Battlefields, Archaeology & History
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A Diplomatic History of the 1998–99 Kosovo Conflict
FROM DAYTON TO ALLIED FORCE: A DIPLOMATIC HISTORY OF THE 1998–99 KOSOVO CONFLICT by Christian Novak A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences University of Sydney 2017 ii I declare that the research presented here is my own original work and has not been submitted to any other institution for the award of a degree iii Abstract This thesis reconstructs the diplomatic response of the international community to the Kosovo conflict of 1998–99. It outlines the process which resulted in the failure of negotiations involving outside agencies and individuals as well as the recourse to air strikes against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Using primary sourced material from the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, personal interviews and other carefully selected primary sources, this thesis explores why international attempts to find a negotiated solution failed. iv Acknowledgements Numerous people have assisted in the completion of this thesis. I would firstly like to acknowledge my research supervisor, Professor Glenda Sluga, for her guidance over the years. My gratitude is also extended to John Drewienkiewicz, Josef Janning, Richard Miles, Klaus Naumann, and Lord David Owen, all of whom took out time from their busy schedules to answer my questions. In particular, I wish to thank Wolfgang Petritsch. His accessibility and willingness to explain the events of 1998–99 considerably enhanced my own understanding of the crisis. Special thanks is reserved for my parents, Anne and David, who have gone above and beyond to support me. -
The Archaeology of the Prussian Crusade
Downloaded by [University of Wisconsin - Madison] at 05:00 18 January 2017 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE PRUSSIAN CRUSADE The Archaeology of the Prussian Crusade explores the archaeology and material culture of the Crusade against the Prussian tribes in the thirteenth century, and the subsequent society created by the Teutonic Order that lasted into the six- teenth century. It provides the first synthesis of the material culture of a unique crusading society created in the south-eastern Baltic region over the course of the thirteenth century. It encompasses the full range of archaeological data, from standing buildings through to artefacts and ecofacts, integrated with writ- ten and artistic sources. The work is sub-divided into broadly chronological themes, beginning with a historical outline, exploring the settlements, castles, towns and landscapes of the Teutonic Order’s theocratic state and concluding with the role of the reconstructed and ruined monuments of medieval Prussia in the modern world in the context of modern Polish culture. This is the first work on the archaeology of medieval Prussia in any lan- guage, and is intended as a comprehensive introduction to a period and area of growing interest. This book represents an important contribution to promot- ing international awareness of the cultural heritage of the Baltic region, which has been rapidly increasing over the last few decades. Aleksander Pluskowski is a lecturer in Medieval Archaeology at the University of Reading. Downloaded by [University of Wisconsin - Madison] at 05:00 -
FALL of MARATHAS, 1798–1818 A.D. the Position of Marathas in 1798 A.D
M.A. (HISTORY) PART–II PAPER–II : GROUP C, OPTION (i) HISTORY OF INDIA (1772–1818 A.D.) LESSON NO. 2.4 AUTHOR : PROF. HARI RAM GUPTA FALL OF MARATHAS, 1798–1818 A.D. The Position of Marathas in 1798 A.D. The Marathas had been split up into a loose confederacy. At the head of the Maratha empire was Raja of Sitara. His power had been seized by the Peshwa Baji Rao II was the Peshwa at this time. He became Peshwa at the young age of twenty one in December, 1776 A.D. He had the support of Nana Pharnvis who had secured approval of Bhonsle, Holkar and Sindhia. He was destined to be the last Peshwa. He loved power without possessing necessary courage to retain it. He was enamoured of authority, but was too lazy to exercise it. He enjoyed the company of low and mean companions who praised him to the skies. He was extremely cunning, vindictive and his sense of revenge. His fondness for wine and women knew no limits. Such is the character sketch drawn by his contemporary Elphinstone. Baji Rao I was a weak man and the real power was exercised by Nana Pharnvis, Prime Minister. Though Nana was a very capable ruler and statesman, yet about the close of his life he had lost that ability. Unfortunately, the Peshwa also did not give him full support. Daulat Rao Sindhia was anxious to occupy Nana's position. He lent a force under a French Commander to Poona in December, 1797 A.D. Nana Pharnvis was defeated and imprisoned in the fort of Ahmadnagar. -
Fish Terminologies
FISH TERMINOLOGIES Monument Type Thesaurus Report Format: Hierarchical listing - class Notes: Classification of monument type records by function. -
State of Mississippi EIS Statement of Values
State of Mississippi EIS Statement of Values State ISO # of Square Flood Location Name Address City County Code Zip Const Construction Description Stories Date Building Personal Property Total TIV Occupancy Footage Zone Department Name Contact Contact Email Contact Phone $4,602,232,796 $1,021,520,873 $5,623,753,669 Oakley Youth Development Center Multi-Purpose Building 2375 Oakley Road Raymond Hinds MS 39154 2 Masonry Bearing Wall 1 1969 $4,413,967 $810,000 $5,223,967 Gym / Recreation 27,117 X Oakley Youth Development Center Dennis Daniels [email protected] (601) 857-7597 Exey Edwards Clinic 2375 Oakley Road Raymond Hinds MS 39154 2 Masonry Bearing Wall 1 1944 $218,889 $86,600 $305,489 Clinic / Hospital 1,970 X Oakley Youth Development Center Dennis Daniels [email protected] (601) 857-7597 Laundry 2375 Oakley Road Raymond Hinds MS 39154 2 Masonry Bearing Wall 1 1961 $718,983 $28,800 $747,783 Multipurpose 2,609 X Oakley Youth Development Center Dennis Daniels [email protected] (601) 857-7597 Bldg. Trades Bldg. 2375 Oakley Road Raymond Hinds MS 39154 Tin / Metal 1 1971 $1,615,000 $651,088 $2,266,088 Vocational / Technical 17,933 X Oakley Youth Development Center Dennis Daniels [email protected] (601) 857-7597 Bldg. Trades Bldg. 2375 Oakley Road Raymond Hinds MS 39154 Tin / Metal 1 1967 $1,120,000 $1,953,994 $3,073,994 Vocational / Technical 14,024 X Oakley Youth Development Center Dennis Daniels [email protected] (601) 857-7597 Foster Cottage 2375 Oakley Road Raymond Hinds MS 39154 2 Masonry -
Selected Ancestors of the Chicago Rodger's
Selected Ancestors of the Chicago Rodger’s Volume I: Continental Ancestors Before Hastings David Anderson March 2016 Charlemagne’s Europe – 800 AD For additional information, please contact David Anderson at: [email protected] 508 409 8597 Stained glass window depicting Charles Martel at Strasbourg Cathedral. Pepin shown standing Pepin le Bref Baldwin II, Margrave of Flanders 2 Continental Ancestors Before Hastings Saints, nuns, bishops, brewers, dukes and even kings among them David Anderson March 12, 2016 Abstract Early on, our motivation for studying the ancestors of the Chicago Rodger’s was to determine if, according to rumor, they are descendants of any of the Scottish Earls of Bothwell. We relied mostly on two resources on the Internet: Ancestry.com and Scotlandspeople.gov.uk. We have been subscribers of both. Finding the ancestral lines connecting the Chicago Rodger’s to one or more of the Scottish Earls of Bothwell was the most time consuming and difficult undertaking in generating the results shown in a later book of this series of three books. It shouldn’t be very surprising that once we found Earls in Scotland we would also find Kings and Queens, which we did. The ancestral line that connects to the Earls of Bothwell goes through Helen Heath (1831-1902) who was the mother and/or grandmother of the Chicago Rodger’s She was the paternal grandmother of my grandfather, Alfred Heath Rodger. Within this Heath ancestral tree we found four lines of ancestry without any evident errors or ambiguities. Three of those four lines reach just one Earl of Bothwell, the 1st, and the fourth line reaches the 1st, 2nd and 3rd. -
The Education of a Field Marshal :: Wellington in India and Iberia
University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 1992 The education of a field am rshal :: Wellington in India and Iberia/ David G. Cotter University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses Cotter, David G., "The ducae tion of a field marshal :: Wellington in India and Iberia/" (1992). Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014. 1417. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/1417 This thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE EDUCATION OF A FIELD MARSHAL WELLINGTON IN INDIA AND IBERIA A Thesis Presented by DAVID' G. COTTER Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS May, 1992 Department of History Copyright by David G. Cotter 1992 All Rights Reserved ' THE EDUCATION OF A FIELD MARSHAL WELLINGTON IN INDIA AND IBERIA A Thesis Presented by DAVID G. COTTER Approved as to style and content by Franklin B. Wickwire, Chair )1 Mary B/ Wickwire 'Mary /5. Wilson Robert E. Jones^ Department Chai^r, History ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to all in the History department at the University of Massachusetts, especially Professors Stephen Pelz, Marvin Swartz, R. Dean Ware, Mary Wickwire and Mary Wilson. I am particularly indebted to Professor Franklin Wickwire. He performed as instructor, editor, devil's advocate, mentor and friend. -
Grand Battery Battles in India Part One the Second Anglo-Maratha War
Grand Battery Battles in India Part One The Second Anglo-Maratha War The war started as a result of faction fighting in the Maratha Confederacy. Officially, Baji Rao II was the head of the Marathas, but he was under challenge from Doulut Rao Sindhia (Gwalior) and Jaswant Rao Holkar (Indore). Other leaders also fancied their chances including Gaekwar and Ragogee Bhonsla. A civil war broke out which led to the defeat of Baji Rao II’s forces at the Battle of Poona on October 25 1802. He fled into exile under the protection of the British, subsequently signing the Treaty of Bassein in which he ceded territory to the British and agreed to have no external dealings with other powers (notably the French). Wellesley was then determined to support Baji Rao II’s claim to the throne and re-installed him at Poona on May 13 1803. Negotiations opened with the leading contenders for the throne, but with no breakthrough in sight, Wellesley moved against the combined forces of Sindhia and the Raja of Berar. The two Maratha armies were a considerable force to be reckoned with. The Raja of Berar could muster around 10,500 regular infantry and upwards of 40,000 other troops. The Scindia army was around 35,000 strong and commanded by the Hanoverian Pohlmann. Wellesley mustered two armies of his own. In the north was a force under General Lake and in the south a combined force under Wellesley himself. His army consisted of some 11,000 troops, supported by the Hyderabad Contingent of 9,400 and around 5,000 light horse (Mysore and Maratha allies). -
Expansion and Consolidation of Colonial Power Subject : History
Expansion and consolidation of colonial power Subject : History Lesson : Expansion and consolidation of colonial power Course Developers Expansion and consolidation of colonial power Prof. Lakshmi Subramaniam Professor, Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Kolkata Dynamics of colonial expansion--1 and Dynamics of colonial expansion--2: expansion and consolidation of colonial rule in Bengal, Mysore, Western India, Sindh, Awadh and the Punjab Dr. Anirudh Deshpande Associate Professor, Department of History, University of Delhi Language Editor: Swapna Liddle Formating Editor: Ashutosh Kumar 1 Institute of lifelong learning, University of Delhi Expansion and consolidation of colonial power Table of contents Chapter 2: Expansion and consolidation of colonial power 2.1: Expansion and consolidation of colonial power 2.2.1: Dynamics of colonial expansion - I 2.2.2: Dynamics of colonial expansion – II: expansion and consolidation of colonial rule in Bengal, Mysore, Western India, Awadh and the Punjab Summary Exercises Glossary Further readings 2 Institute of lifelong learning, University of Delhi Expansion and consolidation of colonial power 2.1: Expansion and consolidation of colonial power Introduction The second half of the 18th century saw the formal induction of the English East India Company as a power in the Indian political system. The battle of Plassey (1757) followed by that of Buxar (1764) gave the Company access to the revenues of the subas of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa and a subsequent edge in the contest for paramountcy in Hindustan. Control over revenues resulted in a gradual shift in the orientation of the Company‟s agenda – from commerce to land revenue – with important consequences. This chapter will trace the development of the Company‟s rise to power in Bengal, the articulation of commercial policies in the context of Mercantilism that developed as an informing ideology in Europe and that found limited application in India by some of the Company‟s officials. -
FRENCH REVOLUTION PART 3 from the Directory 1794-1799 To
FRENCH REVOLUTION PART 3 From the Directory 1794-1799 to Napoleon Bonaparte The Terror July 1793-July 1794 Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety Inscription on Engraving from 1795, after pyramid: Thermidor “Here lies all Robespierre guillotines the France.” executioner, after all France has been guillotined Constitutions of 1791 and 1793 are beneath his feet COUP D’ĖTAT OF THERMIDOR JULY Execution of Robespierre, 1794 Saint Just, Couthon July 1794 End of the Jacobin Terror, start of White Terror" -- execution of 72 leading Jacobins in one day The Directory takes power 1794- 1799 The Directory: July 1794-1799 Paul Barras one of the five Directors making up the executive council Legislature under Directory is Drawing of bicameral: member of Council of Council of Elders = upper house Elders -- pseudo-Roman Council of 500 = lower house robes Constitution of the Year V 1795 Third constitution – one every two years 1791, 1793 Ends universal male suffrage Indirect elections (electoral college like USA) Bicameral legislature upper house as more elite restraint on lower house LOUIS XVII -- never reigned son & heir of Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette b. 1785 d. 1795 June in prison of illness at age 10 (age 8 at time of Marie Antoinette’s trial) Set back for royalist hopes for restoration of monarchy – but the eventual Louis XVIII restored in 1814 was the brother (in exile since 1792) of King Louis XVI executed in Jan 1793. REVOLT OF GERMINAL (Spring 1795): Parisian sans culottes riot, call for "bread & Constitution of 1793," but no more political -
The Expansion of British India During the Second Mahratta
Hist 480 Research essay The expansion of British India during the second Mahratta war The strategic, logistic and political difficulties of the 2nd Anglo- Mahratta campaign of General Lake and Arthur Wellesley primarily against Dawlut Rao Scindia and Bhonsla Rajah of Berar By John Richardson 77392986 Supervised by Jane Buckingham 2014 ‘This dissertation is submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of BA Honours in History at the University of Canterbury. This dissertation is the result of my own work. Material from the published or unpublished work of other historians used in the dissertation is credited to the author in the footnote references. The dissertation is approximately 10,000 words in length.’ 1 Abstract The period of British colonialism and the expansion of British influence in India occurred over a number of years. This research paper focuses primarily on the period from 1798 to 1805, with particular reference to the period of conflict in 1803. While many aspects of this period are well known, a number of less well recognised influences have had considerable impact on the capacity for British expansionism. This research paper examines the influence of the second Anglo-Mahratta wars, and in particular of the simultaneous campaigns of General Lake and Arthur Wellesley, primarily against Dawlut Rao Scindia and Bhonsla, Rajah of Berar. These campaigns have particular political and military significance, and mark a change in Anglo-Indian relations. The military strategies, intentions and outcomes of these are discussed, and recognition given to the innovations in regard to logistics and warfare. These elements were central to the expansion of British influence as they resulted in both the acceptance of the British as a great martial power, and helped to create a myth of the invincibility of British arms. -
Arheological Museum - Heraklion
Terra Santa Travel Kokkini Hani 71500 tel: 2810390912 / fax:2810761400 mob: 6946082751 email: [email protected] web: www.terrasantatravel.gr ENGLISH KNOSSOS - ARHEOLOGICAL MUSEUM - HERAKLION - A very interesting excursion where myth meets history! Crete is the birthplace of the European civilization, beginning 7000 BC if not earlier! Our first visit is in one of the most interesting museums worldwide, the Archaeological Museum of Heraklion. During the guided tour you will discover the secrets of the Minoan culture, the first advanced European civilization, throughfrescoes, artifacts, jewels, inscriptions and many other finds. Leaving the museum, you will have enough free time to walk around the capital, Heraklion, which is full of interesting monuments showing us the different occupations and cultures of the island, shops, street bazaars and a beautiful Venetian fishing port. Our next stop is Knossos, the palace of King Minos, where you will hear the fascinating story of this unique building , the so called Labyrinth, that stands there for almost 4000 years. Did actually the Minotaur exist?Join us and find out! CHRISSI ISLAND Discover the paradise of the Chrissi island, located in the south part of Crete. We start our day by bus heading to Ierapetra, the southest European town. We continue by boat to the most southern place of Europe! The Chrissi island has a magnificent ecosystem with rare plants and wild life as well as the largest Lybian Cedar Forest in Europe! Among the visitors of the island are the sea turtle Caretta-Caretta, the Mediterranean whale Monachus-Monachus as well as the thousands of couples of Gulls.