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The Ultraviolet Radiation and the Minimal Erythemal Dose In id7395140 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer! - a great PDF creator! - http://www.pdfmachine.com http://www.broadgun.com ISSN : 0974 - 7532 Volume 10 Issue 7 Research & Reviews in BBiiooSScciieenncceess Regular Paper RRBS, 10(7), 2015 [235-243] The ultraviolet radiation and the minimal erythemal dose in maracaibo-Venezuela ós Guasch*, Carlos Alberto Durante Rincón Jesus Cendr 2 1Director of the Center for Research and Development in Technology (CIDETIU), Private University Dr. Rafael ín, Maracaibo, 4005, Venezuela. Jubilate Professor of the Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, 4005, Belloso Chac Venezuela. Professor at Universidad Valle del Momboy, Valera, (VENEZUELA) 2Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, 4005, Venezuela,. Also an invited researcher at CIDETIU, Universidad Dr. ín, Maracaibo, 4005, (VENEZUELA) Rafael Belloso Chac E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT KEYWORDS The aim of this paper is to perform a statistical descriptive analysis of Ultraviolet radiation; ultraviolet radiation and the energy for Erythemal skin effects in the city UVI; of Maracaibo during the period from June 2012 to July 2014. The data Ultraviolet Index; was recorded by the meteorological station Meteo Urbe - 1, located at Ambient; the Universidad Dr. Rafael Belloso Chacin, Maracaibo, Venezuela. The Maracaibo. analysis is performed through the Ultraviolet Index (UVI) observed be- tween 6:00 am. and 6:00 pm. The UVI values were located in ranges as high, very high and extreme by the standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO). The energy calculated was over the energy required to produce erythema according to the type of skin for the Minimal Erythe- mal Dose (MED). Recommendations to be taken by citizens to minimize the effect of this radiation on humans, particularly in children and the elderly persons are made. Also, it was detected an inter-annual increase in the UVI of the area. 2015 Trade Science Inc. - INDIA INTRODUCTION tion is a matter of judgment of the physician. Also UV C (254 nm) radiation has one important action Ultraviolet radiation affects one way or another as agricultural bactericide and on the other hand, it ’s to all living beings that are exposed to the Sun could produce a beneficial effect in tissues in re- rays and also from many non-natural sources used sponse to low dose or sub lethal according to the “Hormesis” in the industrial sector. Low doses of UV radiation concept of [1]. Another example of the are beneficial to human beings and essential for the beneficial use of the UV radiation is in the control production of vitamin D. This radiation is also used of microorganisms in food since it is usually used to treat various diseases, such as anemia, eczema for pasteurization. On the other hand, a non-thermal and psoriasis. Treatments must be carried out under technology has been applied in food processing to medical supervision and the approval of their ad- deactivate some types of microorganisms using the vantages over the dangers of exposure to UV radia- radiation UV C[2]. 236 Immunogenicity of l.ocal S.aureus isolates RRBS, 10(7) 2015 Regular Paper ’s a pronounced From the beginning of the 1970 three types: – A: majority of these rays reach the increase in the incidence of skin cancer in fair- 1. The UV ’s surface and comprise less harmful solar ra- skinned populations was observed, closely related Earth to the personal habits of exposure to the Sun and its diation. This wavelength is between 320 nm and 400 ultraviolet (UV) component, as well as the social nm. – B: are largely absorbed by the ozone perception that tanning is desirable and healthy[3]. 2. The UV Educational programs are urgently needed to learn layer, however, the medium wave rays (between 280 ’s surface. UV-B causes more about the harmful effects of UV radiation and nm and 320 nm) reach Earth to drive changes in lifestyles that restrain the increase damage at molecular level to the fundamental build- — deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). of skin cancer. UV radiation is also associated with ing block of life – C: with wavelengths between 200 the presence or increase of other types of skin dis- 3. The UV eases, such as melasma, actinic keratosis and pho- nm and 280 nm are absorbed by the ozone layer be- ’s surface. These are potentially tosensitive diseases like systemic lupus erythema- fore reaching Earth tosus, actinic prurigo, and endemic pemphigus[4]. Life dangerous for humans. as we know would not exist without the ozone layer Solar UV radiation is manifested in two ways: in the stratosphere to protect us from excessive direct, when it is not altered or modified in its path amounts of UV-B radiation. Living things and their towards the Earth, and diffused, when it is modified ´s surface. Among others, the cells are protected from excessive amounts of UV before reaching Earth radiation by the chemical called ozone. The layer of causes of its change may be due to: ozone in the upper atmosphere absorbs UV radia- a) The UVI depends on the solar angle of Zenith tion and prevents most of it from reaching the Earth. which depends on the stage or season of year. It can ’s rays identified as ultraviolet (UV) The Sun be clearly observed in Figure 1. rays are not visible to the human eye and are classi- (b) The time of the day can also cause variation fied on the basis of its wave length, measured in on the UVI, as can be seen on Figure 2. nanometers (nm), unit of length which corresponds (c)Wavelength of UV radiation. ‘Nano’ means one billionth. to a billionth of a meter. (d) Thickness of ozone layer. More short is the wave, more penetrating is the en- (e) The amount of UV rays that the ozone layer ’s rays. The spectrum of non-ionizing ergy of the Sun absorbs differs depending on natural events or the radiation comprises all the radiation fields from the stage of year. Moreover, the ozone layer is thinner UV to the field DC. The optical portion of non-ion- than it used to be due to ozone reducing chemicals izing radiation can be subdivided within the ranges used in industry and consumer products. These of different wavelengths: They are classified into chemicals are being phased out, but the ozone layer – Spain Figure 1 : Variability of UVI by stage of year Barcelona [5] ós Guasch and Carlos Alberto Durante Rincón RRBS, 10(7) 2015 Jesus Cendr 237 Regular Paper Figure 2 : Index of ultraviolet radiation on a typical day, this chart corresponds to Maracaibo, Venezuela, 22-09- 2012 (24 hrs) TABLE 1 : UVI values for some areas of the world[9] Country (City) . J F M A M J J A S O N D °S Argentine (Buenos Aires) 35 9 9 7 4 3 2 2 4 5 7 9 10 °S Australia (Darwin) 13 12 13 12 10 8 8 8 10 11 13 12 12 °S Australia (Melbourne) 37 8 8 6 4 2 2 2 3 5 6 8 9 °S Australia (Sydney) 34 9 9 7 5 3 2 3 4 6 7 9 10 °S Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) 23 12 11 9 7 5 5 5 7 9 10 12 12 °N Canada (Vancouver) 49 1 1 3 4 6 7 7 6 4 2 1 1 °N Cuba (Havana) 23 6 8 9 10 10 11 12 11 10 8 6 5 °S Falkland-Islands (Port Stanley) 58 5 4 2 1 0 0 0 1 2 3 5 5 °N France (Paris) 49 1 1 3 4 6 7 7 6 4 2 1 0 °N Germany (Berlin) 52 1 1 2 4 5 7 7 5 3 1 1 0 °N Greece (Iraklion) 35 3 4 5 8 9 9 10 9 7 4 3 2 °N Japan (TokYo) 36 2 4 5 8 9 9 10 9 7 4 2 2 °S Kenya (Nairobi) 1 12 13 13 12 11 10 11 11 12 12 12 11 °S Madagascar (Tananarive) 19 12 12 11 9 7 6 6 8 11 11 12 12 °S Mozambique (Maputo) 26 11 11 9 7 5 4 4 6 8 10 11 11 °N Mongolia (Ulan Bator) 48 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 6 4 2 1 1 °S New Zealand (Wellington) 42 7 7 5 3 1 1 1 2 4 6 7 8 °N Panama (Panama) 9 9 11 12 12 11 11 12 12 12 11 9 9 ° Russia (St Petersburg) 60 N 0 0 1 3 4 5 5 4 2 1 0 0 °N Singapore (Singapore) 1 11 12 13 13 11 11 11 11 12 12 11 10 °S South Africa (Cape Town) 34 9 9 7 5 3 2 3 4 6 7 9 10 °N Spain (Palma de Mallorca) 39 2 3 4 6 8 9 9 8 6 4 2 1 °N Sri Lanka (Colombo) 13 8 10 12 12 11 11 12 12 12 10 8 8 °N Thailand (Bangkok) 14 8 10 12 12 11 12 12 12 11 10 8 8 °N USA (Los Angeles) 34 3 4 6 8 9 10 10 9 7 5 3 2 °N USA (New York) 41 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 8 6 3 2 1 °N Vietnam (Hanoi) 21 6 8 10 11 11 11 12 12 10 8 6 6 238 Immunogenicity of l.ocal S.aureus isolates RRBS, 10(7) 2015 Regular Paper – is not predicted to heal to pre-1980 levels until mid Organization (WHO), the World Meteorological to late- century[6].
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