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Download Date 04/10/2021 17:04:28 A Critical Evaluation of the 2009 Niger Delta Amnesty Disarmament Demobilisation and Reintegration Programme Item Type Thesis Authors Inuwa, Solomon Rights <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-nd/3.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by- nc-nd/3.0/88x31.png" /></a><br />The University of Bradford theses are licenced under a <a rel="license" href="http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/">Creative Commons Licence</a>. Download date 04/10/2021 17:04:28 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10454/14640 University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars – The University of Bradford Open Access repository. Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team © University of Bradford. This work is licenced for reuse under a Creative Commons Licence. A Critical Evaluation of the 2009 Niger Delta Amnesty Disarmament Demobilisation and Reintegration Programme Solomon Inuwa Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Division of Peace Studies and International Development Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities University of Bradford 2017 Abstract Solomon Inuwa A Critical Evaluation of the 2009 Niger Delta Amnesty Disarmament Demobilisation and Reintegration Programme Keywords: Nigeria, Niger-Delta, Amnesty, Disarmament, Demobilisation, Reinsertion, Reintegration, Neopatrimonialism, State, Patronage. Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) have become a key component of the postconflict peacebuilding orthodoxy. Therefore, this study evaluates the efficacy of Amnesty, Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (ADDR) in conflict prevention and resolution using the 2009 Niger Delta ADDR programme as a case study. The study evaluated the effectiveness of the programme using the minimalist and maximalist framework advanced in the DDR literature. The key findings and conclusions of the Study were that a minimalist DDR would only achieve security stabilisation and return ex- combatants to the status quo- ante society with all the pre-conflict grievances unaddressed thereby bequeathing a high potential of relapse to violence. Furthermore, for DDR to be an effective conflict prevention and resolution mechanism and postconflict peacebuilding force, its conceptualisation, design and implementation must be maximalist in nature with a transformative agenda that aims to address the roots causes of violence. i Acknowledgement Foremost, I give all honour and glory to God Almighty for giving me the grace that enabled me to complete the programme in good health and with a high spirit of motivation. Accordingly, I want to thank Pastor Akpo Onduku and his dear wife Pastor Andrea of Chapel of Grace Bradford and the entire congregation for their consistent support; spiritual and otherwise. I would also like to express my profound appreciation to my lead supervisor Professor Neil Cooper for the useful comments, remarks and robust engagement I received from him which kept inspiring me throughout the programme. I also want to acknowledge the support I received from my second supervisor Professor Donna Pankhurst. This thesis is an evidence of my supervisors’ sincere mentoring. I also want to acknowledge Professor David Francis who was my first supervisor when I registered in the PhD programme, for laying the solid foundation that my subsequent supervisors built on. I want to sincerely thank the Nigerian Army for granting me the permission to undertake this study and the Petroleum Technology Development Fund (PTDF) for providing the funding that enabled me to undertake this PhD programme. I also want to acknowledge Professor Kenneth Omeje for being supportive both spiritually and academically. I also wish to acknowledge the support of my brothers and sisters particularly Professor Samuel Inuwa Zalanga of Bethel University Minnesota, who has been a consistent source of support and a role model to me. I also acknowledge the support of my dear wife Peace and son Joseph for bearing with me throughout the period of my research. I also wish to acknowledge the support of senior military officers and colleagues both serving and retired, particularly Brigadier Generals LF Abdullahi and BH Muhammed, Colonels S Ibrahim, UM Mammadi and Captain ST Uba as well as retired Major Generals AT Umaru, AK Kwaskebe and PG Ogah and Brigadier General Dr MIU Adeka I do also appreciate the support and encouragement I received from elders like Dr Muhammed Ngala and Dr Inwang both based in Bradford. I also appreciate the support of all my friends for being a source of psychological encouragement to me. I must also acknowledge all my PhD cohort in Bradford too numerous to mention their names. Finally, I appreciate family friends in Bradford such as Brother Aike Aimufua, Madam Safiya Zakama, Haruna Isah, Barrister Mustapha, Brother Peter Ishola and Mr Barry Katu. ii Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my late mother and the oppressed and marginalised people of Niger Delta. iii Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................ i Acknowledgement ............................................................................................... ii Dedication .......................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................... iv List of Figures ..................................................................................................... x List of Tables...................................................................................................... xi Glossary ............................................................................................................ xii Chapter One ....................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1 1. Genesis of the Research .............................................................................. 1 1.1. Introduction and Background to the Research Questions ...................... 1 1.2. Research Questions .............................................................................. 2 1.2.1. Primary Research Questions .......................................................... 2 1.2.2. Secondary Research Questions ......................................................... 3 1.3. Significance of the Case Study .............................................................. 3 1.4. Overview of Research Methodology and Methods ................................ 3 1.4.1. Researcher’s Broader Theoretical Framework: Liberalism .............. 4 1.4.2. Overall Research Strategy- the Case Study Approach ................... 8 1.4.3. Justifications for Adopting the Case Study Method ......................... 9 1.4.4. Research Methods and Procedures ................................................. 11 1.4.5. Sample Size, Method and Access to Research Participants ......... 11 1.4.6. Methods of Data Collection ........................................................... 13 1.4.7. Semi-Structured In-Depth Interviews ............................................. 13 1.4.8. Focus Group Discussions ............................................................. 14 1.4.9. Secondary Sources ....................................................................... 15 1.5. Research Delimitations and Limitations ............................................... 15 iv 1.6. Method of Data Analysis ...................................................................... 18 1.7. Ethical Considerations ......................................................................... 21 1.8. Challenges in the Field ........................................................................ 22 1.9. Problematising the Niger Delta and Niger Delta Conflict...................... 22 1.9.1. Problematising the Niger Delta ...................................................... 23 1.9.2. Problematising the Niger Delta Conflict ......................................... 27 1.10. The Structure of the Thesis and Synopsis of Chapters .................... 30 Chapter Two ..................................................................................................... 35 Review of Relevant Literature: Amnesty, Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration..................................................................................................... 35 2. Introduction ................................................................................................. 35 2.1. Conceptualising Amnesty, Review of Empirical Application and Nexus with DDR ....................................................................................................... 37 2.1.1. Conceptualising Amnesty .............................................................. 38 2.2. Amnesty: Review of Empirical Application and Relationship to Disarmament Demobilisation and Reintegration ............................................ 39 2.3. Conceptualising Disarmament, Demobilisation, Reintegration and Review of Relevant Literature ........................................................................ 45 2.3.1. Conceptualising Disarmament, Demobilisation and reintegration . 45 2.4. Review of Relevant Disarmament Literature .......................................
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