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Social Justice As It Pertains to Safety on the American Tobacco Trail

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Social Justice As It Pertains to Safety on the American Tobacco Trail Social Justice as it Pertains to Safety on the American Tobacco Trail 1 2 Acknowledgements We would like to thank the Z. Smith Reynolds Foundation for their generous funding of this study. We would like to acknowledge the many people, institutions, and participants that contrib- uted to this study including: Carrie Banks, Executive Director (former) Roger Ekstrom, Research Assistant NC Rail-Trails NC State University Emily Herbert, Executive Director (current) Shane Cutshaw, Research Assistant NC Rail-Trails NC State University Kofi Boone, Associate Professor Elizabeth Daniel, Research Assistant NC State University NC State University Dr. Deborah Bailey, Director John Parsons, Research Assistant Community Engagement and Service NC State University NC Central University Tyler Waring, GIS Analyst II Charlynne T. Smith, CISP Technology Solutions, City of Durham GIS Research Associate NC State University Mary Anne Roberts Crime Analysis Supervisor Lucretia Pinckney, Research Assistant Durham Police Department NC Central University Durham Police Department 3 “The best part of my workday is the bike ride on the trail to Downtown Durham.” Anonymous comment from study survey 4 Table of Contents Page Executive Summary 6 Introduction 8 Historic Hayti 10 Literature Review 13 Crime on the American Tobacco Trail 17 Methodology 20 Field Observations 23 Geospatial Analysis 24 Community Workshop One 26 Community Workshop Two 28 Surveys 32 Community Workshop Three 35 Recommendations 37 5 Executive Summary The purpose of this study was to examine an 14 crimes occurred on the trail. Less than a ½ area along the American Tobacco Trail (ATT) in percent of all area crimes occurred on the trail. Durham, North Carolina that experienced an The ATT is not crime free, but it is safe and increase in crime in 2011. The study analyzed much safer than the surrounding community. the relationship between crime data, built environment characteristics in adjacent neigh- Over 86% of survey respondents perceive the borhoods, and the perception of crime along ATT as safe. The trail has few reported crimes the ATT. The study was initiated in response (14 crimes committed between 2012 and to the impact a 2011 crime increase on the 2014) and is safer than the adjacent commu- ATT had on the overall perception of the trail nity within the study area with one exception; and adjacent neighborhoods. Use of the ATT the Fayetteville Street intersection. The highest and the perceived safety of the study area is number of reported crimes were in or near this connected to the trail’s ability to serve as an intersection, the area was identified as a safe- economic, social, and cultural resource and ty concern in community workshops, and sur- is a social justice issue. To date, ATT partners vey results revealed that Fayetteville Street’s and residents from adjacent communities have built environment characteristics were per- had few opportunities to impact trail research ceived as the least comfortable of all environ- and trail design decision-making. Engaging ments in the study area. These characteristics the community in the analysis of trail safety, included poorly defined boundaries between as well as potential trail improvements, was a public and private spaces, spaces that lack priority of this study. “eyes on the street” and natural surveillance, and the perception of people on the street en- Is the ATT safe? Is it perceived to be safe? gaged in uncivil behaviors. Researchers conducted a literature review focusing on the history of the study area, and Workshop participants expressed an interest in factors impacting real and perceived crime modifying the built environment of the Fayette- in greenways, trails, and other urban open ville Street intersection to improve safety. Their spaces. Findings informed the methods used recommendations included lighting, seating, to analyze the ATT. Researchers used three and landscape elements to enhance the im- methods; 1) geospatial analysis, 2) surveys, age of the area. Researchers translated these and 3) interactive workshops. Geospatial anal- findings into visualizations that also incorpo- ysis to compare reported crime incidents with rated research emphasizing the role of cultural a range of built environmental characteristics landscape references as well as programming that impact trail use and perceptions of safety. to improve the use and safety of the intersec- Researchers developed a survey to elicit per- tion. Study findings recommend continuing ceptions of safety of the ATT from trail users and extending community engaged strategies and neighbors living near the ATT. Researchers to enhance ATT use and safety. This includes developed workshops to engage stakeholders leveraging partnerships with nearby institu- and residents in activities to elicit their percep- tions like NC Central University, local schools tions of safety on the trail, and their preferenc- and churches, and local businesses. Addition- es for physical changes to improve safety on ally, coordinating trail improvements with the the trail. Downtown Durham Open Space Master Plan, and transportation planning can engage local Between 2012 and 2014, over 3550 violent agency partners. crimes in 14 categories were committed within Over: This diagram shows the project study area in the context a 10 minute walk of the trail. However, only of the I-40 bridge, and the entire trail. 6 7 Introduction The American Tobacco Trail (ATT) is the result of a master plan created in 1992 by the Trian- gle Rails to Trails Conservancy (TRTC). The 22 mile long multi-use trail runs through Durham, Wake and Chatham Counties in North Caro- lina and occupies a right of way created by the American Tobacco Company. The corridor that houses the ATT is rail-banked by the NC Department of Transportation and leased to local governments. The ATT is North Carolina’s flagship rail-trail and is unique in the state. The ATT connects a wide array of regional desti- nations, community services, and daily needs. Via the trail, people can shop, worship, go to school, go to work, and recreate. The opening of a new bridge in 2014 over Interstate 40 connected two trail segments formerly sepa- rated by the freeway and greatly expanded its connectivity and use. However, beginning in the summer of 2011, highly publicized crime incidents along seg- ments of the trail negatively impacted public perception of the overall trail. Previously, few crimes were reported on the ATT. During a brief period that summer, a number of trail This map shows all crimes committed within a 10 minute walk from the American Tobacco Trail in Durham from 2012 to 2014. users were victims of crimes ranging from assault to robbery. The majority of these crime incidents occurred in southern Durham near middle class and predominately White commu- nities. However, the alleged perpetrators were predominately African American and people of color. Newspaper editorials and comments to online message boards provided overwhelm- ingly negative feedback on the safety of the overall American Tobacco Trail, and blamed nearby predominately African American com- munities with being the source of crime and alleged criminals. Violent crimes citywide in Durham increased every year from Durham, North Carolina remains geographi- 2009-2011 reaching a peak of 1712. Crimes on the American cally segregated by race. The former railroad Tobacco Trail were a part of a citywide trend. corridor that is now the ATT serves as a de- mographic divide; Downtown and areas west are predominately white, and areas east of downtown are predominately black. Public 8 commentary in and mainstream and social use of data describing actual crime and safety media increased and included critiques of the can impact the perceptions of safety in public construction of a pedestrian bridge that would places. connect the northern and southern ends of the ATT over I-40. Some expressed concern that This study was designed to explore the re- the bridge would make it easier for criminals lationship between crime data and the per- to access neighborhoods and commit more ception of crime on the ATT. Specifically this crimes. study was interested in answering the follow- ing questions: Was the spike in crime reported in the sum- mer of 2011 indicative of a broader trend of • What crimes have occurred on the ATT increased crime along the American Tobacco and where did they occur? Trail? Was crime similar to or different from • Are there physical characteristics along that of its surrounding communities? Is there the ATT that correlate with crime loca- any evidence to suggest that the ATT would tions? serve as a conduit enabling criminals to move • Are there socio-economic characteristics more easily into lower crime areas? And were in communities along the ATT that cor comments directed at African Americans and relate with crime locations? African American communities as sources of • How do crime rates on the ATT relate to trail safety concerns unwarranted? overall crime rates in adjacent neighbor hoods? With the rise of online sources and social me- Additionally, this study developed methods of dia, comments made through social networks engaging people with crime data in the pursuit can have a tremendous impact on the percep- of answers to the following questions: tion of places. Negative perceptions can im- pact the use of places. The perception of crime • How do residents of neighborhoods ad and a lack of safety is a powerful determinant jacent to the ATT perceive safety on the discouraging people from using public places. trail? Gathering data that can confirm or deny nega- • How do users of the ATT perceive safe tive perceptions of safety, and engaging people ty on the trail? to present that data as a means of addressing • Are there any differences between resi perceptions, have been successful strategies dent and user perceptions? in changing perceptions about safety in public places. Finally, this study used methods of engaging people in order to empower them, to suggest Additionally, research suggests that implicit changes to the ATT, that would improve the racial bias has a tremendous impact on per- perception of safety.
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