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Rapid Market Assessment of Key Sectors for Women and Youth in Zimbabwe Apiculture Artisanal Mining Mopane Worms Horticulture

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Rapid Market Assessment of Key Sectors for Women and Youth in Zimbabwe Apiculture Artisanal Mining Mopane Worms Horticulture MARKET SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT FOR DECENT WORK MARKET SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT FOR DECENT WORK RAPID MARKET ASSESSMENT OF KEY SECTORS FOR WOMEN AND YOUTH IN ZIMBABWE APICULTURE ARTISANAL MINING MOPANE WORMS HORTICULTURE RAPID MARKET ASSESSMENT MARKET SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT FOR DECENT WORK OF KEY SECTORS FOR WOMEN AND YOUTH IN ZIMBABWE APICULTURE ARTISANAL MINING MOPANE WORMS HORTICULTURE Copyright © International Labour Organization 2017 First published 2017 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publi- cations (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: [email protected]. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organizations may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. ISBN: 9789221309178 (web pdf) The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval. ILO publications and electronic products can be obtained through major booksellers or ILO local offices in many countries, or direct from ILO Publications, International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzer- land. Catalogues or lists of new publications are available free of charge from the above address, or by email: pubvente@ ilo.org Visit our website: www.ilo.org/publns Printed in Switzerland Picture credits: pg. 31 _ Source: Conscious Curating. “Zimbabwe artisanal mining”. http://oloflof.se/. pg. 42 _ Source: Author unknown. “A snack from tree to dinner table”. http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/goodlife/2013/01/25/a-snack-from-tree-to-dinner-table. CONTENTS LIST OF ACRONYMS VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS VII 1. SUMMARY 1 1.1 Key findings 2 2. INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS 9 2.2 General recommendations 10 3. METHODOLOGY AND LIMITATIONS 13 3.1 Methodology and timeline 13 3.2 Limitations 14 4. RURAL MARKETS, LIVELIHOODS, WOMEN AND YOUTH IN CONTEXT 15 4.1 Development trends since 2000 15 4.2 Climate conditions 17 4.3 Rural livelihoods and labour conditions 18 4.4 Women and youth 19 5. SECTOR-LEVEL ANALYSIS 23 5.1 Apiculture 23 5.2 Artisanal mining 31 5.3 Mopane worms 42 5.4 Horticulture 48 6. ADDENDUM: FEEDBACK ON RECOMMENDATIONS FROM FINAL VALIDATION WORKSHOP 57 7. ANNEXES 59 7.1. ILO Criteria 59 7.2. Interview guides 62 7.3. Bibliography 67 7.4. Mapping of gender and markets results 70 List of Acronyms AfDB African Development Bank MSMEs Micro, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises ASM Artisanal and Small-scale Mining MSMECD Ministry of Small and Medium BAZ Beekeepers Association of Enterprises and Cooperative Zimbabwe Development BFFS Bee Farmer Field Schools MWAGCD Ministry of Women Affairs, COMESA Common Market for Eastern Gender and Community and Southern Africa Development CZI Confederation of Zimbabwe MYIEE Ministry of Youth, Indigenisation Industries and Economic Empowerment DfID Department for International NTFP Non-Timber Forest Product Development RDC Rural District Council DLPD Department of Livestock RMA Rapid Market Assessment Production and Development SADC Southern Africa Development DVS Department of Veterinary Services Community EA Environment Africa TIZ Transparency International EMA Environmental Management Zimbabwe Agency TVET Technical and Vocational FGD Focus Group Discussion Education and Training FPMAZ Fresh Producer Marketers VTC Vocational Training Centre Association of Zimbabwe WGC World Gold Council FPR Fidelity Printers and Refiners ZIMASSET Zimbabwe Agenda for GDP Gross Domestic Product Sustainable Socio-Economic Transformation GoZ Government of Zimbabwe ZIMSTAT Zimbabwe National Statistics ILO International Labour Organisation Agency KTBH Kenyan Top Bar Hives ZMF Zimbabwe Miners Federation LFSP Livelihoods and Food Security Programme All $ numbers are in USD. MAMID Ministry of Agriculture, Mechanisation and Irrigation Development MMA Mines and Minerals Act MMMD Ministry of Mines and Mining Development Acknowledgements This report was prepared by Thomas Tichar (lead consultant), Simangaliso Chitate and Lyn- nette Tshabangu. The proper completion of this report would not have been possible without the time and good will that was given by so many people; the consultants would first like to thank the ILO staff whose input and logistical support ensured all the preparation and process could be done with such ease. This includes Callie Ham in the Geneva office and Adolphus Chinomwe who, along with a number of other Harare office staff members, were tireless in responding to our requests for support on content and logistics. Thanks also goes to Hopolang Phororo who as Country Director made sure that staff time and resources were made available. Though it would be a challenge to list all of the people involved individually, the consultants would like to acknowledge the generous amount of time and insight provided by each and every person, as well as their willingness to adjust their schedules to make themselves avail- able, often on short notice! These include ministry representatives at the national, provincial and district levels that were both interviewed and facilitated the field visits; staff from NGOs and research bodies that also assisted in providing additional secondary material; private sector representatives; and of course community members themselves, including women and men, youth and adults, in Chimanimani, Mutasa, Mutare, Guruve, Marondera and Macheke. 1 SUMMARY This Rapid Market Assessment (RMA) was conducted at the request of the ILO to support the design and development of a 3-year project funded by the African Development Bank (AfDB) and scheduled to run from 2017-2019 in Zimbabwe. The project aims to support women and youth in rural livelihoods to generate better and more sustainable income and employment opportunities by strengthening production and value-addition in a number of key rural economic sectors. Based on discussions with key ministries and an initial assess- ment during 2016 the AfDB selected four sectors as the project’s focus, namely, apiculture, artisanal mining, mopane worms and horticulture. The project outline received approval by AfDB board in December 2016, and so this RMA is intended to complement and strengthen the project’s key agreed activities, as well as help determine more specific interventions. In addition, the ILO requested a wider scoping of other products that could potentially benefit the target groups as part of their wider country strategy. This Rapid Market Assessment (RMA) was run between November 2016 and early March 2017 by Thomas Tichar, Simangaliso Chitate and Lynnette Tshabangu. The assessment was done through desk-based research, individual and group interviews with representa- tive groups of smallholders, beekeepers, artisanal and small-scale miners, business leads, ministry and association representatives, NGOs and relevant research and legal organiza- tions. A workshop was also run to confirm initial findings from key ministries and provide feedback; apart from discussing the shortlisted sectors it was also agreed that tomatoes, potatoes, sugar beans and onions had a high potential for sustaining improved livelihoods for the target groups. However, given the varied climate and services across the country, the success of the project would most likely be determined more by production capacity and securing stronger value chains than the specific selection of any one product. A final workshop was held in March with representatives from public, private and civic sectors to validate the findings, provide feedback on the recommendations and discuss next steps. The addendum summarises key feedback and recommendations provided during this final validation workshop. 1 Rapid Market Assessment of key sectors for women and youth in Zimbabwe 1.1 Key findings 1.1.1 Rural livelihoods in context Rural and agricultural sectors in Zimbabwe are generally more tolerant than the arid ar- face a number of challenges to sustaining a eas in the south and west, where a higher level of livelihoods and employment oppor- prevalence of extreme poverty is found. tunities that would provide poor people with Women and youth tend to represent a higher adequate pathways out of poverty for them- proportion of poor and extreme poor; while selves and their families. Over the past 17 some household responsibilities are shared, years the country has seen a decline in qual- the lack of social safety
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