. Wednesday 17th Nov 2010 Katharina Zinn (Cambridge University) Across 1 Personality of the deceased, often represented as a ‘Amun in Cambridge? Cryptographic Writings, Secondary bird (2) Archaeology in Museums and the Problem of Faked Objects’ 3 Dynasty 1 king recorded on the Palermo stone (3) A small bequest, given to the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge in 4 Sky-goddess (3) 2006, was the starting point to a project dealing with the museum’s 6 5th Dynasty ruler with small pyramid (4) interesting scarab collection. This scarab’s cryptographic base decoration brought up a discussion about possible cryptographic 8 He carries the king's footwear (6-6) writings, their classification as fakes and a food search in the 11 The sun disk (4) basement as well as for similar objects in other museums. 12 Sneferu has two pyramids here (7) 15 Sacred bull (4) Wednesday 8 Dec 2010 Steve Harvey 16 Modern city at the first cataract (5) (Ahmose-Tetisheri Project) 17 God of Elephantine (5) ‘Mother of My Mother, Mother of My Father: The Pyramid of 19 Vulture-goddess (3) Queen Tetisheri at Abydos’ 21 Important female ancestor of 18th Dynasty rulers (9) Discovered by Charles Currelly in 1902, the mud brick monument 22 Container for the dead (6) built by King Ahmose (ca 1550-1525 BC) in honour of his grandmother Queen Tetisheri is best-known from the magnificent 23 11th dynasty Theban rulers buried in Saff tombs (5) limestone stela found within. Although the text of the stela clearly 24 Successor to Tutankhamun (2) describes the construction of a pyramid, it was only with renewed 26 Annual flooding of the Nile (10) excavation in 2004 that the Ahmose and Tetisheri Project was able to 28 Sacred cobra decorating the king's brow (6) definitively identify the structure as a pyramid, making it the last Down known royal example constructed in Egypt for a queen. Renewed 1 Dwarf god who protects the home and childbirth (3) work in 2010 revealed considerable further information on the 2 A festival to renew the king (3) manner of construction and collapse of the pyramid, and important 3 Where the Nile spreads 6 as it approaches the sea (5) fragments of inscriptions were discovered that shed new light on this 5 Type of limestone used to case the Great Pyramid (4) important monument.

7 Fine city on the coast of Egypt (10) 15 Creator-god of Heliopolis (4) 9 Country to the south of Egypt (5) 25 Double sphinx (4) 18 City beseiged by Tuthmosis III (7) 10 Infamous "heretic" pharaoh (9) 27 God of the primeval ocean (3) 20 Goddess of moisture, depicted as lips or a lioness (6) 13 Frog goddess (5) 22 Modern city near the pyramids (5) by Daphne MacDonagh 14 Birth-name used by many New Kingdom rulers (spelt with three Ss) (8) 23 White bird with long curved bill (4)