絲路之旅(Travel on Silk Road) 】】
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1 Introduction 2 Background L2/15-023
Title: Preliminary Proposal to Encode the Tocharian Script Author: Lee Wilson ([email protected]) Date: 2015-01-26 1 Introduction Tocharian is a Brahmi-based script historically used to write the Tocharian languages (ISO 639-3: xto, txb), traditionally referred to as Tocharian A and Tocharian B, which belong to the Tocharian branch of the Indo-European language family. The script was in use primarily during the 8th century CE by the people inhabiting the northern edge of the Tarim Basin of the Taklamakan Desert in what is now Xinjiang in western China, an area formerly known as Turkestan. The Tocharian script is attested in over 4,000 extant manuscripts that were discovered in the early 20th century in the Tarim Basin. The discovery was significant for two reasons: first, it revealed a previously unknown branch of the Indo-European language family, and second, it marked the easternmost geographical extent of that language family. The most distinctive aspect of Tocharian script is the vowel transcribed as ä, commonly known as the Fremdvokal, and the modifications to the script that it entails. This vowel is indicated with a vowel sign not employed in scripts outside of the Tarim Basin region. However, this vowel sign is not commonly used when writing Tocharian. Instead, sequences of a consonant followed by the Fremdvokal are most typically indicated by 11 CV signs known as Fremdzeichen, which are unique to Tocharian. 2 Background The Tocharian script is a north-eastern descendant of Brahmi script, related to Khotanese, Tibetan, and Siddham scripts, which was used along the Tarim Basin in the Taklamakan Desert in what is now Xinjiang in western China. -
Buddhist Adoption in Asia, Mahayana Buddhism First Entered China
Buddhist adoption in Asia, Mahayana Buddhism first entered China through Silk Road. Blue-eyed Central Asian monk teaching East-Asian monk. A fresco from the Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves, dated to the 9th century; although Albert von Le Coq (1913) assumed the blue-eyed, red-haired monk was a Tocharian,[1] modern scholarship has identified similar Caucasian figures of the same cave temple (No. 9) as ethnic Sogdians,[2] an Eastern Iranian people who inhabited Turfan as an ethnic minority community during the phases of Tang Chinese (7th- 8th century) and Uyghur rule (9th-13th century).[3] Buddhism entered Han China via the Silk Road, beginning in the 1st or 2nd century CE.[4][5] The first documented translation efforts by Buddhist monks in China (all foreigners) were in the 2nd century CE under the influence of the expansion of the Kushan Empire into the Chinese territory of the Tarim Basin under Kanishka.[6][7] These contacts brought Gandharan Buddhist culture into territories adjacent to China proper. Direct contact between Central Asian and Chinese Buddhism continued throughout the 3rd to 7th century, well into the Tang period. From the 4th century onward, with Faxian's pilgrimage to India (395–414), and later Xuanzang (629–644), Chinese pilgrims started to travel by themselves to northern India, their source of Buddhism, in order to get improved access to original scriptures. Much of the land route connecting northern India (mainly Gandhara) with China at that time was ruled by the Kushan Empire, and later the Hephthalite Empire. The Indian form of Buddhist tantra (Vajrayana) reached China in the 7th century. -
The Transition of Inner Asian Groups in the Central Plain During the Sixteen Kingdoms Period and Northern Dynasties
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2018 Remaking Chineseness: The Transition Of Inner Asian Groups In The Central Plain During The Sixteen Kingdoms Period And Northern Dynasties Fangyi Cheng University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Asian History Commons, and the Asian Studies Commons Recommended Citation Cheng, Fangyi, "Remaking Chineseness: The Transition Of Inner Asian Groups In The Central Plain During The Sixteen Kingdoms Period And Northern Dynasties" (2018). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2781. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2781 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2781 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Remaking Chineseness: The Transition Of Inner Asian Groups In The Central Plain During The Sixteen Kingdoms Period And Northern Dynasties Abstract This dissertation aims to examine the institutional transitions of the Inner Asian groups in the Central Plain during the Sixteen Kingdoms period and Northern Dynasties. Starting with an examination on the origin and development of Sinicization theory in the West and China, the first major chapter of this dissertation argues the Sinicization theory evolves in the intellectual history of modern times. This chapter, in one hand, offers a different explanation on the origin of the Sinicization theory in both China and the West, and their relationships. In the other hand, it incorporates Sinicization theory into the construction of the historical narrative of Chinese Nationality, and argues the theorization of Sinicization attempted by several scholars in the second half of 20th Century. The second and third major chapters build two case studies regarding the transition of the central and local institutions of the Inner Asian polities in the Central Plain, which are the succession system and the local administrative system. -
The Looping Journey of Buddhism: from India to India
Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-9, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in The Looping Journey of Buddhism: From India To India Jyoti Gajbhiye Former Lecturer in Yashwant Rao Chawhan Open University. Abstract: This research paper aims to show how were situated along the Indus valley in Punjab and Buddhism rose and fell in India, with India Sindh. retaining its unique position as the country of birth Around 2000 BC, the Aarya travelers and invaders for Buddhism. The paper refers to the notion that came to India. The native people who were the native people of India were primarily Buddhist. Dravidian, were systematically subdued and It also examines how Buddhism was affected by defeated. various socio-religious factors. It follows how They made their own culture called “vedik Buddhism had spread all over the world and again Sanskriti”. Their beliefs lay in elements such Yajna came back to India with the efforts of many social (sacred fire) and other such rituals. During workers, monks, scholars, travelers, kings and Buddha’s time there were two cultures “Shraman religious figures combined. It examines the Sanskriti” and “vedik Sanskriti”. Shraman Sanskrit contribution of monuments, how various texts and was developed by “Sindhu Sanskriti” which their translations acted as catalysts; and the believes In hard work, equality and peace. contribution of European Indologists towards Archaeological surveys and excavations produced spreading Buddhism in Western countries. The many pieces of evidence that prove that the original major question the paper tackles is how and why natives of India are Buddhist. Referring to an Buddhism ebbed away from India, and also what article from Gail Omvedt’s book “Buddhism in we can learn from the way it came back. -
Clashes of Universalisms: Xinjiang, Tianxia and Changing World Order in 19Th Century
Clashes of Universalisms: Xinjiang, tianxia and Changing World Order in 19th Century Zhiguang Yin 1 The history of Xinjiang, or in a geographic sense, the region including predominately the Zhungarian Basin, Tarim Basin, and Turpan basin, is contested. 1 However, this contestation has affected not only the territorial, spatial and political-economic configuration of the region of Xinjiang/’Chinese Turkistan’; it also affected China’s own conception of world order. From 1759 to 1884, Qing Empire changed its understanding of the strategic significance of “Xinjiang” region. By investigating the Chinese shifting political understanding of its western border in the context of 19th-century European colonial expansion, this paper hopes to demonstrate that challenges emerged in “marginal” regions like Xinjiang help to shape Qing’s understanding of the emerging new world order based on the principle of modern international law. Originated in the European historical context, the discourse of international law gave a particular focus on “real international person,” which is constituted by a clearly defined sovereign territory and people settled on it.2 This discourse gained its universality through the political confrontations among Chinese, Russian, and British Empires starting from 19th century. During this process, the traditional Confucius “tianxia” (under heaven) world-view, which emphasizes cultural recognition began to ebb away. We could also see that the languages of ethnicity and national independence were used pragmatically through the process of colonial expansion against the Qing’s administrative authority in these peripheral regions. The case of Xinjiang provides us a window to review the historical process in which the Eurocentric universalism of international law acquiring its universality. -
World History Released Exam Questions 2013
Released Form Spring 2013 North Carolina Measures of Student Learning: NC’s Common Exams World History RELEASED Public Schools of North Carolina Student Booklet State Board of Education Department of Public Instruction Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-6314 Copyrightã 2013 by the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction. All rights reserved. W ORLD H ISTORY — R ELEASED F ORM 1 How did geographic features influence the diffusion and settlement of both the Phoenician and Greek traders? A Both had access to the Mediterranean Sea. B The monsoon winds made ocean travel easier. C The arid climate encouraged migration. D Russia′s rivers provided ease of travel. 2 The epilogue laws of justice which Hammurabi, the wise king, established; a righteous law, and pious statute did he teach the land. the decisions which I have made will this inscription show him; let him rule his subjects accordingly, speak justice to them, give right decisions, root out the miscreants and criminals from this land, and grant prosperity to his subjects. Hammurabi, the king of righteousness, on whom Shamash has conferred right (or law) am I. My words are well considered; my deeds are not equaled; to bring low those that were high; to humble the proud, to expel insolence. Code of Hammurabi, Epilogue How did implementation of codified laws such as the Code of Hammurabi affect the people of ancient societies? A It unified the various peoples and laws within the empire. B It reduced the authority of the king over the citizens. C It limited the role of government in the lives of citizens. -
JOURNAL of EURASIAN STUDIES Volume VII., Issue 4
October-December 2015 JOURNAL OF EURASIAN STUDIES Volume VII., Issue 4. _____________________________________________________________________________________ BOTALOV, Sergey Gennadievich Late-Hun and Early-Turk Period of V-VIII Centuries in Ural-Kazakh Steppes Keywords: Hunns, Turks, barrows with “moustaches”, Selentash type A period, related to the very late Hun stage and the Western Turk Khaganate rule in the Volga-Urals steppes, is represented in rather an uncertain manner. Accumulation of traditional burial complex materials (V-VII cc.) with inhumation rites is carried out extremely slowly for all the vast areas of the Southern Urals and Western and Central Kazakhstan. Today we know about a dozen of complexes, belonging to this period, located on the border between steppes and forest-steppes, from the trans-Volga region to Western Siberia, as well as within northern steppes of Kazakhstan (Shipovo, tumuli 2, 3; Novoselki; Verhneye Pogromnoye; Engels (Pokrovsk), tumulus 36, burial 2; Leninsk; Avilov; Berezhnovka I, tumulus 111, burial 1; Borodaevka; Perepolovenka; Kamenny Ambar, tumuli 5, 6; Arkaim burials; Gorodischenskoye IX, tumulus 5; Eraska; Sopka 2, burial 688; Ust-Suerka; Kyzyl-Adyr (fig. 1,2). Notorious exceptions are numerous complexes, demonstrating two largest cultural historical centers, located within Urals forest-steppes and semi-desert steppes of Southern Kazakhstan. We speak of settlement and burial complexes of Turbaslinsk and Dzhety-Asar cultures, which cover a historical period from V to VIII cc. Here one can trace a clear interaction between these cultural epicenters of the Urals and Aral Sea. It is difficult to estimate, whether this interaction had been supported by seasonal migrations of separate groups, or it had been kept as a system of trade-exchange contacts between two different geographical economical areas. -
Journal of Eurasian Studies
JOURNAL OF EURASIAN STUDIES _____________________________________________________________________________________ Journal of the Gábor Bálint de Szentkatolna Society Founded: 2009. Internet: www.federatio.org/joes.html _____________________________________________________________________________________ Volume VII., Issue 4. / October — December 2015 ____________________ ISSN 1877-4199 October-December 2015 JOURNAL OF EURASIAN STUDIES Volume VII., Issue 4. _____________________________________________________________________________________ Publisher Foundation 'Stichting MIKES INTERNATIONAL', established in The Hague, Holland. Account / International transfer BIC: INGBNL2A IBAN: NL83 INGB 0006 4028 54 Registered: Stichtingenregister: S 41158447 Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken Den Haag Distribution The periodical can be downloaded from the following Internet-address: http://www.federatio.org/joes.html If you wish to subscribe to the email mailing list, you can do it by sending an email to the following address: [email protected] The publisher has no financial sources. It is supported by many in the form of voluntary work and gifts. We kindly appreciate your gifts. Address The Editors and the Publisher can be contacted at the following addresses: Email: [email protected] Postal address: P.O. Box 10249, 2501 HE, Den Haag, Holland Individual authors are responsible for facts included and views expressed in their articles. _____________________________________ ISSN 1877-4199 © Mikes International, 2001-2015, All -
On the Metallic Buckle with a Round Front and Square Rear Unearthed in East Asia
International Journal of Korean History (Vol.18 No.1, Feb. 2013) 19 On the Metallic Buckle with a Round Front and Square Rear Unearthed in East Asia Fang Xiaotian* Introduction The metallic buckle with a round front and square rear is a kind of belt accessory from the Han and Wei-Jin dynasties. This kind of belt has been unearthed in China and North Korea, like Jinning of Yunnan,1 Kunming,2 Luoyang,3 Anxiang of Hunnan,4 Karasahr of Xinjiang,5 and P’yŏngyang (Table I). In addition, there are six pieces not unearthed buckles shown on the catalogue.6 These buckles are ten centimeters long or so. Three pieces are made of jade, two pieces are made of silver, and one piece is made of copper gilding. The time period is from late Western Han to Western Jin. They are not the same absolutely, but have some common features: a round front and square rear; an arc perforation in one end of the round side; movable belt tongue behind the arc perforation; the whole belt buckle decorated mostly with dragon and tiger except one piece in sheep design; most have a rope or triangle design at the edge; in the eye, body of the pattern and edge triangle part studding with precious stones; and some with decorative small balls. Till now, these buckles have been found alone without matching belt accessories. The buckle is widely found in China and North Korea, and is connected * Assistant Librarian, Master of Archaeology, School of Archaeology and Museology, Peking University. 20 On the Metallic Buckle with a Round Front and Square Rear Unearthed in ~ <Table I> -
Silk Roads” in Time and Space: Migrations, Motifs, and Materials
SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 228 July, 2012 The “Silk Roads” in Time and Space: Migrations, Motifs, and Materials edited by Victor H. Mair Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS FOUNDED 1986 Editor-in-Chief VICTOR H. MAIR Associate Editors PAULA ROBERTS MARK SWOFFORD ISSN 2157-9679 (print) 2157-9687 (online) SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series dedicated to making available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor-in-chief actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including romanized modern standard Mandarin (MSM) and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino- Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. Submissions are regularly sent out to be refereed, and extensive editorial suggestions for revision may be offered. Sino-Platonic Papers emphasizes substance over form. -
Turkestani Script Author: Lee Wilson ([email protected]) Date: 2014-08-02
Title: Preliminary Proposal to Encode the Turkestani Script Author: Lee Wilson ([email protected]) Date: 2014-08-02 1 Introduction This is a proposal to encode Tocharian and Khotanese scripts in a unified Turkestani script in the Universal Character Set (ISO/IEC 10646). This document outlines the unified system for encoding both writing systems, a tentative code chart and names list, character data, and some specimens. The font used to display the glyphs in this document were designed by the author of the proposal, based on manuscripts available at the International Dunhuang Project websites. 2 Background The Turkestani script family comprises four Brahmi-derived scripts: Tocharian, Khotanese, Tumshuqese, and so-called Uighur Brahmi, scripts that were all used along the Tarim Basin in the Taklamakan Desert in what is now Xinjiang in western China. As Tumshuqese and Uighur Brahmi are poorly attested, this proposal in its current form seeks only to unify the Tocharian and Khotanese scripts. Tocharian script was historically used to write the Tocharian languages (ISO 639-3: xto, txb), traditionally referred to as Tocharian A and Tocharian B, which belong to the Tocharian branch of the Indo-European language family. The script was in use primarily during the 8th century CE by the people inhabiting the northern edge of the Tarim Basin. Tocharian script is attested in over 4,000 extant manuscripts that were discovered in the early 20th century in the Tarim Basin, primarily in Kucha, Karasahr, and Turfan. Khotanese script was used exclusively to write the Khotanese language (ISO 639-2 kho), one of the two Saka languages alongside Tumshuqese. -
Qjfic (Цгьап Q\V\[Izat\On of 4\Orthern and Innermost a $'W
ROMANIAN ACADEMY INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY OF IASI> LEONID R. KYZLASOV qJFic (ЦгЬап Q\v\[izat\on of 4\orthern and innermost A $'w (Historicaf and ^rcfmeofogicaf Q^esearcPi E d i t u r a A c a d e m i e i R o m a n e -E d i t u r a I s t r o s Florilegium magistrorum historiae archaeologiaeque Antiqutatis et Medii Aevi Curatores seriei VICTOR SPINEI et IONELCANDEA VII The Urban Civilization of Northern and Innermost Asia Historical and Archaeological Research ROMANIAN ACADEMY INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY OF IA§I LEONID R. KYZLASOV The Urban Civilization of Northern and Innermost Asia Historical and Archaeological Research H fu otfj'с / С е . Edited by / Gheorghe POSTICA and Igor KYZLASOV S W -M // ГУК PX "Национальная библиотека им. Н.Г. Доможакова" EDITURA П MUZEUL BRAILEI ACADEMIEI ROMANE EDITURA ISTROS Bucure§ti - Braila 2010 Copyright О 2010, Editura Acadeiniei Romane and Editura Istros a Muzeului Brailei, Igor L. Kyzlasov All right reserved Address: EDITURA ACADEMIEI ROMANE Caleal3 Septembrie. nr. 13, sector 5, 050711, Bucure§ti, Romania Tel. 4021-3188146:4021-3188106; Fax: 4021-3182444 E -mai 1: cdacad@ear. ro Address: EDITURA ISTROS A MUZEULUI BRAILEI PiataTraian, nr. 3, 810153 Braila, Romania Tel./Fax: 0339401002; 0339401003 E-mail: sediu(«jmuzculbrailei.ro Dcscrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Najionale a Romaniei KYZLASOV, LEONID R. The Urban Civilization oF Northern and Innermost Asia. Historical and Archaeological Research / Leonid R. Kyzlasov; cd. by Gheorghe Postica and Igor Kyzlasov. - Bucurc§ti: Editura Acadeiniei Romane; Braila: Editura Istros a Muzeului Brailei. 2010.