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Diplomarbeit DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit „Die Schulbücher von Nikos und Galateia Kazantzaki“ Verfasserin Anika Hamacher angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag. Phil.) Wien, 2010 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 383 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Byzantinistik und Neogräzistik Betreuerin / Betreuer: Univ. Prof. Dr. Maria A. Stassinopoulou DANKSAGUNG An dieser Stelle möchte ich mich bei all jenen herzlich bedanken, die mich während meines Studiums und beim Verfassen der Diplomarbeit unterstützt und an mich geglaubt haben, und die mich in zahlreichen Gesprächen, seien sie nun wissenschaftlicher oder privater Natur, in meinen Ideen bestärkt oder zu neuen Ansichten geführt haben. Ich bin in diesen Jahren erwachsener, kritischer und selbstsicherer geworden und verdanke dies zu einem großen Teil den Menschen, die mir geholfen haben und mich in guten wie in schlechten Zeiten begleitet haben. Mein besonderer Dank gilt meiner Betreuerin Prof. Dr. Maria Stassinopoulou, die während der Erstellung dieser Diplomarbeit die Geduld gezeigt hat, die nötig war um mir eigenständiges Arbeiten zu ermöglichen, und mir dadurch die Möglichkeit geboten hat, mich bei der Bearbeitung dieses Themas auf einen lehrreichen Weg zu begeben, und mich gleichzeitig vor allzu großen Irrwegen bewahrt hat. INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Einleitung .......................................................................................................................................... 1 a. Gegenstand der Arbeit...................................................................................... 1 b. Ziel der Arbeit.................................................................................................. 3 TEIL I ................................................................................................................................................. 5 1. Schulbuchtheorie ................................................................................................................... 5 a. Terminologie.................................................................................................... 5 b. Schulbuchtheorie.............................................................................................. 8 c. Institutionelle Rahmenbedingungen............................................................... 19 d. Schulbuchforschung....................................................................................... 21 2. Die Bücher .............................................................................................................................. 18 a. Die Gesetzesvorschläge von Dimitrios Glinos (1913)................................... 18 b. Aufbau und Inhalt der Bücher........................................................................ 22 3. Die Entstehung und das intellektuelle Umfeld der Bücher................................. 28 a. Der Demotizismus.......................................................................................... 28 b. Das griechische Bildungssystem.................................................................... 34 c. Die kretische Bildungspolitik und Eleftherios Venizelos .............................. 42 d. Die Gesetzesänderungen 1917-1936 und ihre Auswirkungen auf die Gültigkeit der Lesebücher .............................................................................. 47 Teil II................................................................................................................................................. 51 4. Die Wertvorstellungen der Lesebücher ...................................................................... 57 5. Heimat bzw. Vaterland...................................................................................................... 62 6. Bildung und Wissensvermittlung .................................................................................. 77 7. Religion bzw. Glaube.......................................................................................................... 88 Conclusio ....................................................................................................................................... 112 Bibliographie................................................................................................................................115 Zusammenfassung ..................................................................................................................... 123 Abstract.......................................................................................................................................... 124 Lebenslauf..................................................................................................................................... 125 Einleitung a. Gegenstand der Arbeit Gegenstand dieser Arbeit sind die 1913-1914 von Nikos und Galateia Kazantzaki verfassten Lesebücher, die in der Bibliographie wie folgt bekannt sind: • Γαλάτεια Καζαντζάκη: Οι τρεις φίλοι. Αναγνωστικό Β’ δημοτικού. Εκδ. Οίκος Δ. και Π. Δημητράκου, Αθήνα 19141 • Γαλάτεια Καζαντζάκη: Τα δύο βασιλόπουλα. Αναγνωστικόν τρίτης τάξεως των δημοτικών σχολείων. Εκδ. Οίκος Δ. & Π. Δημητράκου, Αθήνα 1914 • Γαλάτεια Καζαντζάκη: Ο νέος γεωργός. Αναγνωστικόν τετάρτης τάξεως των δημοτικών σχολείων. Εκδ. Οίκος Δ. και Π. Δημητράκου, Αθήνα 1914 • Γαλάτεια Καζαντζάκη: Ο στρατιώτης. Αναγνωστικόν της πέμπτης τάξεως του δημοτικού σχολείου. Εκδ. Οίκος Δ. και Π. Δημητράκου, Αθήνα 1914 • Γαλάτεια Καζαντζάκη: Η Μεγάλη Ελλάς. Αναγνωσματάριον της έκτης τάξεως του δημοτικού σχολείου. Εκδ. Οίκος Δ. και Π. Δημητράκου, Αθήνα 19142 Erstmals herausgegeben wurden die Bücher 1914; sie blieben im Schulunterricht bis 1918 bzw. 1920 in Verwendung und wurden bis 1937 immer wieder genehmigt3. In 1 Alle Zitate werden mit monotonischer Akzentsetzung wiedergegeben. 2 Für diese Arbeit wurden folgende Ausgaben herangezogen: Γαλάτεια Καζαντζάκη: Οι τρεις φίλοι. Αναγνωστικό Β’ δημοτικού. Εκδ. Οίκος Δ. και Π. Δημητράκου, Αθήνα 61923 Γαλάτεια Καζαντζάκη: Τα δύο βασιλόπουλα. Αναγνωστικόν τρίτης τάξεως των δημοτικών σχολείων. Εκδ. Οίκος Δ. & Π. Δημητράκου, Αθήνα 41921 Γαλάτεια Καζαντζάκη: Ο νέος γεωργός. Αναγνωστικόν τετάρτης τάξεως των δημοτικών σχολείων. Εκδ. Οίκος Δ. και Π. Δημητράκου, Αθήνα 1921 Γαλάτεια Καζαντζάκη: Ο στρατιώτης. Αναγνωστικόν της πέμπτης τάξεως του δημοτικού σχολείου. Εκδ. Οίκος Δ. και Π. Δημητράκου, Αθήνα 1914 Γαλάτεια Καζαντζάκη: Η Μεγάλη Ελλάς. Αναγνωσματάριον της έκτης τάξεως του δημοτικού σχολείου. Εκδ. Οίκος Δ. και Π. Δημητράκου, Αθήνα 61927 3 Elpiniki Nikoloudaki-Souri: Ο Εκπαιδευτικός Όμιλος και η συνεργασία Γαλάτειας και Νίκου Καζαντζάκη στη συγγραφή Αναγνωστικών για το Δημοτικό Σχολείο. In: Christina Argyropoulou (Hg.): Νίκος Καζαντζάκης και εκπαίδευση. Δ.Β. Ελληνοεκδοτική, Athen 2008. S. 26-55, S. 36-37. und Elpiniki Nikoloudaki-Souri: Όψεις του χιούμορ στο αναγνωστικό της Γαλάτειας και του Νίκου Οι τρεις φίλοι. In: Διαβάζω 480 (Dezember 2007), S.192-220, S.220. Anbetracht dieser relativ langen Präsenz im Schulgebrauch ist es vor allem ihre Abwesenheit in der Geschichtsschreibung zum griechischen Bildungswesen, die sie für eine nähere Betrachtung interessant macht. Gerade weil andere Bücher dieser Zeit wegen ihres großen Fortschritts im Vergleich zu früheren Lesebüchern als die Glanzstücke der griechischen Schulbuch-Tradition gelten, sollen diese Bücher einer genaueren Untersuchung gewürdigt werden. In den Büchern selbst ist Galateia Kazantzaki als alleinige Verfasserin angegeben. Pantelis Prevelakis4 und Giorgos Stefanakis5 geben aber an, dass Kazantzakis zu dieser Zeit fünf Lesebücher verfasst habe. Eleni Kazantzaki schreibt, dass Kazantzakis nicht als Autor erscheinen wollte, weil er den „Neid, den sein Name hervorrief“, fürchtete6. Im Rahmen dieser Diplomarbeit sollen die Bücher als eine Zusammenarbeit der beiden Autoren behandelt werden7, denn diese Frage wird aus zwei Gründen schwer zu lösen sein: Erstens waren beide Autoren zu Beginn ihrer Karriere ideologisch nah beieinander positioniert und zweitens erfordert das Verfassen von Schulbüchern vom Autor oft ein Abrücken von seinen eigenen Ansichten, sodass das Buch von den zuständigen Institutionen genehmigt wird. Darüber hinaus sind die Erstellung und Genehmigung von Unterrichtsmedien an 4 Pantelis Prevelakis: Τα βιογραφικά 1883 – 1926. In: Nikos Kazantzakis: Τετρακόσια Γράμματα του Καζαντζάκη στον Πρεβελάκη. Hrsg. Von Eleni Kazantzaki. Εκδόσεις Ελένης Ν. Καζαντζάκη, Athen 21984. S. 12. – „Ο Κ. είχε ήδη συνεργασθεί, στα 1914, με τη γυναίκα του τη Γαλάτεια για τη συγγραφή των παιδικών βιβλίων που φέρνουν τ΄ όνομά της.“ 5 Elli Alexiou, Georgios Stefanakis: Νίκος Καζαντζάκης. Γεννήθηκε για τη δόξα. Καστανιώτης, Athen 1983. S. 356. 6 Eleni Kazantzaki Nikos Kazantzakis. Einsame Freiheit. Biografie aus Briefen und Aufzeichnungen. Ullstein, Frankfurt/M.-Berlin 1991. S. 48: „Im gleichen Jahr [1914] hatte das Erziehungsministerium einen Wettbewerb für Schulbücher ausgeschrieben. Jedes angenommene Buch blieb vier Jahre im Gebrauch an den Schulen in Griechenland und im Ausland. Das erbrachte für die so ausgezeichneten Verfasser Ansehen und erhebliche Einkünfte. Kazantzakis nahm an diesem Wettbewerb teil, und seine fünf Bücher wurden ausgewählt. Es kann sein, daß seine Frau bei der Redaktion geholfen hat; jedenfalls fürchtete er den Neid, den sein Name schon hervorrief, und bat sie, allein als Verfasserin dieser Bücher zu zeichnen. Später verkaufte sie diese Bücher ohne sein Wissen.“ 7 So werden sie z.B. auch in den Artikeln von Elpiniki Nikoloudaki-Souri: Ο Εκπαιδευτικός Όμιλος και η συνεργασία
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