Mémoire : Le « Passage » De La Littérature Young

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Mémoire : Le « Passage » De La Littérature Young NGUYEN Duyen Delphine Professeure COTTENET Cécile Master 2 Monde du livre Mémoire Année 2019/2020 « Passage » de la littérature young adult en France : L’exemple des ouvrages de Marie Lu Université Aix-Marseille p. 1 « Passage » de la littérature young adult en France : L’exemple des ouvrages de Marie Lu p. 2 Remerciements Je tiens à remercier madame la Professeure Cécile Cottenet, grâce à qui j’ai pu étudier un sujet qui m’intéresse autant. Je la remercie également pour sa disponibilité, sa gentillesse et sa patience. Je remercie également madame la Professeure Barbara Dimopoulou pour sa présence comme jury pour ma soutenance. Enfin, un grand merci à mon amie Amal El Jabri pour son soutien et ses encouragements. p. 3 Abréviations CCBC Cooperative Children’s Book Center ISBN International Standard Book Number MCGP Macmillan Children’s Publishing Group op.cit opus citatum SNE Syndicat national de l’édition YALSA Young Adult Library Services Association p. 4 Table des matières Remerciements ........................................................................................................................................ 3 Abréviations ............................................................................................................................................ 4 Table des matières ................................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 6 Première partie. La littérature young adult : une histoire et un marché propre à chaque territoire ....... 11 I. L’adoption française d’une littérature anglo-américaine ........................................................... 12 A. L’émergence de la littérature young adult aux États-Unis .................................................... 12 B. L’importation de la littérature young adult en France ........................................................... 15 II. Deux territoires, deux marchés distincts ................................................................................... 19 A. Marché et territoire : définitions ............................................................................................ 19 B. Des ressemblances malgré une différence culturelle ............................................................. 21 C. Des divergences causées par une différence culturelle ......................................................... 26 III. Réception critique de la littérature young adult..................................................................... 38 Deuxième partie. Marie Lu et la littérature young adult ....................................................................... 47 I. Marie Lu : présentation et réception critique............................................................................. 48 II. Genres et mouvements .............................................................................................................. 55 A. Marie Lu et le courant dystopique dans la littérature young adult ........................................ 55 B. Auteurs d’origines asiatiques : quelques comparaisons ........................................................ 60 III. Titres et collections ............................................................................................................... 66 A. Collections et littérature young adult .................................................................................... 66 B. L’insertion des titres de Marie Lu dans leur collection respective ........................................ 71 Troisième partie. Le paratexte sous l’influence de la littérature young adult ....................................... 79 I. La première de couverture : capter l’attention........................................................................... 82 A. La première de couverture : entre enjeu économique et enjeu social .................................... 82 B. Maintien ou modification des éléments paratextuels ............................................................ 90 II. La quatrième de couverture : pousser à l’achat ......................................................................... 98 A. La fonction de la quatrième de couverture selon le territoire ................................................ 98 B. Étude des résumés ............................................................................................................... 101 Conclusion générale ............................................................................................................................ 106 Bibliographie ....................................................................................................................................... 110 Annexe 1 : la diversité dans les livres pour enfant en 2018 ................................................................ 123 p. 5 Introduction Le monde de l’édition ne peut pas se passer de la traduction. Cela est d’autant plus vrai malgré les derniers chiffres annoncés par Livres Hebdo qui montrent que moins de livres ont été traduits en 2018. En effet, si en 2017, 19,1% de la production totale était des titres traduits, en 2018, ce pourcentage baisse légèrement pour arriver à 18,5%1. La traduction de romans reste stable, notamment de romans écrits en anglais, langue préférée des éditeurs en 2018 quand il s’agissait des romans de fiction pour la jeunesse2. Il faut souligner que l’édition d’un livre étranger va au-delà de la simple demande de l’éditeur de faire traduire un récit. En effet, traduire un texte ne suffit pas parce que le lecteur n’achète pas seulement le texte traduit « brut » mais achète un ouvrage, un objet. L’éditeur doit alors préparer le terrain en amont : il doit penser l’objet-livre comme un réceptacle du texte traduit, et il doit le penser pour le lecteur français. Ainsi il ne peut pas simplement reprendre l’objet produit à l’étranger pour l’implanter sur le territoire français. La littérature young adult – dont la définition sera étudiée dans le développement de ce mémoire de recherche – est une singularité. En effet, son arrivée soudaine sur le marché français interroge sur la manière dont une telle littérature a pu s’imposer en France, tout en soulevant des questions sur les changements et les adaptations qui ont dû être opérés par les acteurs du monde du livre pour qu’elle puisse complètement s’intégrer au marché du livre. La littérature young adult est principalement un produit étasunien mais une fois passée l’Atlantique, elle doit devenir et doit être un produit français. Pour cela, les acteurs du monde du livre doivent agir pour qu’elle le devienne. Il est alors intéressant de s’attarder sur ce qu’il se passe lors de ce « passage » de la littérature young adult du territoire étasunien au territoire français. Il faut se questionner sur la viabilité de certains aspects de cette littérature hors du territoire où elle est née. Autrement dit, il s’agit de se s’interroger sur ce qu’il reste de cette littérature une fois qu’elle a été importée sur un marché totalement différent de son marché d’origine mais également de penser à ce qui a dû être modifié et ce qui n’a pas pu être gardé. Ainsi, il ne s’agit pas simplement du « passage » d’un texte écrit par un auteur d’une langue à une autre mais du « passage » d’une littérature dans son ensemble et de tout le bagage qui se trouve autour. En effet, si l’objet-livre reste finalement la part la plus importante et la 1 PIAULT (F.), « On a moins traduit en 2018 », Livres Hebdo, Hors-série, n°39, octobre 2019. 2 Ibidem. p. 6 plus visible, il faut également prendre en compte le fait que la littérature young adult se développe pour prendre en compte les évolutions sociales, sociétales et culturelles. Il est aujourd’hui impossible de détacher l’impact causé par les questions sociales sur les livres issus de cette littérature. Il s’agit d’une remarque d’autant plus intéressante qu’il s’agit également d’une facette de la littérature young adult qui doit être pensée lors du passage d’un territoire à un autre. Cependant, il faut noter que si les questions sociales ou encore sociétales restent propres à chaque territoire, certaines de ces questions se sont tellement ancrées dans la littérature young adult qu’elles en deviennent indissociables l’une de l’autre. La problématique principale – et celle qui est étudiée dans ce rapport de recherches – est celle liée au manque de représentation et de diversité. Il s’agit de questionnements qui se répandent depuis plusieurs années maintenant en littérature mais également dans tous les domaines liés à l’art. La définition même du terme « diversité » montre le clivage entre le territoire étasunien et français. Le terme est employé depuis une quarantaine d’année déjà aux États-Unis alors qu’il apparait régulièrement dans la presse française seulement depuis 20053. La définition étasunienne concerne les différences ethniques et raciales et le mot « diversité » est alors utilisé pour désigner « les minorités et les questions relatives aux minorités dites “visibles”4 ». Ainsi, la définition concerne les personnes afro-américaines, mexicaine- américaines, native-américaines et asiatique-américaines. À l’inverse, il n’existe pas de réelle définition en France. En effet, le terme est utilisé de manière large pour désigner des problématiques de genre, d’âge, de handicap, ou encore d’orientation sexuelle,5… Il faut alors souligner que même
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