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Home , Birthstone, Fluorite

How are rocks, and gems formed? By Petra, Isha and Annabelle Introduction:

Rocks are a and they can not melt. It can take tens of thousands of years for a rock to form and it has to grow where it has been formed all its life. All rocks become the other type of rock, for example Igneous rocks turn into Sedimentary and then Sedimentary rocks turns into a Metamorphic rock and this is called the rock cycle. How are Metamorphic rocks formed? Metamorphic rocks do not melt, but simply because the minerals that they contain get changed chemically, this forms the rock. Metamorphic rocks are sometimes formed when they close up in a volcano and they get heated up. Everyone needs to remember that Metamorphic rocks are not made from melted rock. How are Igneous rocks formed?

Inside earth, fiery heat melts rocks into magma. When magma erupts from a volcano, it’s called lava. Above ground, the lava cools and hardens into igneous rocks. Sometimes magma does not erupt, instead it cools and hardens into igneous rocks. How are Sedimentary rocks are formed?

Sedimentary rocks are made out of mud, sand and pebbles. They come from other rocks, minerals and elements which have been worn down by wind, rain, snow and ice which break rocks into small and little bits, this process is called erosion. These bits are called sediment and the sediment wash into lakes and oceans. Sediment pile up in layers and over the time, the layers press together to form a new rock. How are Sedimentary rocks formed? #2 If you were to find a Sedimentary rock you could(if you know your rocks)probably figure out what environment it was formed in. A lot of Sedimentary rocks are soft and can been easily be broken for example limestone and sandstone.

How are Minerals formed? We each did our birthstones, our brothers birthstones and 2 minerals, gems or rocks that we are interested in. also some more The birthstones (Annabelle’s birthstone)

Garnet is the birthstone of (Annabelle’s birthstone)it is also a (as you might know). come in many different colours and are often found with large . Garnets are mainly found in the United States of America and in South Africa. The most common type of Garnet is a deep reddish brown colour and the name Garnet comes from the Greek word for “fire-eyed.” (Isha’s birthstone)

Ruby is the birthstone of (Isha’s birthstone). are made up of the mineral Corundum. Corundum is aluminum oxide(AI203). Rubies are the colour red, they are the most famed and fabled . It is a desirable gem due to its hardness and durability. Rubies large sizes are even rarer than ! Rubies are basically red because they are identical in many ways. (Petra’s birthstone)

Emerald is the birthstone of (Petra’s birthstone). are green and Emeralds have been around since the 1500’s!! The Emerald is the most common green stone ever. This is what makes it so unquiet. Emeralds birth is a . Did you know that Emeralds luster is Vitreous?

Our brothers birthstones -Eddie Eddie’s birthstone is a (Petra’s brother) Pearl/Alexandrite/ Peals are not the only birthstone in . the month of June is one of the one of the lucky months that has 3 birthstones. Everyone person born in June is very lucky to have 3 birthstones. The 3 birthstones are: Pearl, Alexandrite and the last is Moonstone. Eddie has decided that he wants to have the moonstone as his birthstone name. -Benjamin Benjamin's birthstone is Amethyst

(Annabelle's Amethyst is the birthstone of . Amethyst is purple and you brother) could find Amethyst as well as Quartz, in volcanic rocks which are called geode. Amethyst is a purple mineral . Amethyst is one of the most common minerals in the world! Most of the sand in the world is made up of Quartz and Amethyst. Amethyst #2-Benjamin(Annabelle's brother)

Amethyst was once thought to be VERY rare until large deposits of Amethyst was found in South America in the 1800s. Long ago, people had believed that the stone had special healing powers, but so far, there has been no prof. is Isha’s brother Krishant’s Opal- Krishant birthstone Opal has many different colours such as: (Isha’s brother) Blue, White, Pink, Black, Green, Red, Purple, Yellow, Grey, Brown and orange and more. Opal has white streaks and opal is one of the most expensive minerals in the world. And opal looks beautiful when it is formed into jewelry. Opal is formed when water runs into the ground, picking up silica from sandstone. The Minerals, Gems or rock that we are interested in. This minerals/rock nickname is fool's because it is often found with real gold. Pyrite A lot of people mistake this mineral for gold because it has shiney metallic This is the rock/mineral that parts. There is in fact a way to tell the 2 Annabelle is interested in. apart which is, Gold is very soft, smooth and malleable(can be easily bent and shaped), where as Pyrite is brittle, so it cracks easily and grows cube-shaped crystals. But gold forms nuggets and flakes. Gold has no odor, but sometimes Pyrite smells like rotten eggs(don't like the sound of that!). Pyrite #2

Long ago, Pyrite was used to help fire guns, and in fact the word Pyrite comes from the Greek word meaning “stone which strikes fire.” Pyrite a rock/mineral, the type of rock is Igneous and the type of mineral that pyrite is metal. Pyrite is found all over the world(worldwide). Fluorite is a rock/gemstone and the type Fluorite of rock is Igneous. Fluorite comes in a rainbow of colours, as well as black! Did you know that Fluorite is actually transparent and all its colours comes from chemicals that are mixed in with Fluorite. You probably think that Fluorite is colourful in daylight(day time), but it's even more eye-catching under light(UV light). In fact the word fluorescent comes from This is Petra’s choice. Fluorites name. Fluorite #2

The here are different types of Fluorite and 1 of them is green Fluorite. Green Fluorite is a mineral and is found in Mexico, China, Mongolia, Russia, South Africa, and Nambina. Another type of Fluorite is called rainbow Fluorite and of course it is a mineral. This mineral features: clear with bands of colour, sort of glassy and you can find it worldwide(every where around the world). Fluorite is so easily carved, so it often turned into jewelry or a sculpture. The Fluorite type is a Igneous and gemstone. It’s colour is not known because there are so many colours all of the colours are clear. It’s easily scratched. Did you know that the Fluorite can come in the color black? Did you know that this rock can glow in the dark and under water!!!!!! Quartz is 1 of the most common minerals in the world and can come in different Quartz colours such as, purple(Amethyst). Quartz also comes in a light pink(Rose Isha’s choice. Quartz), and because of Rose Quartz’s colour(milky pink)it is polished and turned into jewelry or sculptures. You can find Quartz as well as Amethyst, inside a geode(a hollow rock). Vibrating Quartz crystals help your clock keep the exact time and the is why you probably have Quartz printed on you watch or clock. Quartz #2

Quartz is contained in all types of bedrock(Sedimentary, Metamorphic and Igneous)and Quartz is also found in natural sand and gravel. The chemicals and elements that make up Quartz are, silicon dioxide(SiO2)and oxygen. More minerals

There are many more minerals to discover now you will hear about more! Diamonds

Diamonds are usually made for , but also some drills use heads. Diamonds are made from carbon that is - highly organized carbon, geologists still guess how diamonds formed in the earth, 1 billion to 3 billion years ago.

Interesting facts about diamonds:

1. Diamonds are not actually rare. 2. Diamonds are rated 10/10 on the scale of mineral hardness. 3. Diamonds are usually white or gray but they can be.

Blue, yellow, orange, green, pink, purple, brown, or black.

Diamonds #2

More facts about diamonds

1. Diamonds are the birthstone for the month of 2. The only thing that can scratch a diamond is another diamond because they are sooo though 3. The word Diamond comes from the greek word unbreakable 4. Diamonds is an allotrope(different form) of carbon 5. Most of Diamond are found in Africa 6. Diamonds are valued according to their cut, color, and clarity

Sapphire

The is the birthstone of . The Ruby is a relative to this stone. The Ruby is the July birthstone. A Sapphire is the form of a mineral. This stone comes in many colours such as blue,pink,black,purple,orange,yellow,green,white,grey and brown. Sapphires come in all the colours of the rainbow actually!! It’s hardness scale is 9. The Sapphire has been around since the ancient Romans!! The Sapphire is normally turned into a , that ring as known as the Sapphire ring. The rarest type of Sapphire is an orangey color. The word Sapphire is a Greek word from the word sapphiro. The Sapphire is soooo hard that it is not easily broken as for this it is a great cutting tool such as same as the diamond.

Dark blue sapphires have been associated with royalty, sapphires were worn by kings who thought that if they were wearing gemstones that they would be protected. Sapphire #2

The Sapphire is sometimes turned into a piece of jewelry mostly a ring called a Sapphire ring. Princess Diana and princess Kate wore the same 12 carat oval blue Ceylon sapphire. The ring has a weird story to is and is goes like this, when princess Diana died, she left the ring to prince Harry, and then Prince Harry gave the ring to prince William. When prince William and princess Kate got engaged she received the ring. The ring costs 10 times more from when princess Diana(A LOT OF MONEY!!!) The Sapphire ring in turned into a ring after it is found and takes a long process. The sapphire is the 2nd hardest stone.

I

Sunstone is a mineral that is a reddish orange colour and it is also sparkly. Sunstone is found in Norway, Siberia and in the United States. Sunstone glitter is caused by inclusions a tiny mineral trapped inside the mineral. To by a Sunstone that is 5 carats, you purchase it for $5,000 dollares($1,000 dollars per carat). How are diamonds cut? The steps of a Diamonds being cut

1. Diamonds all start off deep under the ground as the element carbon. 2. Once the Diamond is all rough it is mined or it is either cleaned/sealed. 3. Then the diamonds are cut into lots of different shapes. The photo is below. The steps of a Diamonds being cut #2

4. Lastly the Diamond is polished until it is sparkly!! Now the Diamonds can be turned into Jewelry that could be worn by REALLY famous people. Greenstone Greenstone

If you were at a and you found green stone you MUST NOT take it because it belongs to a tribe, but if you find it at the beach then you can take it. Names of the greenstone are: Pounamu, and Greenstone. The Greenstone is only found in the South Island of New Zealand. It was originally used for making weapons but now days they made into jewellery. Geologist

This is the job that geologists find everything that was have been writing about. Geologists are scientists who study the history of planet Earth and how rocks, minerals and gems are formed. They ask A LOT of questions about how are rock, minerals and gems are formed, and how they changed over time.

What is a geologist? Links #1 http://www.onegeology.org/extra/kids/rocks_and_minerals.html https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstone http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/ks3/science/environment_earth_universe/rock_cycle/revision/5/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=spIKzi8bvAE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-x2mL_tWQKM http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_rock http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/sciencefacts/chemistry/diamond.html

Rock and Minerals by Annabelle Yang(REALLY GOOD BOOK!!) Links #2 https://www.americangemsociety.org/en/june-birthstoneshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald http://www.minerals.net/mineral/amethyst.aspx

Rocks and Minerals by Gail Tuchman

Rocks, Minerals and Gems by Jordan D. Brown

Awesome Rocks & Gems by Jordan D. Brown http://sciencewithkids.com/science-facts/facts-about-quartz.html https://www.google.co.nz/search?q=Facts+about+opal&rlz=1CAHPZW_enNZ746NZ746&oq=Facts+about+opal&aqs=chrome..69i57.1 9877j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8&safe=active&ssui=on Links #3 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opal https://www.brilliantearth.com/news/15-amazing-facts-about-sapphires-the-september-birthstone/ https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/FA13-oregon-sunstone-pay https://www.google.co.nz/search?q=how+many+carats+is+Princess+Kates+ring&safe=strict&rlz=1C1CHWA_enNZ624NZ624&source=lnms&sa=X& ved=0ahUKEwj0taiO1JnUAhVIlZQKHVw0A-sQ_AUIBSgA&biw=1366&bih=677&dpr=1 http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2623135/Kates-ring-famous-world-increased-value-10-TIMES-Celebrity-engagement-ring-inflation.html https://www.google.co.nz/search?q=how+much+is+UK+money+to+nzs+money&rlz=1C1CHWA_enNZ624NZ624&oq=how+much+is+UK+money+to +nzs+money&aqs=chrome..69i57.35731j0j7&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=93&ie=UTF-8 Thank you for watching our slide!

Hope you enjoyed it!

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Slide made proudly by Petra,Annabelle & Isha