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Alternative Food Networks in China's Ecological Civilization Leigh Tasting the Cosmological Rift: Alternative Food Networks in China’s Ecological Civilization Leigh Martindale BA, MRes June 2019 Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the regulations for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography This project was funded by the ESRC and the EU’s ‘SEW-REAP’ programme Authors Declaration I declare that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Leigh Martindale Submitted September 2018 Supervisors: Professor Nigel Clark & Dr David Tyfield Examiners: Professor Clive Barnett (Exeter University) & Dr Bronislaw Szerszynski (Lancaster University) 2 Abstract The current literature on Alternative Food Networks (AFNs) is split between two camps regarding their potential to transform the food system: the ‘progressives’ and the ‘radicals’, or ‘optimists’ and ‘pessimists’. Likewise, China’s concept of Ecological Civilization has prompted a polarised debate, with scholars arguing Ecological Civilization is either an authentic ecological ethos or a form of greenwashing. Exploring AFNs in China, this PhD suggest that these differing camps regarding AFNs overlap more than previously supposed and that the current debate regarding Ecological Civilization is the wrong debate to be having. By intertwining AFNs and Ecological Civilization, this thesis argues that the pragmatic approach Chinese AFN actors adopt in response to three core tensions of AFNs, reveals how radical change does not necessarily require a radical form of politics. It is this pragmatic approach that allows China to begin navigating the emerging cosmological rift of our times, namely that between human development (i.e. global capitalism) and the immovable ecological limits of this development. Based on qualitative fieldwork of Chinese AFNs (Guangdong), this thesis suggests that Ecological Civilization, as a pragmatic approach, can be characterised in three different ways. First, through the expectations participants have of the material (sensory and aesthetic) qualities of an Ecological Civilization. Second, through Chinese middle class subjectivities, which are both pragmatic and idealistic in form. Third, through forms of (rural) cosmopolitanism, which suggest that Ecological Civilization has the capacity to ‘ruralise’ global capitalism as a distinctive Chinese form of ‘cosmopolitanization’. Together, these three insights indicate that AFNs have a transformative potential despite their internal tensions, and that Ecological Civilization is a productive and mobilising concept, not just an ambiguous slogan of an authoritarian government. 3 Acknowledgements After an intensive writing up period of over eight months, following three years of research, today is the day: writing this note of thanks is the finishing touch on my thesis. It has been a period of intense learning for me, not only in the research arena, but also on a personal level. Writing this PhD has had a big impact on me and I would like to reflect on the people who have supported and helped me so much throughout this period. I would first like to express my deepest gratitude to Dr. David Tyfield and Professor Nigel Clark, who were ‘Jedi knight’ and ‘Jedi master’ like in their guidance towards me their ‘Padawan’. You supported me greatly throughout the entire PhD process and were always on hand to assist me and offer helpful, insightful suggestions. I feel immensely lucky to have you two as my supervisors over the past 4 years and hopefully we will have many fruitful collaborations in the future. I am indebted also to my research participants, who without, this PhD would not have been possible. I cannot convey enough my gratitude to the lovely participants and vendors of Guangzhou’s farmers market at ‘ChengXiangHui’ for taking the time to talk to me and their infinite patience with all my questions. And also my deepest of thanks to all the ‘new farmers’ I met with, in particular Mr Lei, Mr Zhang and Mr. Pan, whose incredible hospitality and enthusiasm for my research knew no bounds. Appreciation is also due to my friends and colleagues at GIG in Guangdong. You acted as amazing hosts during my stay in China and were instrumental in facilitating the fieldwork aspect of this PhD. In particular, Professor Gan, Jinghan and Mandy were especially helpful in hosting my stay at GIG - and for helping me navigate the bureaucracy of the Chinese Visa process! I am especially thankful to Echo and Chloe who I was dependent on for all my transcription and translations that underpins this research. You two were all instrumental in helping me realise this PhD. A special thanks also to Shi Yan, for inviting me on her tour of farms when she was visiting Guangdong. I would also like to thank my parents for their constant motivation, support and sympathetic ear. Also thanks to Barbara, my aunts, uncles and cousins who played a key role by always being there for me. A special thanks to my sister Sara-Kay and my brother-in-law Andrew for coming out to China to visit me. I am also grateful to my many friends I made 4 during my PhD journey. First, to those I met at Grad College in Lancaster, in particular Naji, that made the first year of PhD memorable – and who I look forward to graduating with this December. Second, my fellow SEW-REAPers and colleagues that I met in Guangzhou, in particular Jeremy and my ‘Hash Hound Harrier’ buddies, who ensured that my time in China was full of laughter as well as hard work. Third, I am also grateful to the lecturers and fellow PhD students at LEC, in particular Craig, Raffaele and Paul, as together we were not only able to all support each other, by deliberating over our problems and findings, but also happily by talking about other things - often over beer! Finally, and most importantly, I am especially grateful to my most dedicated supporter, my beloved fiancée Sanaa, for never letting me believe I was not able to succeed and for making those many trips to China see me. 5 Contents Prologue 9 Chapter 1: What will China’s ‘Ecological Civilization’ come to mean? Exploring Ecological Civilization with Chinese ‘Alternative Food Networks’……………………………………………………………………..13 Alternative Food Networks in China 21 Research Questions: The Three Core Tensions of AFNs 26 PhD Structure 29 Original Contribution to Knowledge 31 Chapter 2: Bringing Ecology and Civilization together: A Food-Based Perspective……………………………33 Part 1 - Ecological Civilization: An Authentic Ecological Ethos or Political Greenwashing 35 Part 2 – Ecological Civilization in the Chinese Context of Discourse 51 Part 3 - Food, Agriculture and Ecological Civilization 64 Conclusion 77 Chapter 3: Hurdling Barriers or Embracing Predicaments? Qualitative Research in China………………..79 Description of Fieldwork Sites and Methods 81 Pre-Field Reflections 89 Reflections on the Fieldwork Process 94 Post-field Reflections 103 Chapter 4: Eating Ecological Civilization: Trusting through Material Qualities………………………………..107 Exploring the 1st Tension 111 The Chinese Trust Pressure 113 Trust and AFNs in China 117 The Materiality of Food 122 The Materiality of Ecological Civilization? 130 Chapter 5: Chinese Alternative Food Networks and their Middle-Class Subjectivities: A Pathway to Ecological Civilization?.................................................................................................134 Exploring the 2nd Tension 137 The Motivations and Values Driving Chinese AFNs 139 Hedonistic Subjectivities 144 Producer Subjectivities 149 Consumer Subjectivities 152 Subjectivities for an Ecological Civilization? 160 Chapter 6: Ecological Civilization as Rural Cosmopolitanism? Alternative Food Networks and the Wider Region ……………………………………………………………………………………. 164 Exploring the 3rd Tension 167 6 Chinese AFNs as Protective and Precarious Enterprises 170 Chinese AFNs as Opportunistic and Expanding Enterprises 174 Xiedao Green Resort – A Driver, and a Product, of Peri-Urban Development? 181 Can AFNs be Transformative on a Regional Scale? 184 Ecological Civilization as Rural Cosmopolitanism 189 Chapter 7: How is Ecological Civilization able to do productive ‘work’ as an idea or concept?.........195 Research Question 1 200 Research Question 2 202 Research Question 3 205 Conclusion 208 Afterword 214 References 221 Appendixes 249 Appendix 1 249 Appendix 2 251 Appendix 3 253 List of Pictures, Figures and Tables Pic 1. Peter Pan 12 Table 1. Comparing Farm Sizes 69 Table 2. The quadrant of Chinese innovation-as-politics 71 Table 3. The quadrant of Chinese agricultural innovation 76 Fig 1. Map of Fieldwork Sites in Guangdong 84 Pic 2. ChengXiangHui Farmers Market 85 Pic 3. ‘Four Season Share’ CSA Farm 87 Table 4. Survey of Recorded Respondents 88 Pic 4. Fresh produce at the farmers market 123 Pic 5. Banquet at ChengXiangHui 125 Pic 6. Bug Sticker 127 Pic 7. Wet Market produce 128 Pic 8. ‘Farmhouse Fun’ at Four Season Share 147 Pic 9. ‘Beautiful Garden Farm’ 148 Pic 10. ‘New Farmer’ at Four Season Share 150 Pic 11. Educational Presentations at ChengXiangHui 154 Pic 12. New farmers with hired local villagers 173 7 Pic 13. Tourism at Four Season Share 176 Pic 14. Four Season Share view 180 Pic 15. Along the River During the Qingming Festival 187 Fig 2. Typical ‘headline’ framing of trust process in AFNs 200 Fig 3. Revised framing of AFN trust processes 200 Fig 4. Ecological Civilization ‘construction’ 202 Acronyms AFN – Alternative Food Network CCP – Chinese Communist Party CSA – Community supported Agriculture NRRM – New Rural Reconstruction Movement PGS - Participatory Guarantee System 8 Prologue
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