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People for Profit: North Korean Forced Labour on a Global Scale Edited by Remco E
PEOPLE FOR PROFIT People for Profit North Korean Forced Labour on a Global Scale Edited by Remco E. Breuker & Imke B.L.H. van Gardingen Contributors Jan Blinka Britt C.H. Blom Marte C.H. Boonen Klara Boonstra Rosa Brandse Remco E. Breuker Imke B.L.H. van Gardingen Larissa van den Herik Tycho A. van der Hoog Marieke P. Meurs Cedric Ryngaert Shannon R. Stewart Anoma P. van der Veere This is an open source publication by LeidenAsiaCentre. Copyright © 2018 (authors). People for Profit: North Korean Forced Labour on a Global Scale Edited by Remco E. Breuker and Imke B.L.H. van Gardingen ISBN 978-90-826167-1-2 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-826167-3-6 (e-book) LeidenAsiaCentre is an independent research centre affiliated with Leiden University and made possible by a grant from the Vaes Elias Fund. The centre focuses on academic research with direct application to society. All research projects are conducted in close cooperation with a wide variety of partners from Dutch society. More information can be found on our website: www.leidenasiacentre.nl For contact or orders: [email protected] M. de Vrieshof 3, 2311 BZ Leiden, The Netherlands Book design: A.P. van der Veere Contents Contributors IX Acknowledgements XII Introduction Remco E. Breuker and Imke B.L.H. van Gardingen 1 Chapter I Setting the Background: Labour Conditions in the DPRK Remco E. Breuker 6 Chapter II Accountability for DPRK Workers in the Value Chain: The Case of Partner Shipyard, a Polish Shipbuilder and its Dutch Partners Imke B.L.H. -
Special Report No
SPECIAL REPORT NO. 490 | FEBRUARY 2021 UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE w w w .usip.org North Korea in Africa: Historical Solidarity, China’s Role, and Sanctions Evasion By Benjamin R. Young Contents Introduction ...................................3 Historical Solidarity ......................4 The Role of China in North Korea’s Africa Policy .........7 Mutually Beneficial Relations and Shared Anti-Imperialism..... 10 Policy Recommendations .......... 13 The Unknown Soldier statue, constructed by North Korea, at the Heroes’ Acre memorial near Windhoek, Namibia. (Photo by Oliver Gerhard/Shutterstock) Summary • North Korea’s Africa policy is based African arms trade, construction of owing to African governments’ lax on historical linkages and mutually munitions factories, and illicit traf- sanctions enforcement and the beneficial relationships with African ficking of rhino horns and ivory. Kim family regime’s need for hard countries. Historical solidarity re- • China has been complicit in North currency. volving around anticolonialism and Korea’s illicit activities in Africa, es- • To curtail North Korea’s illicit activ- national self-reliance is an under- pecially in the construction and de- ity in Africa, Western governments emphasized facet of North Korea– velopment of Uganda’s largest arms should take into account the histor- Africa partnerships. manufacturer and in allowing the il- ical solidarity between North Korea • As a result, many African countries legal trade of ivory and rhino horns and Africa, work closely with the Af- continue to have close ties with to pass through Chinese networks. rican Union, seek cooperation with Pyongyang despite United Nations • For its part, North Korea looks to China, and undercut North Korean sanctions on North Korea. -
WATER SUPPLY and HABITAT PROJECTS in the DPRK ICRC Mission in the Democratic People’S Republic of Korea
PROJECT BRIEF WATER SUPPLY AND HABITAT PROJECTS IN THE DPRK ICRC Mission in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea PROGRAMME OVERVIEW Since 2013, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has been working on water supply in peri-urban areas. Launched in different years, the four ongo- ing projects mainly involve construction with locally available materials and are in different phases of completion. Once finished, they will benefit about 123,750 inhabitants, ensuring they have sustainable access to clean water. Renovations at two local hospitals and two Physical Rehabilitation Centres will enable the public facilities to run more effectively and provide people with up-to-standard infra- structure and services. The Ministry of Urban Management PARTNERS The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) Red Cross Society The International Committee of the Red Cross Water supply to peri-urban communities Jongpyong Eup Town water-supply system Kaechon City water-supply system Location Jongpyong, South Hamgyong Province Location Kaechon, South Pyongan Province Population targeted 43,000 Population targeted 59,200 Starting year 2018 Starting year 2019 Completion May 2020 Completion May 2020 Constructed in the 1970s, the existing water-supply system is Kaechon relies on a pumped water-supply system set up in unable to cover the current needs due to an increase in popu- the 1970s. Over the years, the quality of source well has wors- lation and reduction and deterioration of the water source. ened with the pumps too old to function fully, electricity for Households receive water in shifts and residents without piped pumping has been limited and distribution pipes are broken water in their houses draw it from hand-dug wells, which are and have developed leaks. -
The Situation Further to Determine If External Assistance Is Needed
Information bulletin Democratic People’s Republic of Korea: Floods Information Bulletin n° 1 GLIDE n° FL-2013-000081-PRK 26 July 2013 Text box for brief photo caption. Example: In February 2007, the This bulletin is being issued for information Colombian Red Cross Society distributed urgently needed only, and reflects the current situation and materials after the floods and slides in Cochabamba. IFRC (Arial details available at this time. The 8/black colour) Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Red Cross Society (DPRK RCS), with the support of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) is assessing the situation further to determine if external assistance is needed. Since 12-22 July 2013, most parts of DPRK were hit by consecutive floods and landslides caused by torrential rains. As of 23 July, DPRK government data reports 28 persons dead, 2 injured and 18 missing. A total of 3,742 families have lost their houses due to total and partial destruction and 49,052 people have been displaced. Red Cross volunteers were mobilized for early Red Cross volunteers are distributing the relief items to flood affected people in Anju City, South Pyongan province. Photo: DPRK RCS. warning and evacuation, search and rescue, first aid service, damage and need assessment, and distribution of relief items. The DPRK RCS with the support of IFRC has released 2,690 emergency relief kits, including quilts, cooking sets, tarpaulins, jerry cans, hygiene kits and water purification tablets which were distributed to 10,895 beneficiaries in Tosan County, North Hwanghae province and Anju City, South Pyongan province. -
Dpr Korea 2019 Needs and Priorities
DPR KOREA 2019 NEEDS AND PRIORITIES MARCH 2019 Credit: OCHA/Anthony Burke Democratic People’s Republic of Korea targeted beneficiaries by sector () Food Security Agriculture Health Nutrition WASH 327,000 97,000 CHINA Chongjin 120,000 North ! Hamgyong ! Hyeson 379,000 Ryanggang ! Kanggye 344,000 Jagang South Hamgyong ! Sinuiju 492,000 North Pyongan Hamhung ! South Pyongan 431,000 ! PYONGYANG Wonsan ! Nampo Nampo ! Kangwon North Hwanghae 123,000 274,000 South Hwanghae ! Haeju 559,000 REPUBLIC OF 548,000 KOREA PART I: TOTAL POPULATION PEOPLE IN NEED PEOPLE TARGETED 25M 10.9M 3.8M REQUIREMENTS (US$) # HUMANITARIAN PARTNERS 120M 12 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea targeted beneficiaries by sector () Food Security Agriculture Health Nutrition WASH 327,000 97,000 CHINA Chongjin 120,000 North ! Hamgyong ! Hyeson 379,000 Ryanggang ! Kanggye 344,000 Jagang South Hamgyong ! Sinuiju 492,000 North Pyongan Hamhung ! South Pyongan 431,000 ! PYONGYANG Wonsan ! Nampo Nampo ! Kangwon North Hwanghae 123,000 274,000 South Hwanghae ! Haeju 559,000 REPUBLIC OF 548,000 KOREA 1 PART I: TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I: COUNTRY STRATEGY Foreword by the UN Resident Coordinator 03 Needs and priorities at a glance 04 Overview of the situation 05 2018 key achievements 12 Strategic objectives 14 Response strategy 15 Operational capacity 18 Humanitarian access and monitoring 20 Summary of needs, targets and requirements 23 PART II: NEEDS AND PRIORITIES BY SECTOR Food Security & Agriculture 25 Nutrition 26 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) 27 Health 28 Guide to giving 29 PART III: ANNEXES Participating organizations & funding requirements 31 Activities by sector 32 People targeted by province 35 People targeted by sector 36 2 PART I: FOREWORD BY THE UN RESIDENT COORDINATOR FOREWORD BY THE UN RESIDENT COORDINATOR In the almost four years that I have been in DPR Korea Despite these challenges, I have also seen progress being made. -
DPRK) So Far This Year
DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE’S 16 April 2004 REPUBLIC OF KOREA Appeal No. 01.68/2004 Appeal Target: CHF 14, 278, 310 Programme Update No. 01 Period covered: January – March 2004 The Federation’s mission is to improve the lives of vulnerable people by mobilising the power of humanity. It is the world’s largest humanitarian organisation and its millions of volunteers are active in over 180 countries. For more information: www.ifrc.org In Brief Appeal coverage: 36.3 %; See attached Contributions List for details. Outstanding needs: CHF 9,089,504 Related Emergency or Annual Appeals: 01.67/2003 Programme Summary: No major natural disasters have affected the People’s Democratic Republic of Korea (DPRK) so far this year. Food security is a major concern, especially in areas remote from the capital. The Red Cross Society of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK RC) has been granted permission from the government to expand the Federation supported health and care programme to another province, increasing the number of potential beneficiaries covered by the essential medicines programme to 8.8 million from July 2004. Due to delayed funding, the first quarter of 2004 has been used to finalise most of the programme activities from the 2003 appeal. Bilateral support from the Republic of Korea, the Netherlands and the Norwegian Red Cross Societies is supplementing Federation support. Partner national societies renewed their commitment to continue supporting DPRK RC. DPRK RC is regarded as an important organisation in DPRK by the government, donor country embassies, UN agencies and NGOs. Operational developments Harvests last year in DPRK were above average, however, the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) and the World Food Programme (WFP) state that, despite the good harvests, the situation remains “especially precarious” for young children, pregnant and nursing women and many elderly people. -
May Day Short Tour May Day Is One of the Best Times to Visit North Korea
May Day Short Tour May Day is one of the best times to visit North Korea during the calendar year for the fine weather and festivities. Also known as International Workers’ Day, or Labour Day, the May Day celebration is a day off and locals take to the outdoors for picnics, dancing, and sports - and you can join in too! In Pyongyang, there is an annual festival held at Mt. Taesong with musical performances and traditional folk games. Spring is in the air and May Day offers a good chance to meet the locals and learn about everyday leisure in North Korea. In addition to the highlights of the North Korean capital Pyongyang and taking a day trip out to visit historic Kaesong and the DMZ, we’ll have time for walks in the city, dining at Pyongyang’s most famous restaurant, shopping at the local Kwangbok supermarket, a picnic lunch. Plus, a volleyball game against a Korean company team. Volleyball is one of the most popular sports in North Korea and almost every company, school, office, section, or unit has a team! See if you can beat them! The Experts in Travel to Rather Unusual Destinations. [email protected] | +86 10 6416 7544 | www.koryotours.com 27 Bei Sanlitun Nan, Chaoyang District, 100027, Beijing, China The Experts in Travel to Rather Unusual Destinations. [email protected] | +86 10 6416 7544 | www.koryotours.com 27 Bei Sanlitun Nan, Chaoyang District, 100027, Beijing, China Download our new (and free!) Koryo Tours North Korea Guide Book for full descriptions of locations on the itinerary below. -
STATEMENT UPR Pre-Session 33 on the Democratic People's Republic
STATEMENT UPR Pre-Session 33 on the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) Geneva, April 5, 2019 Delivered by: The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea (HRNK) 1- Presentation of the Organization HRNK is the leading U.S.-based bipartisan, non-governmental organization (NGO) in the field of DPRK human rights research and advocacy. Our mission is to focus international attention on human rights abuses in the DPRK and advocate for an improvement in the lives of 25 million DPRK citizens. Since its establishment in 2001, HRNK has played an intellectual leadership role in DPRK human rights issues by publishing over thirty-five major reports. HRNK was granted UN consultative status on April 17, 2018 by the 54-member UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). On October 4, 2018, HRNK submitted our findings to the UPR of the DPRK. Based on our research, the following trends have defined the human rights situation in the DPRK over the past seven years: an intensive crackdown on attempted escape from the country leading to a higher number of prisoners in detention; a closure of prison camps near the border with China while camps inland were expanded; satellite imagery analysis revealing secure perimeters inside these detention facilities with watch towers seemingly located to provide overlapping fields of fire to prevent escapes; a disproportionate repression of women (800 out of 1000 women at Camp No. 12 were forcibly repatriated); and an aggressive purge of senior officials. 2- National consultation for the drafting of the national report Although HRNK would welcome consultation and in-country access to assess the human rights situation, the DPRK government displays a consistently antagonistic attitude towards our organization. -
Monthly Recap: December
MONTHLY RECAP: DECEMBER KAESONG INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX On December 1, North Korea began enforcing restrictions on the number of South Koreans allowed to stay in the Kaesong Industrial Complex, limiting ROK workers to only 880, which is 20 percent of the number of South Koreans issued permits, and according to the South Korean Ministry of Unification, only half the number that are in the complex on a normal work day. The North also withdrew permission to bring any South Korean publications into the KIC. Previously, 20 different papers from 9 different publishers had been allowed. Cross-border rail traffic and tourism has also been suspended. As concerns heighten over the future of the project, companies in the complex have reported up to 60 percent decline in sales, and seven companies have pulled out of contracts to set up operations in the KIC. ANTI-DPRK LEAFLETS On December 2, South Korean activists defied the wishes of both the North and South Korean governments and attempted to launch more balloons with leaflets denouncing Kim Jong Il and the North Korean government. The ROK government has taken the stance that as the launches are not illegal, it cannot prevent them, but in light of the damage they have done to inter-Korean relations, it wishes they would desist. On the 2nd, other ROK activists denouncing the fliers tried to physically prevent the balloon launch, causing police to intervene. A large number of the leaflets reportedly dropped in the North’s South Hwanghae Province, causing the DPRK to mobilize the military for clean-up operations. -
6 New Industrial Parks Worth 44 Billion Won for Constuction Industry
6 NEW INDUSTRIAL PARKS WORTH 44 BILLION WON FOR CONSTUCTION INDUSTRY The construction cost for six inter-Korean cooperative industrial parks like the Kaesong Industrial Complex would carry a construction bill of 44 billion Won. According to “Analysis of Examples of Inter-Korean Cooperation in the Construction Field and the Direction of Industrial Park Development within North Korea,” a recent report by the Construction Economy Research Institute of Korea, “Promotion of the North Korean construction market by the [South Korean] construction industry would not only increase the limited demand for the South Korean construction [field], but will also provide new growth to our economy.” According to the report, there has been almost no cooperative construction project within the construction field since 1988. On the other hand, tourism, industrial parks, physical fitness and religious projects have provided opportunities for construction companies. These projects generally call for construction equipment, materials, technicians and designs from South Korea, and land, labor, aggregate, etc. from the North. If six industrial parks on the same scale as the KIC were to be built, it would cost 43.09 billion Won. Of this, 4.07 billion won would cover government costs, while the actual cost of construction would be 39.02 billion won. If the KIC, currently undergoing the first phase of construction, were to complete all three phases of the original plan, the 19.9 square-kilometer complex would house 2,000 businesses. The research institute calls for the completion of phases 2 and 3 in the KIC, as well as the construction of industrial parks at Rajin-Sonbong, Sinuiju, Haeju, Nampo, and Wonsan. -
CELL PHONES in NORTH KOREA Has North Korea Entered the Telecommunications Revolution?
CELL PHONES IN NORTH KOREA Has North Korea Entered the Telecommunications Revolution? Yonho Kim ABOUT THE AUTHOR Yonho Kim is a Staff Reporter for Voice of America’s Korea Service where he covers the North Korean economy, North Korea’s illicit activities, and economic sanctions against North Korea. He has been with VOA since 2008, covering a number of important developments in both US-DPRK and US-ROK relations. He has received a “Superior Accomplishment Award,” from the East Asia Pacific Division Director of the VOA. Prior to joining VOA, Mr. Kim was a broadcaster for Radio Free Asia’s Korea Service, focused on developments in and around North Korea and US-ROK alliance issues. He has also served as a columnist for The Pressian, reporting on developments on the Korean peninsula. From 2001-03, Mr. Kim was the Assistant Director of The Atlantic Council’s Program on Korea in Transition, where he conducted in-depth research on South Korean domestic politics and oversaw program outreach to US government and media interested in foreign policy. Mr. Kim has worked for Intellibridge Corporation as a freelance consultant and for the Hyundai Oil Refinery Co. Ltd. as a Foreign Exchange Dealer. From 1995-98, he was a researcher at the Hyundai Economic Research Institute in Seoul, focused on the international economy and foreign investment strategies. Mr. Kim holds a B.A. and M.A. in International Relations from Seoul National University and an M.A. in International Relations and International Economics from the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University. -
North Korean Realism, Conservatism and Ultranationalist Propaganda
ESSAY, 14 December 2016 North Korean Realism, conservatism and ultranationalist propaganda Culture and the aesthetic theory of Juche: a journey around North Korea through cinema, propaganda, human rights, graphic novels and contemporary art. AUTHOR: Dario Giovanni Alì In 2013, the United Nations Human Rights Council set up a committee of inquiry with the aim of shedding light on the current humanitarian emergency in North Korea, accused of committing numerous human and civil rights violations against its population. The accounts of refugees and the documents that have been gathered have led to a report of 372 pages in which the committee provides a detailed list of examples of discrimination and acts of violence. Besides the usual and, sadly, well-known forms of repression used by totalitarian regimes (social exclusion policies, kidnapping, torture, summary executions, etc.), the report does offer insights into an aspect that was unknown to the rest of the world until only a few years ago: the structure and organisation of North Korean society. Songbun Although the principles of equality and non-discrimination are enshrined in its constitution, North Korean society is organised into a system of 5 social castes (subdivided, in their turn, into 51 sub-categories), each of which enjoys specific privileges or restrictions on the basis of political, social and economic criteria. This system, which has a decisive effect on citizens’ lives, is called Songbun and serves to create a small ruling class that ensures the stability of the Kim dynasty, which has been in power since the foundation of the state (1948). People born into a family with a high degree of songbun will be assured a better quality of life from birth: they will almost certainly live in Pyongyang (where the country’s elite live), attend the best schools and universities, have the right to better healthcare and will probably obtain a prestigious position in society.