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STREAK Streak Means the Color of a Mineral in Its Powdered Form. The
STREAK Streak means the color of a mineral in its powdered form. The name comes from the common method of observing it by scraping the mineral on a tile of white, unglazed porcelain to produce a narrow streak of powder. Streak is a valuable property because its color is usually the same even when larger samples of many minerals show a variety of colors. Streak is often better for mineral identification than color. Streak of metallic minerals Streak is valuable for identification of many metallic minerals, including native metals (such as gold), oxides and sulfide. Almost all of these minerals have metallic or submetallic luster and are opaque. Their streak is often quite different from their color in a hand sample, generally darker. Examples: Hematite: Hematite can occur as black crystals, steel gray in the form known as specularite, and as dull red earthy masses. Its streak, however, is always blood red. By this simple test hematite can be known apart from other black, metallic minerals of similar appearance. Pyrite: Pyrite comes in a brassy yellow color, but has a black or greenish-black streak. It is sometimes called “fool’s gold” because people mistook specks in ores for real gold. But native gold has a gold streak. Chalcopyrite and marcasite are closely related to pyrite. They have paler brassy colors than pyrite, but also show dark streaks. Bornite: Bornite is bronze color when fresh, but quickly tarnishes to blue and purple shades, and eventually turns black. Its streak, however, is always grayish black. Streak of nonmetallic minerals In contrast, most minerals with nonmetallic lusters are transparent or translucent, and have a streak paler than their color in hand-samples. -
Module 7 Igneous Rocks IGNEOUS ROCKS
Module 7 Igneous Rocks IGNEOUS ROCKS ▪ Igneous Rocks form by crystallization of molten rock material IGNEOUS ROCKS ▪ Igneous Rocks form by crystallization of molten rock material ▪ Molten rock material below Earth’s surface is called magma ▪ Molten rock material erupted above Earth’s surface is called lava ▪ The name changes because the composition of the molten material changes as it is erupted due to escape of volatile gases Rocks Cycle Consolidation Crystallization Rock Forming Minerals 1200ºC Olivine High Ca-rich Pyroxene Ca-Na-rich Amphibole Intermediate Na-Ca-rich Continuous branch Continuous Discontinuous branch Discontinuous Biotite Na-rich Plagioclase feldspar of liquid increases liquid of 2 Temperature decreases Temperature SiO Low K-feldspar Muscovite Quartz 700ºC BOWEN’S REACTION SERIES Rock Forming Minerals Olivine Ca-rich Pyroxene Ca-Na-rich Amphibole Na-Ca-rich Continuous branch Continuous Discontinuous branch Discontinuous Biotite Na-rich Plagioclase feldspar K-feldspar Muscovite Quartz BOWEN’S REACTION SERIES Rock Forming Minerals High Temperature Mineral Suite Olivine • Isolated Tetrahedra Structure • Iron, magnesium, silicon, oxygen • Bowen’s Discontinuous Series Augite • Single Chain Structure (Pyroxene) • Iron, magnesium, calcium, silicon, aluminium, oxygen • Bowen’s Discontinuos Series Calcium Feldspar • Framework Silicate Structure (Plagioclase) • Calcium, silicon, aluminium, oxygen • Bowen’s Continuous Series Rock Forming Minerals Intermediate Temperature Mineral Suite Hornblende • Double Chain Structure (Amphibole) -
Mid-Infrared Optical Constants of Clinopyroxene and Orthoclase Derived from Oriented Single-Crystal Reflectance Spectra
American Mineralogist, Volume 99, pages 1942–1955, 2014 Mid-infrared optical constants of clinopyroxene and orthoclase derived from oriented single-crystal reflectance spectra JESSICA A. ARNOLD1,*, TIMOTHY D. GLOTCH1 AND ANNA M. PLONKA1 1Department of Geosciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, U.S.A. ABSTRACT We have determined the mid-IR optical constants of one alkali feldspar and four pyroxene compo- sitions in the range of 250–4000 cm–1. Measured reflectance spectra of oriented single crystals were iteratively fit to modeled spectra derived from classical dispersion analysis. We present the real and imaginary indices of refraction (n and k) along with the oscillator parameters with which they were modeled. While materials of orthorhombic symmetry and higher are well covered by the current literature, optical constants have been derived for only a handful of geologically relevant monoclinic materials, including gypsum and orthoclase. Two input parameters that go into radiative transfer models, the scattering phase function and the single scattering albedo, are functions of a material’s optical constants. Pyroxene is a common rock-forming mineral group in terrestrial bodies as well as meteorites and is also detected in cosmic dust. Hence, having a set of pyroxene optical constants will provide additional details about the composition of Solar System bodies and circumstellar materials. We follow the method of Mayerhöfer et al. (2010), which is based on the Berreman 4 × 4 matrix formulation. This approach provides a consistent way to calculate the reflectance coefficients in low- symmetry cases. Additionally, while many models assume normal incidence to simplify the dispersion relations, this more general model applies to reflectance spectra collected at non-normal incidence. -
Chapter 3 Nonsilicate Minerals the 8 Most Common Elements in the Continental Crust Elements That Comprise Most Minerals Classification of Minerals
Chapter 3 Nonsilicate Minerals The 8 Most Common Elements in the Continental Crust Elements That Comprise Most Minerals Classification of Minerals ! "Important nonsilicate minerals •" Several major groups exist including –"Oxides –"Sulfides –"Sulfates –"Native Elements –"Carbonates –"Halides –"Phosphates Classification of Minerals ! "Important nonsilicate minerals •" Many nonsilicate minerals have economic value •" Examples –"Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore) –"Halite (halide mined for salt) –"Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore) –"Native Copper (native element mined for copper) Table 3.2 (Modified) Common Nonsilicate Mineral Groups Classification of Minerals ! "Important nonsilicate minerals •" Oxides – natural compounds in which Oxygen anions combine w/ a variety of metal cations –"Ores of various metals –"Hematite & Magnetite (iron oxides), Chromite (iron-chromium oxide), Ilmenite (iron-titanium oxide) and Ice (H2O – the solid form of water) are some important oxides Hematite (Fe2O3) Ore of Iron Red Streak Metallic to Earthy Luster Black or Red Color Magnetite (Fe3O4) Ore of Iron Strong Magnetism Black Color Hardness (6) Metallic Luster Corundum (Ruby& Sapphire) (Al2O3) Gemstone Hardness = 9 (Scratches Knife), Hexagonal Crystals, Adamantine Luster, Color Variable, But Can Be Red (Ruby) or Blue (Sapphire) Chromite (FeCr2O4) Ore of Chromium Metallic to Submetallic Luster Iron Black to Brownish Black Color Octahedral Crystal Form Hardness (5.5-6) Ilmenite (FeTiO3) Ore of Titanium Black-Brownish Black Streak Metallic to Submetallic -
Mineral Identification
Mineral Identification Let’s identify some minerals! What do good scientists do? GOOD SCIENTISTS… ⚫ work together and share their information. ⚫ observe carefully. ⚫ record their observations. ⚫ learn from their observations and continue to test, examine, and discuss. What are minerals? MINERALS ARE… ⚫ matter. ⚫ inorganic (nonliving) solids found in nature. ⚫ made up of elements such as silicon, oxygen, carbon, iron. ( Si O C Fe) ⚫ NOT ROCKS!! Rocks are made up of minerals. Physical Properties ⚫ What are physical properties of matter? ⚫ Shape, color, texture, size, etc. ⚫ The physical properties of minerals are… ⚫Transparency ⚫Luster ⚫Fracture ⚫COLOR ⚫Cleavage ⚫STREAK ⚫Specific Gravity ⚫Crystal Form ⚫HARDNESS Physical Properties ⚫ Some physical properties of minerals we won’t be examining in this lab: How well light passes ⚫Transparency through ⚫ Fracture/Cleavage How it breaks ⚫ Crystal Form The pattern of its crystal formation Color Some minerals are easy to identify by color. ⚫ Malachite is always green. But the color of other minerals change when there are traces of other elements. ⚫ Quartz is clear in its purest form. ⚫ With traces of iron, it becomes purple…amethyst. ⚫ With traces of manganese, it become pink…rose quartz. Takeaway: Visual color helps in identification. Because visual color can be affected by traces of elements, scientists use another test, of streak color. Streak ⚫ Rubbing a mineral firmly across an unglazed porcelain tile (streak plate) leaves a line of powder. ⚫ The streak color of a mineral is always the same, regardless of its visual color. ⚫ For instance, both amethyst and rose quartz leave the white streak of quartz in its purest form. Takeaway: Streak color is an even more reliable way to identify a mineral. -
Birthstone Pamphlet Or Brochure Project
Birthstone Pamphlet or Brochure Project Task: You are a jewelry store owner who is having a tough time in this economy. If you don’t make a certain amount of sales this month it will be hard to pay the rent on your store and you will probably go out of business. To save your store, you looked toward your favorite stone for good luck. This stone has never failed you, ever, and gosh darn it, it won’t start now! This stone is your birthstone. You decide on a new marketing technique to save your store. This marketing technique is focused around your birthstone. Marketing technique: You decided to create an attractive pamphlet or brochure about your birthstone. What should your pamphlet or brochure include? 1. Identify your birthstone 2. Does your birthstone have a special meaning? 3. Is there a history behind your birthstone? 4. Does your birthstone have any mystical or mythical properties? (ex. Will it bring you strength, immortality, love, etc…) 5. How does the stone form? 6. What is the stone’s chemical composition? 7. Where is it most commonly found? 8. Is your birthstone a mineral? If so, what are its common properties? (streak, luster, hardness, etc) 9. If it is not a mineral, can you explain why? Samson’s Shoppe © Below is a list of birthstones according to the months of the year. January: garnet February: amethyst March: aquamarine April: diamond May: emerald June: pearl July: ruby August: peridot September: sapphire October: opal November: topaz December: turquoise Planning Guide: Part 1: A good website to use is: http://www.americangemsociety.org/birthstones 1. -
The Rutile Deposits of the Eastern United States
THE RUTILE DEPOSITS OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES. By THOMAS L. WATSON. INTRODUCTION. The titanium-bearing minerals comprise more than 60 distinct species, grouped under a variety of mineral and chemical forms, chiefly as oxides, titanates, titano-silicates, silicates, columbates, and iantalates. These minerals are widely distributed in a variety of associations and in such quantity as to make titanium a relatively abundant element. Clarke* estimates the. amount of titanium in the solid crust of the earth to be 0.44 per cent, equivalent in oxide to 0.73 per cent, the element thus standing in the ninth place in the scale of abundance, next to potassium. Most of the titanium-bearing minerals, however, are rare and are only of scientific interest. The largest concentrations of the element are as oxide (rutile), as iron titanate (ilmenite), and in iron ferrate (magnetite) as intergrown ilmenite. Of these three forms the prin cipal source of the element at present is rutile. The known workable deposits of rutile, however, are extremely few and widely sepa rated, and as the demand for titanium has greatly increased in the last few years it has been necessary for some uses to turn to ilmenite or highly titaniferous magnetites. This paper briefly summarizes present knowledge of the geology of the rutile deposits in the eastern United States and for the sake of comparison discusses several foreign deposits, each of which has produced some rutile. Of the known deposits in the United, States only those in Virginia are of commercial importance. These have been made the subject of a special report 2 by the Virginia Geological Survey, which was preceded by a preliminary paper on the rutile deposits of Amherst and Nelson counties.3 1 Clarke, F. -
Global Building Blocks: Rocks and Mineral Identification
Cave of the Winds Activity Eleven: Global Building Blocks Lesson for Grades 9-12 One lab of about 50 minutes Global Building Blocks: Satisfies Colorado Rocks and Mineral Identification Model Content Standard for Science, Standard 4, Objectives Benchmark #1 for grades The learner will: 9-12: The earth’s interior has 1. Learn about mineral composition and identification. a composition and a structure. 2. Understand the rock cycle and identify some common rocks in each group. Prerequisite: knowledge of Vocabulary elements Mineral, rock, crystal structure, chemical composition, hardness, luster, cleavage, carbonates, rock cycle, igneous rock, metamorphic rock, sediment, clast, chemical sedimentary rock, bio- chemical sedimentary rock, siliciclastic sedimentary rock, sedimentary rock, parent rock, metamorphism, magma, crystallization, cementation, evaporite, metallic, nonmetallic, stria- tions, rhombus, transparent, translucent, physical weathering, chemical weathering, erosion, rock cycle, basalt, granite, trona, limestone, conglomerate, sandstone, shale, coquina, coal, gneiss, schist, marble, slate, mafic, felsic, foliated, crystalline, texture, vesicular, ooids, pebbles, sand, gravel, grain size, clay, organic material, ultraviolet light, hydrochloric acid, efferves- cence, streak, calcite, dolomite, gypsum, halite, sulfur, pyrite, muscovite mica, orthoclase feldspar, quartz. Background Information The Earth’s building blocks are rocks and minerals. Minerals, of which rocks are composed, are defined by standard criteria: 1) specific chemical -
Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina by W
.'.' .., Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina By W. F. Wilson and B. J. McKenzie RUTILE GUMMITE IN GARNET RUBY CORUNDUM GOLD TORBERNITE GARNET IN MICA ANATASE RUTILE AJTUNITE AND TORBERNITE THULITE AND PYRITE MONAZITE EMERALD CUPRITE SMOKY QUARTZ ZIRCON TORBERNITE ~/ UBRAR'l USE ONLV ,~O NOT REMOVE. fROM LIBRARY N. C. GEOLOGICAL SUHVEY Information Circular 24 Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina By W. F. Wilson and B. J. McKenzie Raleigh 1978 Second Printing 1980. Additional copies of this publication may be obtained from: North CarOlina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development Geological Survey Section P. O. Box 27687 ~ Raleigh. N. C. 27611 1823 --~- GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SECTION The Geological Survey Section shall, by law"...make such exami nation, survey, and mapping of the geology, mineralogy, and topo graphy of the state, including their industrial and economic utilization as it may consider necessary." In carrying out its duties under this law, the section promotes the wise conservation and use of mineral resources by industry, commerce, agriculture, and other governmental agencies for the general welfare of the citizens of North Carolina. The Section conducts a number of basic and applied research projects in environmental resource planning, mineral resource explora tion, mineral statistics, and systematic geologic mapping. Services constitute a major portion ofthe Sections's activities and include identi fying rock and mineral samples submitted by the citizens of the state and providing consulting services and specially prepared reports to other agencies that require geological information. The Geological Survey Section publishes results of research in a series of Bulletins, Economic Papers, Information Circulars, Educa tional Series, Geologic Maps, and Special Publications. -
PRELIMINARY EVALUATION of BEDROCK POTENTIAL for NATURALLY OCCURRING ASBESTOS in ALASKA by Diana N
Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION 157 PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF BEDROCK POTENTIAL FOR NATURALLY OCCURRING ASBESTOS IN ALASKA by Diana N. Solie and Jennifer E. Athey Tremolite (UAMES 34960) displaying the soft, friable fibers of asbestiform minerals. Sample collected from the Cosmos Hills area, Kobuk District, Alaska, by Eskil Anderson. Image courtesy of the University of Alaska Museum Earth Sciences Department. June 2015 Released by STATE OF ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys 3354 College Road, Fairbanks, Alaska 99709-3707 907-451-5020 dggs.alaska.gov [email protected] $2.00 (text only) $13.00 (per map sheet) TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 1 General geology of asbestos ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 Naturally occurring asbestos potential in Alaska .............................................................................................................................................. -
Mobile Earrings,See the Leading 2019 Emmy Award Jewelry Trends
302 Design Spotlight: Mobile Earrings Have you peeked inside this month’s Elle, Marie Claire, or Harper’s Bazaar magazines? You may have seen one of our fave looks from the Utility Collection, these fun and flexible mobile earrings. Modern Movement From brunch with the girls to a night out on the town, a cocktail dinner, or a weekend spent at home, the mobile earrings are versatile enough to be worn anywhere and for anything. Your customers can wear this playful and luxurious style as a solitary statement piece or wear it paired with a complementary #NeckMess. With a single whip of their head, they’ll steal a second glance from everyone around. Behind the Design Collaboration is at the heart of 302 Fine Jewelry. Our in- house fashion experts and design team frequently meet up to discuss new and existing designs, and this is how the mobile earrings were brought to life. Our jewelry team identified a need within theUtility Collection for a head-turning, movable style. After weeks of browsing, picking, and crafting a prototype from Stuller’s wide assortment of jewelry findings, the 302 design team got to work creating the fully functional earrings. Now this design has proven itself a standout style both inside and outside of Stuller. Grab your pair today in one of five metal qualities (silver, platinum, and 14-karat white, rose, and yellow gold) to have them ready for your fashion-savvy customers. Want to know more about 302 Fine Jewelry? Read our previous entry to discover three reasons to become a 302 partner, or start shopping the collections on our website. -
Little Luxuries That Inspire Sharing
little luxuries that inspire sharing FOR THE BRIDE All handmade in 14k gold vermeil, rhodium & 18k gold plated sterling, 14k gold fill and a variety of semiprecious stones, freshwater pearls and Swarovski crystals, we’ve designed the perfect pieces for your big day. Easily wearable everyday after, they’ll stand the test of time to become precious heirlooms in the years to come. semiprecious birthstone ring $53 #repin from pinterest via bianca bijoux pastel hoops $326 signature wrap hoops $96 birthstone threads $86 riata short earring $84 matching ring $77 belle necklace $60 belle earrings $60 pave CZ posts $53-$82 pretty posts $48-$74 peacock chandeliers $216 sofia coppola / sony pictures tresor Earrings $72 spiral hoops $120 mini peacocks $113 freshwater pearl posts $34 tresor Earrings $82 sunburst earrings $98 tresor necklace $163 tresor earrings $86 single birthstone necklace $58 22” coco necklace $158 pearl sunburst bracelet $154 2 CONTACT US: P 800.231.1878 E [email protected] W vivandingrid.com @ vivandingrid viv&ingrid weddings @vivandingrid FOR THE BRIDESMAIDS / SHOP BY COLOR With a wide range of colors in our semiprecious stones, Swarovski crystals and freshwater pearls, our collection of bridesmaid and flower girl jewelry has the perfect piece for everyone in your wedding party. pink bijoux ring $77 bijoux pastel hoops $178 birthstone wrap hoops $120 birthstone threads $101 birthstone necklace $58 birthstone rings rose vermeil $41-$53 pretty posts $74 freshwater pearls $34 cz posts $19 confetti posts $19 pearl