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Checkmating the Resurgence of Youth Militancy in the Niger Delta Of
Checkmating the Resurgence of Oil Violence in the Niger Delta of Nigeria Edited by Victor Ojakorotu, Ph.D and Lysias Dodd Gilbert, M.Sc., PGD. Th. Table of Contents 1). Understanding the Context of Oil Violence in the Niger Delta of Nigeria. VICTOR OJAKOROTU & LYSIAS DODD GILBERT 2). Taming the Monster: Critical Issues in Arresting the Orgy of Youth Restiveness in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. ALAFURO EPELLE 3). Amnesty in a Vacuum: The Unending Insurgency in the Niger Delta of Nigeria. DAVID ADEYEMO & ‗LANRE OLU–ADEYEMI 4). Youth Militancy, Amnesty and Security in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. LYSIAS DODD GILBERT 5). Security Contradictions: Bane of Reactions of Oil Producing Communities and the Unending Crisis in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. AKPOMUVIRE MUKORO & EGBADJU, OBUKOHWO ABRAHAM 6). Militants and Oil Violence in the Niger Delta of Nigeria: Any Implication for Security in Nigeria? VICTOR OJAKOROTU 7). The Politics of Oil Exploitation: Rationalising on the Coexistence of Oil Wealth and Extreme Poverty in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria FRANCIS NWONWU 8). The Politics of Oil in the Niger Delta EMMANUEL, J. C. DURU 9). The Niger Delta Child and the Future of National Integration in Nigeria: A Prognostic Analysis FRANK-COLLINS NNAMDI OKAFOR & MIKE C. ODDIH. 10). The Conflict in the Niger Delta Region and National Interest SEGUN OGUNGBEMI 11). Niger Delta Crisis: Implications on Nigeria‘s Domestic Economic Output AKINBOBOLA, T. O. Preface This book is a collection of excellent academic materials by experienced and renowned scholars who have critically analyzed the devastating age-long oil violence in the Niger Delta of Nigeria. -
Ethnic Militias in Nigeria and Their Impact on Democratic Consolidation
Ethnic Militias in Nigeria and Their Impact on Democratic Consolidation by Ǿyvind Sandve Thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of International Studies (e.g. Arts) at Stellenbosch University Faculty of Arts Supervisor: Prof Pierre du Toit March 2009 Declaration By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the owner of the copyright thereof (unless to the extent explicitly otherwise stated) and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Date: February 2009 Copyright © 2009 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved 2 Table of contents Title page ..............................................................................................................................1 Declaration........................................................................................................................2 Table of contents .............................................................................................................3 Abstract .............................................................................................................................6 Opsomming ......................................................................................................................8 Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................... 10 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................. -
The Demobilization of the Ogoni Protest Campaign in the Niger Delta Tijen Demirel-Pegg Scott Pe
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by IUPUIScholarWorks Razed, repressed and bought off: The demobilization of the Ogoni protest campaign in the Niger Delta Tijen Demirel-Pegg Scott Pegg Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Abstract: This study examines the demobilization of the Ogoni protest campaign in the oil producing Niger Delta region of Nigeria in the mid-1990s. The contentious politics literature suggest that protest campaigns demobilize as a consequence of the polarization between radical and moderate protesters. In this study, we offer a different causal mechanism and argue that protest campaigns can demobilize before such indiscriminate repression. Moreover, states can prevent the subsequent radicalization of a protest campaign followed by harsh repression by coopting the radicals and the remaining moderate elites while continuing to use repression to prevent collective action. Our conclusion assesses how relations between extractive industry firms and their local host communities have or have not changed in the twenty years since the hanging of Ken Saro-Wiwa in 1995. Published in Extractive Industries and Society This is the authors’ manuscript of the article published in final edited form at: Demirel-Pegg, Tijen, and Scott Pegg (2015), “Razed, Repressed, and Bought Off: The Demobilization of the Ogoni Protest Campaign in the Niger Delta,” in Extractive Industries and Society, Vol.2, pp. 654-663. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214790X15001343 Introduction On January 4, 1993, around 300,000 Ogoni people in Rivers State, Nigeria peacefully protested against the environmental devastation of their land caused by the Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria (SPDC), the Nigerian subsidiary of Royal Dutch/Shell (hereafter, Shell). -
Ijessr 01 102.Pdf
International Journal of Education and Social Science Research ISSN 2581-5148 Vol. 1, No. 06; 2018 ETHNIC SELF – DETERMINATION PROTESTS IN THE NIGER DELTA: FROM ISAAC BORO’S ‘12 DAY REVOLUTION’ TO CONTEMPORARY MILITANCY Amugo Frank School of Foundational Studies, Captain ElechiAmadi Polytechnic, Rumuola, Port harcourt, Rivers State. ABSTRACT In history, self-determination efforts have in most cases been pursued through various forms of protests, characterized by conflicts and crises that in most cases, lead to out-break of hostilities and civil wars, when oppressed people rise up against their perceived oppressors. Protests are used to express the desire for freedom, justice, equity, emancipation, self-actualization, independence, and self-determination among others. Isaac AdakaBoro’s 12 day revolution executed on behalf of the Ijaws of Niger Delta was to secure freedom for them from the socio-economic and political injustice there were under. This chapter examines AdakaBoro’s 12 day revolution as an instrument for self-determination in the Niger Delta and compares it to the recent militant protests. The chapter concludes by showing that while Boro’s revolution which was unarguably the precursor of the recent protests in the Niger Delta, can be viewed through the prism of self-determination and economic justice, the recent protests cannot be so viewed. The protests of the last one and half decades are a mixed-bag of self-determination, resource control, and largely, pecuniary motives evidenced by the pay offs of the amnesty program. KEYWORDS: Ethnicity, Protest, Self-Determination, militancy and Niger Delta. INTRODUCTION Protests remain legitimate instruments employed by individuals and groups all over the world to express dissatisfaction over certain events, policies, or situations they find unjust. -
The Right to Self Determination Under Contemporary International Law: the Case of Minority Groups in Nigeria
International Journal of Innovative Legal & Political Studies 8(1):26-40, Jan.-Mar., 2020 © SEAHI PUBLICATIONS, 2020 www.seahipaj.org ISSN: 2467-8503 The Right To Self Determination Under Contemporary International Law: The Case Of Minority Groups In Nigeria O. W. Igwe*; Amazuo Bereprebofa** & Okeah Anthony*** Faculty of Law, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria ABSTRACT The right to self-determination is contained in international legal instruments like the United Nations Charter and the African Charter on Human and Peoples‟ Rights. The ICJ has affirmed its erga omnes nature. The agitation for self-determination in Nigeria has become a topical issue. Historically, several independent tribes were amalgamated by Britain without first seeking and obtaining their consent. Coercion was largely employed to conquer these tribes. Britain succeeded in amalgamating Nigeria without first uniting the spirit of the people as a nation. The 1999 Constitution of Nigeria (as amended) provides that Nigeria is one indivisible and indissoluble sovereign nation. However, this one indivisible and indissoluble phenomenon has been trounced with threats of collapse since the Civil War in 1966 when secessionists declared Republic of Biafra. IPOB and MASSOB have continued to push for Biafra. The underpinning of their agitation is alleged marginalization and injustice. The Niger Delta struggle is that for internal self-determination over perceived marginalization. The Kaiama Declaration, the Ogoni Bill of Rights and militant activities from groups like MEND and Niger Delta Avengers are all pointers to this struggle. Their anger is that of injustice associated with exploration and exploitation of oil found in their land. This article examined the agitations of Biafra and Niger Delta for self-determination through the prism of municipal and contemporary international law. -
Perspectives on Terrorism, Volume 5, Issue
Volume V, Issues 3-4 September 2011 PERSPECTIVES ON TERRORISM Volume 5, Issues 3-4 Special Double Issue on Terrorism and Political Violence in Africa Guest Editors: James J. F. Forest and Jennifer Giroux 2 September 2011 PERSPECTIVES ON TERRORISM Volume 5, Issues 3-4 Table of Contents: Articles Terrorism and Political Violence in Africa: Contemporary Trends in a Shifting Terrain ................................................................................................5 by James J.F. Forest and Jennifer Giroux Terrorism in Liberation Struggles: Interrogating the Engagement Tactics of the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta ........................18 by Ibaba Samuel Ibaba ‘Forcing the Horse to Drink or Making it Realise its Thirst’? Understanding the Enactment of Anti-Terrorism Legislation (ATL) in Nigeria .............................................................................................................33 by Isaac Terwase Sampson and Freedom C. Onuoha Opportunity Costs or Costly Opportunities? The Arab Spring, Osama Bin Laden, and Al-Qaeda's African Affiliates .............................................50 by Alex S. Wilner Al-Qaeda's Influence in Sub-Saharan Africa: Myths, Realities and Possibilities .....................................................................................................63 by James J.F. Forest From Theory to Practice: Exploring the Organised Crime-Terror Nexus in Sub-Saharan Africa ...................................................................................81 by Annette -
Post-Amnesty Programme in the Niger Delta: Challenges and Prospects
POST -amnesty programme In the nIger delta: challenges and prospects by Ol uWAToYIN o. oLuWANIYI R ICHARD P ET y@T HE M AP A DDICT Introduction (NDVF) – including its leader, Isaac Adaka boro – for the The most current issue that resonates in the Niger Delta insurgency fomented by the group in 1966. However, the discourse is the amnesty programme. This was introduced unconditional amnesty granted in 2009 embraced not just a by the late President yar’Adua in 2009, against a groundswell of violent conflicts in the region and threats the violence portended for the Nigerian state, including reduction in revenues accruing from oil sales. Amnesty in the Niger Above: This Envisat image highlights the lower Niger Delta region can be traced back to 1967, when the yakubu River system in the West African country of Nigeria, Gowon regime pardoned the Niger Delta Volunteer Force where the Niger River (left) and the benue River merge. 46 I conflict trends REUTERS / THE / REUTERS b IGGER PICTURE IGGER Nigeria’s President Yar’Adua signs the Niger Delta amnesty package at the presidential villa in Abuja on 25 June 2009. President Yar’Adua stated that amnesty would be granted to militants in the Niger Delta if they lay down their weapons by 4 october 2009 and cease fighting. group, but all militant groups in the Niger Delta region that colonial era, the struggle over the sale and regulation of participated in militancy. This amnesty encouraged militants the prices of palm oil pitted british traders and Niger Delta to take advantage of a 60-day window (6 August–4 October indigenous traders against each other. -
Analysis of Immigrants' Residential Preference and Ethnic Segregation
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE): E-Journals Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org ISSN (Paper)2224-5766 ISSN (Online)2225-0484 (Online) Vol.4, No.19, 2014 Analysis of Immigrants’ Residential Preference and Ethnic Segregation in Yenagoa Metropolis Obafemi, Andrew Adesola (Ph.D) Department of Geography & Environmental Management University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria E-mail: [email protected] Omiunu, Philomena Department of Geography & Environmental Management University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria E-mail: [email protected] Corresponding Author: [email protected] Abstract Migrants from diverse ethnic background now live in Yenagoa city. But instead of being a city with culturally mixed neighborhoods, the various ethnic groups lives in residential areas that are segregated by ethnicity. This paper thus seeks to investigate how the migrant’s preference in the choice of initial residence determine the dimension of ethnic residential segregation in Yenagoa Metropolis and its neighborhood impacts. Using the chi- square statistical techniques, result shows that there is a statistical significant relationship between migrant’s residential preferences and ethnic neighborhood composition. On the other hand, the multiple regressions revealed that there are differences in the socio-economic characteristics that explain segregation within each ethnic group. Such that for instance, segregated Urhobo/Isoko and Hausa neighborhoods were found to have lower socio-economic characteristics, such as lower education and income, than segregated Ijaw places. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND TO STUDY Ethnicity and residential segregation rank very high among the oldest and most persistently studied topics in the Social sciences in Africa. -
Cahiers D'études Africaines, 191 | 2008
Cahiers d’études africaines 191 | 2008 Varia Alterity, Marginality and the National Question in the Poetry of the Niger Delta Oyeniyi Okunoye Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/etudesafricaines/11742 DOI : 10.4000/etudesafricaines.11742 ISSN : 1777-5353 Éditeur Éditions de l’EHESS Édition imprimée Date de publication : 20 septembre 2008 Pagination : 413-436 ISBN : 978-2-7132-2184-2 ISSN : 0008-0055 Référence électronique Oyeniyi Okunoye, « Alterity, Marginality and the National Question in the Poetry of the Niger Delta », Cahiers d’études africaines [En ligne], 191 | 2008, mis en ligne le 20 septembre 2011, consulté le 01 mai 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/etudesafricaines/11742 ; DOI : 10.4000/ etudesafricaines.11742 Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 1 mai 2019. © Cahiers d’Études africaines Alterity, Marginality and the National Question in the Poetry of the Niger Delta 1 Alterity, Marginality and the National Question in the Poetry of the Niger Delta1 Oyeniyi Okunoye “[T]he Niger Delta literary landscape has continued to flourish even as its physical environment is wilting.” Joseph Ushie (2006: 22-23) 1 To insist on perpetuating paradigms that affirm the continued relevance of shared experiences across national boundaries as basis for appraising African writing in the twenty-first century is to overlook the fact that much of the African literary imagination is no longer responding to shared experiences the way it did in the years immediately following independence. Malawian writing in the last three decades, for instance, has at once been inspired and conditioned by the damage that the infamous Banda regime, with its policy of censorship and repression, did to the psyche of the people. -
Youth Militias, Self Determination and Resource Control Struggles in the Niger-Delta Region of Nigeria
YOUTH MILITIAS, SELF DETERMINATION AND RESOURCE CONTROL STRUGGLES IN THE NIGER-DELTA REGION OF NIGERIA By: Prof. Eghosa Osaghae Dr Augustine Ikelegbe Dr Omobolaji Olarinmoye Mr. Steven Okhonmina August 2007 1 YOUTH MILITIAS, RESOURCE CONTROL AND SELF DETERMINATION STRUGGLES IN THE NIGER DELTA REGION OF NIGERIA INTRODUCTION The Niger Delta region, Nigeria's oil belt has been the site of a generalized ethnic and regional struggle for self-determination since 1998, the location of often-violent confrontations between local ethnic communities and agents of the Nigerian state and oil companies involved in the extraction and exploitation of oil in the area. What began as community agitation has undoubtedly undergone several transformations. The first involved the flowering of civil society, which mobilized a popular civil struggle. The second saw the extension of the agitation from that against multinational oil companies (MNCs) to include the Nigerian state. The third transformation involved the elevation of the agitation from purely developmental issues to overtly political demands such as restructuring of the federal system, resource control and the resolution of the national question through a conference of ethnic nationalities. The current and fourth stage of the transformation has seen the entrance of youths, youth militancy and youth militias with volatile demands and ultimatums that have accentuated the scale and intensity of confrontations and violence with the multinationals and the state. The youths presently spearhead and constitute the vanguard of Niger-delta conflict nationalists. They chart the course of methods, tactics and strategies and define the momentum, vitality, vocalization and diction of conflicts. The insurgency has involved diverse well armed and fairly well trained youth militias, which, using speed boats and operating fairly freely in the swamps, creeks, estuaries, rivers and coastal areas of the region, have engaged the Nigerian military and seized oil facilities, ships barges, workers and equipments. -
Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta
DISCUSSION paper 47 Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) POLITICAL MARGINALIZATION, REPRESSION AND PETRO -INSURGENCY IN THE NIGER DELTA ELIAS COURSON ISSN 1104-8417 ISBN 978-91-7106-657-2 Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) DISCUSSION PAPER 47 Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) Political Marginalization, Repression and Petro-Insurgency in the Niger Delta ELIAS COURSON NORDISKA AFRIKAINSTITUTET, UPPSALA 2009 1 Elias Courson Indexing terms Energy resources Petroleum industry Transnational corporations Macroeconomics Geopolitics Conflicts Violence Marginality Protest movements Nigeria Niger Delta The opinions expressed in this volume are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. Language checking: Elaine Almén ISSN 1104-8417 ISBN 978-91-7106-657-2 © the author and Nordiska Afrikainstitutet 2009 Printed in Sweden by GML Print on Demand AB, Stockholm 2009 Grafisk Form Elin Olsson, Today Press AB 2 Elias Courson Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) Contents Foreword .........................................................................................................................................................................................................5 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................7 The Niger Delta and the Oil Factor ..........................................................................................................................................8 -
Dynamics of Leadership Styles Within the Ogoni and Ijaw Movements in the Niger Delta
Journal of Social and Political Psychology jspp.psychopen.eu | 2195-3325 Review Articles Dynamics of Leadership Styles Within the Ogoni and Ijaw Movements in the Niger Delta Zainab Ladan Mai-Bornu* a [a] Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relations, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom. Abstract Much of the literature on the Niger Delta deals with the Ogoni and Ijaw groups together, as having common lived experiences within a shared geographical location. However, the nature of the leaderships led the two movements to adopt distinct strategies in their struggles against the Nigerian state and multinational oil companies. Successful collective action is often ascribed to effective leadership and to the employment of social identity to drive collective group behaviour. Building on the Comparative Case Studies approach, this article compares the nature of leadership within the two movements, and particularly the choices that led Ogoni leaders to preach nonviolence and Ijaw leaders to advocate violence. The article analyses the role of the leaders in determining the strategies adopted by the movements, and examines the importance of the psychological drivers of the collective narratives developed by the two groups of leaders in accounting for the different trajectories. These issues are investigated within the social and political psychological context utilising three axes of comparison — vertical, horizontal and transversal. Findings suggest that strategic choices are frequently based on charismatic leadership, particularly when group leaders are able to utilise a heightened awareness of identity, and on conscious and unconscious fears linking past and current threats. Keywords: leadership, conflict, Nigeria, Niger Delta, nonviolence, violence, Ogoni, Ijaw Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 2020, Vol.