Vol 6 No.2 Vol

| Summer 2013 Summer KOREAN HERITAGE

SUMMER 2013 Vol. 6 No. 2 ISSN 2005-0151 ISSN 1 | 1 KOREAN HERITAGE Quarterly Magazine of the Cultural Heritage Administration

KOREAN HERITAGE

SUMMER 2013

Cover Red symbolizes summer. The symbol- ism originates from the traditional “five directional colors” based on the ancient Chinese thought of wuxing, or ohaeng in Korean. The five colors were associated with seasons and other phenomena in nature, including the fate of humans. The cover features Sungnyemun, the South Gate of , recently restored. For more stories about the gate, see p. 14.

KOREAN HERITAGE is also available on the website (http://English.cha.go.kr) and smart devices. 2 | 3

KOREAN HERITAGE

CHA News Vignettes Sacred Relics Moved for Repairs on Seokgatap Naengmyeon, Refreshing Noodle Dish to Chase Korean Flavor Reliquaries containing sarira, or sacred remains of Buddhist spiritual Away Summer Heat masters, were removed from the second story of Seokgatap (Sakyamuni Naengmyeon, a dish aptly described by its name (literally, Pagoda) in April, as the three story stone pagoda at Bulguksa Temple cold noodles), is made of long thin noodles typically served in Gyeongju, South is being disassembled for in an iced broth and garnished with a variety of toppings repairs. The pagoda is part of the temple complex, which along with the such as julienned cucumber, slices of pear, pieces of boiled neighboring Seokguram Grotto was inscribed on the UNESCO World meat, and hard-boiled egg. This refreshing summertime Heritage List in 1995. Dismantling of the pagoda structure started in dish is recorded in Dongguk sesigi (Seasonal Customs of the September 2012. The sarira receptacles contain 46 pieces of sarira which Eastern Kingdom) compiled in 1849 in the late will be placed again inside Seokgatap when repairs are completed. During Dynasty, evidence of its long-standing presence as one of repairs done in 1966, the world’s oldest extant woodblock print, a copy ’s traditional dishes. of The Pure Light Dharani Sutra, was found inside the pagoda. Originally a delicacy of the northern regions of the Korean Reconstruction of Sungnyemun Celebrated Peninsula, naengmyeon spread southward, becoming A ceremony was held to celebrate the completion of Sungnyemun’s wildly popular nationwide after the Korean War (1950– reconstruction on May 4, 2013, five years and three months after the 1953). Along the way the dish has been transformed devastating fire by arson that destroyed Seoul’s ancient South Gate into diverse variations with alterations in the thickness of in February 2008. The reconstruction was carried out through an noodles, base ingredients for the broth, and different kinds exacting process of construction employing traditional methods, tools, of toppings used. and techniques and using traditional materials. Top-notch craftsmen participated in the historic rebuilding, using roof tiles manufactured from Two of the most archetypical versions of the Korean cold traditional kilns and old-fashioned pigments for painting the woodwork. noodle dish are naengmyeon and The reconstruction returned the South Gate back to its original form naengmyeon, named after their regions of origin in North as built in the Joseon Dynasty, by restoring adjacent city wall sections, Korea. Pyongyang naengmyeon is made of buckwheat among others. noodles, which are rough in texture, thick, and less starchy. It is served in broth made mainly with pheasant, beef, or World Heritage Forum Korea 2013 to be Convened in Jeju , a water-based radish , seasoned with vinegar, sugar, and mustard sauce according to personal The Cultural Heritage Administration will hold the World Heritage taste. In contrast, Hamhung naengmyeon comes without Forum Korea 2013 on July 3 to 5 in Jejudo, the southernmost island being submerged in broth, but with a red pepper paste of the country, in collaboration with the government of Jeju Special dressing. It is eaten with the dressing and all toppings Autonomous Province. About 100 participants including experts and local government officials responsible for management of World Heritage mixed together. Its noodles are made from potato and sites will gather to discuss new trends and developments regarding sweet potato starch and accordingly very chewy and elastic. inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage List. The discussions will focus on the theme of “Nomination Trends in the World and Issues for World Heritage Conservation in Korea.” 4 | 5

KOREAN Vol. 6 No. 1 HERITAGE Spring 2013

CONTENTS

Seoul City Wall Photo Gallery

Key Facilities of the Seoul City Wall Jejudo Island: Breathtaking Nature and Active Ecotourism 06 Defensive, Surveillance, and Practical Functions 30

Heritage Today Foreigner's View

Sungnyemun Reconstruction Completed The Tremendous Potential of the Korean Traditional Home 14 National Treasure No.1 Recovers Its Original Glory 38

Human Heritage Historic Site

Park Yeon, Talented Music Theorist Bangudae Petroglyphs 20 Musical Means to Help Rule the Country 42 Pictorial History on Rock

Natural Heritage Intangible Heritage

Gwangneung Tomb and Its Forests Brassware Making 26 Treasured Haven for Flora and Fauna 46 Striking It Hard by Hand Seoul City Wall 6 | 7

Key Facilities of the Seoul City Wall Defensive, Surveillance, and Practical Functions

Text by Young-soo, Research Professor, Institute of Seoul Studies, University of Seoul Photos by the Kim Young-soo & Cultural Heritage Administration

Editor's Note : This is the second installment of a four-part series on the Seoul City Wall, a fortification system for Hanyang, the capital of the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910).

1 Seoul City Wall 8 | 9

Besides its extensive system of ramparts encircling the old city that known as ) in the south, (Dongdaemun) in the east, became the capital of the Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910), the Seoul Sukjeongmun in the north, and Donuimun in the west. City Wall is equipped with diverse facilities. Main gates, Floodgates (water drain ditch), defensive outworks, beacon towers, secret gates, Ground was broken in October 1396 for the construction of Sungnyemun (South and other structures were built into the fortress system. Most of these Gate), which was completed in February 1398. In 1448, the pavilion and the facilities, some original and others recently restored, still stand today, foundation stone were wholly removed for reconstruction on elevated ground; in as though in perpetual watch over the modern capital city. They 1479 it was rebuilt once more to correct tilting of the structure for 30 years since served both practical and defensive purposes: people would come 1448. Following a visit by Japanese Crown Prince Yoshihito to Seoul in 1907, the and go through the gates, and soldiers would look out for enemy City Wall Dismantlement Commission, a Japanese agency established in Korea in incursions from these defensive facilities. preparation for its colonial rule (1910–1945), embarked on demolition of the walls around Sungnyemun. As part of a wall restoration project carried out in the 1960s, the South Gate was disassembled and repaired during 1961–1963. The structure stood isolated in the middle of the road for a long period thereafter, but the creation Main Gates and Small Gates of the Sungnyemun Park in 2005 allowed for easy access to the gate. A devastating fire in February 2008 destroyed a large part of the South Gate including the upper Access into the capital protected by the Seoul City Wall was mainly through the structure, but its reconstruction was completed early this year, and the gate was great gates located in each of the four cardinal directions: Sungnyemun (also reopened to the public on May 5, 2013.

1. Having served as defensive fortifica- tions for Hanyang, the ancient dynastic seat of Joseon for hundreds of years, the Seoul City Wall still watches today over Seoul, the capital of Korea.

2 Seoul City Wall 10 | 11

Of the four main gates, only Heunginjimun (East Gate) In addition to these four small gates, another entrance in the south was built with a defensive outwork. It was constructed was built during the reign of King Sejo (r. 1455–1468), but was in 1396 and received partial repairs in 1451 and 1453. closed during the reign of King Yejong (r. 1468–1469) according to The gate was reconstructed in 1868, more than 400 years geomantic rules, and was totally demolished during a road construction later. The East Gate shared the same indignity and neglect project during Japanese colonial rule. suffered by the South Gate as Japan-led road construction and urban remaking of Seoul took away the walls around Changuimun is positioned between Mt. Bugaksan and Mt. Inwangsan, them. But after a long time of isolation in the middle of and is the only one of the four to have retained its original form. The a busy road, the gate is now once again restored to public northwestern gate like the North Gate was a traffic portal towards the use, easily accessed by visitors through a newly-built park. northern part of the country, but was closed in 1416. It was reopened

3 in 1506 for coming and going of traffic. The pavilion was burned to Along with Changuimun, one of the small entrances in the ashes during the Japanese invasions of 1592–1598 and was restored in 5 northwestern part of the fortress, Sukjeongmun (North 1741. Gate) served as a traffic portal to and from northern or northwestern cities such as Goyang and Yangju, but The northeastern gate was first named Honghwamun, then it was renamed 5. Hyehwamun, the northeastern gate. the entrance was blocked by planting pine trees in front Hyehwamun in 1511. Although it was a small gate, Hyehwamun served as a major Since Sukjeongmun (North Gate) was usually because of concerns that the route stood in the way of the gateway for those going to the northern regions such as Yangju and Pocheon since closed, Hyehwamun flows of earth energy according to pungsu, or geomantic the North Gate was usually closed. In 1744 a torn-down pavilion was repaired, and mainly dealt with north- heading traffic. principles. Sitting on rugged mountainous terrain, the a new nameplate was installed. The Japanese colonial rulers demolished the pavilion North Gate was normally closed and would temporarily in 1928 on the ground that it was too worn down, leaving alone the stone arch open when need arose; with limited human traffic, the gate base, later completely destroyed in 1939 to make way for roads and tram rails. The did not fully function as an entrance to the capital. The gate was restored northwest of its original site during 1992–1994. pavilion was restored in 1976 as part of the Samcheong 4 District Repair Project. The southeastern gate of Gwanghuimun was completed in 1396 along with the city walls and was reconstructed in 1711. In 1719 an upper structure was built on top 3. Heunginjimun, the Donuimun (West Gate) was constructed in 1396, but was soon shut down since of the stone base, and a nameplate was hung. The pavilion was collapsed in 1915 East Gate. The gate had stood alone in the by geomantic principles it hindered energy flows. It was replaced by Seojeonmun leaving the stone base. The wall to the north of the stone arch was demolished in middle of a road after the walls surrounding it Gate built to the south of Donuimun. In 1422 Seojeonmun was also torn down, 1966 for the expansion of the roadway. During 1974–1975, the left-over stone arch were demolished during and a new gate was built further south, named Donuimun again. It is assumed that was disassembled and moved to the south of its original site, and the pavilion was the colonial period, but public access was Donuimun was reconstructed in 1711, but was eventually destroyed in 1915 amid restored on top of the arch. recently made possible. Japanese colonial urban reconstruction. The site of Donuimun is thought to be in 4. Changuimun, the north- western gate. Traffic front of Kangbuk Samsung Hospital in Jongno-gu, Seoul, but there are no remains When it was built in 1396, the southwestern gate was named Sodeokmun, then the bound for the northern of the gate today. name was changed to Souimun in 1744 when a pavilion was added on top of the part of the country used Changuimun along with stone foundation. The gate was, however, pulled down along with its surrounding Sukjeongmun (North Gate). Of the four small Along with the four main gates, there were four small entrances in the Seoul City walls in the process of urban renewal and road expansion under Japanese colonial city gates, only the Wall: the northwestern gate of Changuimun, the northeastern gate of Hyehwamun, rule. The site of Souimun is estimated to have been in the middle of today’s northwestern entrance remains intact. the southeastern gate of Gwanghuimun, and the southwestern gate of Souimun. Seosomun-ro in Jung-gu, central Seoul. Seoul City Wall 12 | 13

Water Gates: Ogansumun and Igansumun chiseong were found during excavations in 2008 for the construction of the Dongdaemun Design Efficient management of surface water is Plaza. There are two gokseong, one to the west of instrumental to the maintenance of city walls. Mt. Inwangsan and the other to the east of Mt. The Seoul City Wall’s Ogansumun (Five-arched Bugaksan. Water Gate) and Igansumun (Two-arched Water Gate) did the service of draining waters out of Bongsudae, or a fire-based communication system, the fortress. As part of the defensive wall the was devised during the Three Kingdoms period Five-arched Water Gate served to channel waters (57 B.C. – A.D. 676), and during the Joseon from Cheonggyecheon Stream out of the fortress. Dynasty the system was first used during the reign 8 6 Historic documents on the construction of the of King Taejong (r. 1400–1418). Beacon towers Seoul City Wall and Cheonggyecheon Stream were established on mountain tops about every 12 kilometers, which would send 8. Chiseong , defensive out- works, are protruding contain records on the gate. The site of the signals by smoke in daytime and by fire at night. Historical records note that there structures connected to fortress walls, from water gate, found along with relics of the arch were five beacon towers in and around Mt. Namsan, but provide no information which soldiers are able foundation in 2005 during a series of research on exact locations. One of the five beacons was restored in front of the old Namsan to make frontal or flank attacks on approaching studies for the restoration of Cheonggyecheon, was Tower and was designated Monument No. 14 by the Seoul Metropolitan City intruders. The remains of one chiseong were included in the Historic Sites of Cheonggyecheon Government. found in 2008 during the construction of the Stream, which was designated Historic Site No. Dongdaemun Design 461. The Two-arched Water Gate, built to the Sunsimno, or a patrol walkway about 4.5 meters wide, was created during the Plaza. south of the Five-arched Water Gate, was intended reign of King Sejong (r. 1418–1450) for surveillance around the fortress and its 9. Bongsudae , beacon towers, made smoke by to drain waters from Mt. Namsan out of the city surroundings. Reconaissance patrols of the area in and out of the fortress took place day and fire by night walls. The water gate with two arches was buried every 10 days. to signal threats to the 7 capital. underground while constructing the Dongdaemun 6. Igansumun, the Two- Stadium. Its remains were found in 2008, relatively intact except for part of the Ammun, or secret gates, were made to facilitate passage of people in and out of the arched Water Gate. The water gate was built upper structure, during excavations for the construction of the Dongdaemun walled area. Eight secret gates can be found in the Seoul City Wall, not original but to drain water from Design Plaza. The arches and part of the wall have now been restored. newly made during recent reconstruction of the fortress wall. Mt. Namsan out of the Seoul City Wall.

7. Ogansumun, the Five- Outworks, Beacon mound, and Secret Gates Seongnang, or fortress pavilions, are structures arched Water Gate. Water from Cheong- where soldiers stand guard around the fortress. gyecheon Stream went Chiseong and gokseong are projecting outworks which are connected to the main Despite relevant historical records and excavation out of the city walls through Ogansumun, structure of the fortress, but lie outside it, where soldiers are able to readily detect of possible physical remains, the exact sizes and built as part of the fortress wall. enemy incursions and effectively repel them. Chiseong are usually constructed on locations of seongnang in the Seoul City Wall are flat ground, on a gentle slope, around fortress gates, and where fortress walls are still unknown. joined with mountain ridges. Frequently made in mountain fortresses, gokseong are built for defensive purposes on elevated terrain or on a strategically significant site with a good view of surroundings. It is assumed that the Seoul City Wall had five chiseong between the East Gate and the southeastern gate; the remains of one 9 Heritage Today 14 | 15

Sungnyemun, or Namdaemun, has regained its original appearance. Sungnyemun Reconstruction Completed The South Gate of the Seoul City Wall underwent changes in shape and materials throughout a tumultuous history blotted by Japanese National Treasure No.1 Recovers Its Original Glory colonial rule (1910–1945) and the Korean War (1950–1953). Text by Choi Jong-duck, Director-General, Heritage Policy Bureau Cultural Heritage Administration of Korea Ironically, the tragic fire that devastated it in February 2008 brought Photos by the Cultural Heritage Administration about a turning point in its history: the determination to rebuild Korea’s National Treasure No.1 became the impetus to restore the city gate to its original form. A reborn Sungnyemun was open to the public on May 4, 2013. -Ed.

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A Great Loss, Authenticity Regained 1. President Park Geun-hye led officials and visitors at a ceremony on May 4, 2013 to celebrate the Sungnyemun was set on fire on February 10, 2008, the last day of the three-day reopening of Sungnye- mun after five years of lunar New Year holidays. As families gathered for ancestral rites, they watched painstaking reconstruc- helplessly as flames consumed the historic landmark on live television broadcast tion to its original form. through the night. It seemed at first a small blaze, but it unleashed such devastating 2. The nameplate of Sung- nyemun restored. power that scores of firefighting equipment and hundreds of firemen could not put out. Flames devoured the wooden superstructure, rising through the roof, sending 3. Charred beams and parts recovered from the roof tiles crashing down. Next morning, the fire was finally gone, and also gone the fire were treated for reuse in the reconstruc- was the stately presence of Sungnyemun, which was reduced to ashes and rubble. tion of Sungnyemun. The fire destroyed the city’s South Gate, and the loss left Koreans in shock and devastation, their grief mixed with outrage. The gate had always been there since the building of the nation’s capital, and it was hard to accept that it was gone.

The burning of Sungnyemun may have destroyed the structure, but it resulted in an opportunity to restore the great gate to its original glory. Before the fire the South Gate was far from the Joseon period original: a tide of events after the start of Japanese colonial rule imposed changes that substantially altered the gate’s appearance including the walls around it, its ground level, the roof style, and wood coloring. With the reconstruction, the gate recovered its original 1 form. 3 Heritage Today 16 | 17

4 5 7 8

4. Kilns were built to make The walls that flanked the gate have been restored. Since Sungnyemun was built The Roof, Whence Power Flows 7. Pigments made in the traditional roof tiles for traditional style. Sungnyemun at the Ko- as the south entrance of the fortifications designed to protect the capital of the rea National University 8. Paintwork on Sung- of Cultural Heritage, a Joseon Dynasty from enemy invasion, the gate was connected to the fortress walls In traditional architecture the roof is immediately distinctive and definitively nyemun. subordinate agency of the Cultural Heritage on both sides. The walls were, however, demolished in 1907 to make way for tram Korean. The roof of the pre-fire gate significantly differed in shape, material, and Administration. rail tracks, so Sungnyemun of recent memory has always been a solitary structure color from how it was during the Joseon period. Repairs carried out in the 1960s 5. Roof tiles fired by standing without walls. The walls of Sungnyemun have now been restored 16 as the country recovered from the Korean War altered the roof in many aspects; the traditional method. meters to the east and 53 meters to the west, vividly showing the gate’s original reconstruction of the gate after the 2008 fire returned it back to its original features. 6. Traditional roof tiles were used for the function as the entrance to the city fortress. reconstruction of The overall shape and composite elements of the roof have been restored to Sungnyemun to ensure natural color and au- The ground level was lowered to the level the original. Sungnyemun had a hip roof with the ridge shortened and the hip thentic sensibility. of the late Joseon period. The ground lengthened with more pronounced curves during the 1960s, exuding an unseemly where the foundation stone of the aloofness. Based on archival photographs and diagrams the reconstructed roof gate stands was dug down by 30 to 60 regained its original shape with natural beauty that is pleasing not only to the eyes centimeters. It was previously thought but also to the touch. The roof tiles that were replaced were factory-made. The that the ground would have been elevated irresistible trend of industrialization influenced the cultural heritage sector, and by 160 centimeters from its original level hand-made production of roof tiles was put to an end in the mid-1980s in favor according to a study conducted in 2005. of efficient tile making at factories. Roof tiles for the post-fire reconstruction were, During the process of excavations and however, all made by traditional methods, imbued with traditional sensibility and surveys for the reconstruction, however, it colors. was found that the ground level had been already raised to some degree during the Decorative paintwork on Sungnyemun brought back traditional hue as well. Joseon Dynasty before the beginning of Coloring on traditional wooden architecture serves both aesthetic and practical Japanese colonial rule, therefore the ground purposes. It decorates structures and also protects wooden materials from decay level was brought down only by the extent and insects. Since the production of pigments was limited, they were imported 6 it was raised during the colonial period. from abroad even during the Joseon Dynasty and were very expensive. The Cultural Heritage Administration gave up on traditional pigments in 1977 and Heritage Today 18 | 19

9. Left to right: traditional place of traditional tools made the restoration site in Gyeongbokgung a noisy place. saw, adze, chisel, and plane. Today traditional adzes, the most frequently-used tool in the past, are no longer in use, and others such as old-fashioned saws, chisels, and planes have been reduced to supplementary stand-ins for modern tools. The same story happened to masons,

9 who now prefer modern instruments to traditional tools.

developed chemical paints to replace them. Chemical pigments, however, cannot In Sungnyemun’s reconstruction, the overriding principle was using traditional effectively mimic the natural antique color of traditional pigments. Therefore, skills and instruments. State-of-the art machines were strictly excluded, and the reconstructed Sungnyemun is colored with old-fashioned paints made from traditional methods were applied using traditional tools. Processing raw wooden imported traditional materials. Principal colors and decorative patterns are also materials was given utmost attention since these determine the sense of feeling of rendered in line with the original, based on historical research. Before the blaze, the the structure. The use of modern-day trucks and machinery for transporting timber gate was resplendent in dominant yellows and reds, but now the main colors are and other building materials was one of the few concessions taken during the green and blue, which generate a calm ambience. rebuilding of the gate.

Traditional Methods, Using Traditional Tools The reconstruction of Sungnyemun was implemented under the watchful eyes of the nation, providing a rare chance to kick away the ingrown habit of depending on Regrettably it is hard to say that heritage repair had been carried out in modern tools and materials at heritage restoration sites. Korea’s National Treasure authentic traditional ways using time-honored skills and tools. In the early No. 1 was thus not lost to a meaningless fate in burning down; it was sacrificed for 1970s machines for wood crafts were first introduced in Korea from Japan, and a greater reward — and now it has been returned, renewed and true, to the heart of mechanical efficiency gradually replaced hand tools. Mechanical instruments 12. Sungnyemun recon- Seoul. structed. began to be adopted into the field of heritage reconstruction in the mid-1980s when the Cultural Heritage Administration conducted a restoration project for

10,11. Stone and wood- Changdeokgung Palace. During the reconstruction of Gyeongbokgung Palace from works were finished 1990 to 2010, artisans completely gave up use of traditional implements in favor using traditional tools. of mechanical woodworking tools. Electric power saws, chisels, and planes used in

10 11 12 Human Heritage 20 | 21

Park Yeon (pen name Nangye, 1378–1458) was a principal music Park Yeon, Talented Music Theorist assistant to King Sejong, the fourth ruler of the Joseon Dynasty, helping the king govern the people through musical methods. As a music theorist Musical Means to Help Rule the Country and civil official, Park Yeon was one of the teaching scholars in the Text by the Cultural Heritage Administration private academy for the crown prince where the future King Sejong was Photos by the Cultural Heritage Administration groomed to become the next monarch.

Fateful Encounter with a Future King

Park Yeon was born in 1378 during the Dynasty (918–1392), which was overthrown by the founder of the Joseon Dynasty when he turned 2 15 years old. Although he excelled in playing musical instruments as a young 1.  , a ritual musical genre established by boy, Park had to lay aside his musical Park Yeon, is played passion for the time being to make a today. practical contribution to the country 2. A statue of Park Yeon in front of Nangyesa during that turbulent period of history. Shrine in , North Chungcheong He passed state examinations for civil Province, his hometown. service, and became a low-level official in 1405 and then a high-ranking civil servant in 1411 during the reign of King Taejong, the third ruler of Joseon. After commencing public life, Park Yeon assumed posts in a series of critical governmental offices including the Hall of Worthies (Jiphyeonjeon), the Office of the Censor-General (Saganwon), and the Office of the Inspector-General (Saheonbu). It was at the Office of Royal Tutoring for the Crown Prince (Seja Sigangwon) where he forged a life-changing relationship with the then crown prince, later to become King 1 Sejong. Human Heritage 22 | 23

The early period of the Joseon Dynasty was a time to set the rules and norms in one of the primary jobs for Park. In the early every sector of society. King Sejong (r. 1418–1450), possessing musical talent Joseon period, there were no well-functioning himself, had a lofty desire to organize matters and establish rules in the area of pyeongyeong. Most of them were worn out and music. Having witnessed Park Yeon’s affection and ability in music since he was unable to produce proper notes. Some were even the crown prince, King Sejong appointed him as the head of the Office of Music made of pieces of roof tile since it was hard to (Gwanseup Dogam), awarding him a chance to fully utilize his musical talent. It secure adequate materials to produce stone chimes. was only natural that King Sejong teamed up with his former teacher, Park Yeon, to After a thorough search, Park finally found out accomplish grand achievements in the sector of music. that there were available jade stones in China, and the stones were carried into Joseon for the Putting Things in Order production of its own pyeongyeong. 4

Commissioned with the task of establishing rules in the field of music, Park Yeon Having established principal musical notes, Park embarked on organizing different 4. Nangyesa Shrine was built in commemora- started by making yulgwan, a pitch pipe, and pyeongyeong, a musical instrument genres of court music in order. At that time there was no standardized musical tion of Park’s musical embodying the standard notes. Yulgwan is a cylindrical musical device designed genre for royal rituals such as those for royal predecessors and , so an achievements. to produce twelve standard notes, therefore it is indispensable for the making of appropriate music was selected depending on a given occasion. It was Park Yeon musical instruments. Since the length, weight, and volume of yulgwan were used as who integrated diverse categories of court music into aak, a musical genre from the standard for establishing the system of weights and measurements of the Joseon the Song Dynasty in China. Aak still remains today and is played for biannual Dynasty, the making of yulgwan was not merely establishing musical reference rites at Munmyo, a memorial shrine for Confucius located inside the compound notes; it helped lay the foundation of the fledgling dynasty. of Seonggyungwan National Academy. The music for Munmyo rites incorporate singing and dancing together with the accompaniment of musical instruments, an Pyeongyeong, a percussion instrument with stone chimes, was used for tuning enduring legacy from Park’s efforts in accomplishing his lofty mission. other musical instruments in an orchestra, and this is why making it was considered

3. Park Yeon pioneered Park Yeon also created melodies for lyrics taken from Yongbieocheonga (Songs of domestic production of pyeongyeon, a percus- Dragons Flying to Heaven), a book written in the Korean alphabet, Hangeul, for sion instrument used the first time and compiled by King Sejong. The song written by King Sejong to tune other musical instruments. with music composed by Park Yeon is titled “Yeomillak,” or “Enjoyment with the People,” with these opening lines: “Trees deeply rooted in earth do not waver in the winds and have abundant flowers and fruits …” Musical notes for Yeomillak was documented in great detail and can still be performed like the original. The song was intended to be enjoyed together with the people, conveying King Sejong’s deep love for his subjects and Park Yeon’s devotion to the music of his own country.

King Sejong was driven by a paramount duty for stabilizing his kingdom and uniting the people, and Park Yeon had genius and passion to assist the king to strengthen governing authority in the fledgling dynasty. As a public servant and music theorist, Park spent his passion for music to fuel the country’s aspirations and 3 cultural power. Human Heritage 24 | 25

Park Yeon, the Great Artist, Still Alive

The scholar Seonghyeon, wrote about Park Yeon in his Compilation of Essays The great musician Park Yeon is very much alive in many memorials in his (Yongjae chonghwa), “Park Yeon has been good at playing piri [a double reed hometown in Yeongdong, North . His birth home has been instrument] from when he was a young boy. When a young Park Yeon went to the preserved, and there are a shrine and museum in commemoration of Park Yeon court for a state examination, he heard beautiful sounds of piri played by a clown and his descendants. The memorial shrine is located near his tomb where an annual and asked him for lessons. On listening to Park’s playing, the clown criticized his Korean music festival is held, and the first day of the festival is dedicated for rites playing as poor and beyond repair. Park, however, never gave up and kept visiting for him. There are also a musical instrument production village and Korean music and learning from the clown, who ended up highly complimenting Park’s talent instrument experience center with 15 kinds of instruments on exhibit, 300 pieces in and promise to become a great musical artist.” The anecdote is evidence of his all, including Korean zithers and drums. musical zeal and personal character: his passion for better playing was so great that he humbled himself serving the clown as his teacher unmindful of his social status. Seonghyeon added, “King Sejong asked Park Yeon to listen to the sounds of newly-made stone chimes. After a careful listening, Park noticed a subtle difference of a note and had it corrected, earning admiration for his inexplicable talent.” This shows that Park Yeon had absolute sense for musical notes.

Nangye Park Yeon is commemorated as one of the three greatest musicians of Korea

along with Wangsanak and Ureuk from Goguryeo and Silla dynasties before his 6,7. Park Yeon, a gifted time. He grew orchids in his garden, hence his pen name Nangye, which means musician, laid the foundation for the “orchids growing in the flowing stream.” His book of poems, Nangye yugo, has been advancement of traditional Korean transmitted to the present. music, or gugak.

5. Nangye yugo, a one- volume compilation of poems and miscella- neous writings by Park Yeon.

5 6 7 Natural Heritage 26 | 27

1. Layers of forests around Gwangneung is the royal tomb of King Sejo (r. 1455–1468), the seventh Gwangneung Tomb, pre- ruler of the Joseon Dynasty. The location was selected for the tomb site served for the last 540 years, are today man- Gwangneung Tomb and Its Forests of Joseon’s seventh monarch in 1468, which was naturally blessed with aged as the National abundant forests on its surroundings. The tomb and the surrounding Arboretum. Treasured Haven for Flora and Fauna forests have been carefully managed ever since, a natural treasure and 2. The National Arboretum. haven for flora and fauna. Text by the Cultural Heritage Administration Photos by Korea National Arboretum

Gwangneung: Deep in the Bosom of Forests

The green area in and around Gwangneung Tomb has been meticulously preserved for the last 540 years since 1468. When the tomb of the seventh ruler of the Joseon Dynasty was constructed on the site, the surrounding natural forests were declared as belonging to the tomb and put under strict management restricting human access and logging.

People living around the tomb ground were obligated 2 to take care of its natural environment during the Joseon Dynasty. Dozens of them, sometimes hundreds of them, went in teams for 3. The black woodpecker (Dryocopus martius, daily inspections of the grounds and fixed problems they encounter: if trees and Natural Monument No. 242), a large wood- shrubs in the forests suffered from insects, they would catch them by hand as far as pecker, measures about 46 centimeters in length eight kilometers’ radius from the tomb. Consequently the layers of natural forests and has a red crown. encircling the royal tomb have been preserved in pristine condition until today, where a great diversity of wildlife has spontaneously grown.

Trees and shrubs around the royal tomb were managed as the Gwangneung Arboretum starting in 1987 with a view to enhancing public awareness of the forests and their significance. The Gwangneung Arboretum was later upgraded to the National Arboretum in 1999. Along with other royal tombs in and around Seoul, the Gwangneung area provides a rare green getaway for urban residents from far and near.

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1 Natural Heritage 28 | 29

Home to Natural Monuments trees, and ash trees have grown together, and 34 out of the 1,200 hectares around The wooded area around the royal tomb is home to diverse kinds of state-designated Soribong Peak consist of climax forest. natural monuments. White-bellied black woodpeckers (Natural Monument No. Forests evolve with time, and the final stage 11) have a habitat in this area: there are stands of big trees of the evolutionary process is the climax more than 200 years old, and woodpeckers make nests on forest where vegetation has adjusted to them. An ecological breeding research project begun in prevailing climate conditions and shows a 1970 found that a pair of woodpeckers has been constantly stable growth. This is a rare case of climax breeding on different nests each year. The white-bellied forest consisting of temperate broadleaf trees black woodpecker possesses a great academic value in that in the temperate Northern Hemisphere. it lives only on the Korean Peninsula. The bird is also a telltale evidence that Korea was once connected to Japan in In the stable forest, fauna and flora in a single continent. diverse species live in harmony. There are 6 4 938 spontaneous plants in this area, an astonishing number given that the total 6. Lime trees (Tilia amuren- sis Rupr) grow in valleys 4. The Siberian flying The long-horned beetle (No. 218) also resides in the trees and vegetation around number of vegetation on the Korean Peninsula is 4,800, and some of them grow or at the foot of a squirrel (Pteromys vol- mountain at elevations ans, Natural Monument Gwangneung. The long-horned beetle is estimated to have existed on the planet only in the warm temperate zone in the southern part of the country. Among them of 100 to 1,400 meters. No. 328) has a furry for the longest time of all beetle species. Since similar insects are found in Latin are ash trees of Gwangneung, white azaleas, and hairy poplar trees which are native About 20 to 25 meters membrane between the in length and 1 meter front and rear legs and America, the long-horned beetle is valuable for studies in insect distribution, to the Gwangneung forests. There are 3,966 species of insects, 180 kinds of birds, in diameter, adult lime spreads it when gliding 2 trees are gray on the from tree to tree. verifying that the Korean Peninsula and the Latin American continent were linked 20 species of mammals, 22 kinds of amphibians and reptiles, 22 species of fish, outside and yellowish- brown in branches. 5. The long-horned beetle in ancient times. Long-horned beetle populations are found in Japan, China, and 681 varieties of mushrooms. Growing about 5,800 kinds of flora and fauna, (Anoplophora glabripen- and the Amur region besides Korea. Research conducted in 2006 found a female the Gwangneung forests have the largest number of wildlife per unit area and is a nis, Natural Monument No. 218) is shiny black beetle for the first time in 20 years, suggesting a stable ecological system in the prized reserve of ecological diversity. The Gwangneung forests were designated as or darkish-brown with fine hairs covering Gwangneung forests. There are other animals in the forests designated under the Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere programme in June 2010. the back. Males are 12 centimeters long, title of Natural Monument, such as black woodpeckers (No. 242), grey frog hawks and females 7 to 8 (No. 323), oriental scops owls (No. 324), centimeters. brown hawk owls (No. 324-3), mandarin ducks (No. 327), and Siberian flying squirrels (No. 328).

Virgin Forests, Havens for Wildlife 7 8 7,8,9,10. Clockwise, from left, a variety of plants growing in the Gwangneung What attracts the interest of academics and forests: Thalictrum environmental groups are not just plants rochebrunianum (meadow rue), Scutel- and animals residing in the forest; the forest laria insignis Nakai (Korean skullcap), itself is of great significance. Out of the area Berberis koreana in and around Gwangneung, 1,200 hectares (Korean barberry), and Lady’s slipper 5 orchid (Cypripedium are natural forests where oak trees, hornbeam 9 10 japonicum). Photo Gallery 30 | 31

Jejudo Island: Breathtaking Nature and Active Ecotourism Text by the Cultural Heritage Administration Photos by Graphickorea & Goodimage

Jejudo is the largest of the hundreds of islands located off the southwestern coast of the Korean Peninsula. The volcanic island recently won acclaim with olle gil, trail routes or “narrow alleys” in the Jejudo dialect made throughout the island. Renowned for picturesque landscapes, Jejudo is endowed with great natural beauty and cultural value.

An olle route leading to Mt. Hallasan. Photo Gallery 32 | 33

Houses and stone walls unique to Jejudo. Dol hareubang, “stone grandfather” statues carved from basalt rock, are found at the gates of homes as guardians bestowing protection and fertility. Photo Gallery 34 | 35

A magnificent view of Seongsan Ilchulbong Peak from anolle trail. Created during a volcano eruption, Yongduam, or dragon-head rock, was named for its shape. Photo Gallery 36 | 37

Legend has it that heavenly nymphs used to bathe in Cheonjeyeon Waterfalls, its name meaning “pond of the Emperor of the Baeknokdam, 1.72 kilometers in circumference and 115 meters deep, is a crater lake at the summit of Mt. Hallasan. Heaven.” Foreigner's View 38 | 39

We tend to overlook the tremendous potential of the elegant traditional The Tremendous Potential of the Korean home, best known as the “hanok.” Although many of these buildings have fallen into terrible disrepair, their smooth and clean lines, elegant wood trim and understated style still grabs attention, no Korean Traditional Hanok Home matter how dirty the exteriors may be.

Text by Emanuel Pastreich Professor of Kyunghee University At a time that Koreans are playing such a critical role in the most Photos by Wayne de Fremery & the Cultural Heritage Administration advanced fields of technology, biotechnology, electronics, new materials and nano-technology, there is one field of technology in which Korea has been losing ground and that has potential to be a billion dollar industry in the future that offers profound opportunities for Korea’s global standing. 2

That field of technology is the traditional skills of carpentry and design 1. Bukchon, a hanok village in downtown associated with the building of the traditional Korean hanok house. Although few Seoul, is a good place for foreign visitors to youth would consider this field of technology from the past as interesting career experience staying at in an age in which new fields of science are opening up, a strong argument can be a traditional Korean residence. made that a massive investment in the technology of the hanok house is exactly 2. Traditional on the what Korea needs at this point in its economic development. exterior, today’s hanok homes accommodate modern conveniences. Korea has already reached a par with the Western countries in terms of technology, or in some cases is leading the world and creating global standards.

When it comes to setting new norms as to what is perceived as attractive in design, in lifestyle, in culture, however, Korea has yet to make a deep impression in the West or many parts of the world. The new Hallyu boom presents new ideas for youth about cultural identity, but it certainly does not impact what sorts of houses people design, what sorts of clothes people wear, or influence how people conceive of the world and their place in it.

But promoting hanok architecture at home and abroad can have immense impact. Elements of design from the hanok house, the soothing appearance of unpainted wood and the subtle papered interior walls of the hanok house have an elegance that grows on you. The attractive exteriors that are perfectly with nature, the human scale design that invites the visitor to slowly discover its depth, these elements can be increasingly introduced into modern Korean buildings.

1 Foreigner's View 40 | 41

3. Hanok value natural For example, there is a Japan House at University of Illinois that was built with beauty as shown in their roofs, eaves, and funds from Japanese industry. It was built by Japanese craftsmen and is surrounded windows. by a traditional Japanese garden. This Japan House has become a tremendous 4. Hardwood pillars and earthen walls are ex- cultural treasure for local residents: a place where children from local schools learn posed in hanok. Rooms about the Japanese tea ceremony and housewives gather for lectures about art and are connected with the wooden floor. culture. Such a traditional space in the American mid-West is critical for raising awareness and we need a similar house for Korean culture.

If Korea were to invest in training people in traditional Korean carpentry and send them out to build hanok houses around the world, hanok houses also could become places where traditional Korean culture and values would be taught, that simple act could have the most profound implications.

If there were hanok houses in Moscow, Paris, London, Tokyo, Bangkok and

3 Chicago where young children could go to learn about Korean culture, housewives could practice Korean traditions and in general foreigners could be inspired by If we try, modern high-rise office buildings could successfully use elements from Korea’s great culture, the impact not just on how foreigners think about Korea, but 5. The inner garden can be enjoyed from every the hanok (like raw wood on paper of the interiors or the delicate courtyards) that also on how they think about themselves, would be immense. room, evidence of a will give them a distinctive style. Such modern variations on the hanok could make traditional lifestyle re- specting harmony with Korean architecture stand out globally and as a result Korean construction will no In a sense, one has to actually have a space that feels Korean in foreign countries nature. longer be competitive only in terms of price, or quality, but also set global standards in order to have impact. There are, of course, Korea for design, style and sensibility. Towns all around the world, but they are aimed at Koreans. If foreigners go to them, they go to Korea We associate the hanok style of architecture with one-story Town to eat Korean food or buy Korean products. traditional homes, but many of the elements of hanok house can There really is no space for them to experience Korea. be synthesized into tall modern buildings. Using our imagination, I have visited many Korea Towns in the US and we can create intimate spaces within tall modern buildings that Japan and I have never seen any space that introduces follow the aesthetic principles of the hanok building. A single Korea’s philosophy or art for non-Koreans. Many floor of a high rise can be broken up into small hanok spaces Koreans seem to oddly think that foreigners are separated by gardens. Such a unique design can revive traditional simply not interested in the Korean tradition. That is Korean concepts of architecture as a way of giving new vitality to not the case at all. modern buildings. These new hanok houses can be an inspiration for global city planning and design around the world. Let us start to invest in the technology of hanok, and raise a new generation of youth who know how Also, hanok architecture can be a central part of Korean to build these remarkable buildings. Then let us set diplomacy—diplomacy in the sense of “soft power” as promoted out to build them all over the world as part of a new

4 by Professor Joseph Nye of Harvard University. Korean dream for everyone. 5 Historic Site 42 | 43

Pictorial patterns were discovered on a steep rock face in Daegokcheon Stream, a Bangudae Petroglyphs branch of Taehwa River, in Ulsan located in the southeastern part of the country. They depict whales, tigers, wild pigs, and deer along with figures of humans Pictorial History on Rock hunting and fishing. These motifs are associated with prehistoric people who lived Text by the Cultural Heritage Administration thousands of years ago. Photos by the Cultural Heritage Administration

A River, A Puzzle: Ages-old Civilized Art Work

Human history evolved near rivers: the first 1. A rubbing of Bangudae petroglyphs four civilizations — the ancient Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Greek, and Chinese — developed and flourished near rivers. Flooded lands along a river become fertile and produce abundant harvests, promoting the movement of goods and humans and facilitating the birth of a new civilization. From ancient times to the present human life is inseparable from rivers.

At Taehwa River in Ulsan were found signs of prehistoric human habitation. A cliff engraved with petroglyphs was discovered in 1971, and a series of researches discovered that the pictorial patterns on the rock contain the images of whales, describing its features in startling detail. Why are the images of the undersea mammal pictured on the rock face? Who made the engravings and what were they trying to say? While these questions remain unanswered, settlements from the Bronze Age were excavated in the Taehwa River basin, therefore it is assumed that the

1 petroglyphs were also drawn in the same period. Historic Site 44 | 45

Ancient Whales Up Close and Personal

A recent research paper released by the Ulsan Petroglyph Museum suggests that the realistic expression of whales was rendered possible since prehistoric ancestors could observe live 4 whales closely and thoroughly. The assumption was that when some whales were stranded in Ulsanman Bay, people would drive it into shallow 4. Rock engravings were also found in waters or into a long narrow bay, Gulhwaman Bay, which is only 300 to 500 meters Cheonjeon-ri, about three kilometers away 3 wide, making it impossible for a huge-bodied whale to turn around and swim away from Bangudae in Daegok-ri along Dae- once driven into the bay. When caught in Gulhwaman Bay, a whale weighing up to gokcheon Stream. 40 tons would be transported to settlements along Taehwa River. Since the whaling Historical and Aesthetic Value 5,6. Petroglyphs in Cheon- technique of driving whales into a bay was used during the Joseon Dynasty, it is jeon-ri (left; National Treasure No. 147) and Petroglyphs in diverse patterns are carved on a rugged rock, 3 meters high and 10 plausible that the same technique had also been used in prehistoric times off the the Bangudae rock in Daegok-ri (right; meters wide and in the shape of the Korean letter “ㄱ.” Prehistoric ancestors made coast of Ulsan which abounds with whales. If the assumption is right, it would be National Treasure No. petroglyphs on sacred sites such as rocks praying for the realization of their wishes. also plausible that prehistoric ancestors carved the images of whales having observed 285). Rock carvings are usually associated with Mongoloid populations throughout the living whales up close with their own eyes. world, therefore they offer clues to the origin and movement of the Korean people. Although exposed to repetitive flooding and exposure following construction of the Recently 11 images were additionally confirmed during research for the publication Sayeon Dam in 1965, the Bangudae rock terrace found in 1971 retained more than of a pictorial book on Bangudae petroglyphs by the Ulsan Bangudae Museum, 200 patterns. Animals from land and sea, hunters and fishers, and their fishing tools increasing the total number of carvings to 307. All available techniques were are densely described on the rock face: tigers are pregnant or caught in a trap, wild mobilized for the additional discovery, such as 3D scans, photography, and rubbing. Out of 11 engravings, six, such as one whale, three land animals, and two humans, 2 pigs are mating, and deer walk with their young or are pregnant; whales are stabbed with a harpoon or are pregnant; shamans wear masks, and people are shown are distinctively carved, and the rest five are hard to figure out by their shapes. hunting and fishing next to boats and fishing nets. These engravings embodied Six were found 1.2 kilometers away from the existing rock face, and five were ancestors’ heartfelt wishes for successful hunting and abundant game. Bangudae found between previously discovered patterns. The pictorial book on Bandudae petroglyphs have been designated Korea’s National Treasure No. 285 in 1995. petroglyphs was published on April 19, 2013.

The engravings on the Bangudae rock terrace have significant implications for studies of anthropology and art history. Lines and dots describe hunting scenes and individual features in an animated and lively manner, valuable both as hunting art and religious art. The specific depictions of animals and humans speak volumes about their creators’ prehistoric lifestyles and customs. Given that the images were made either by chiseling out the outline of a shape or carving out the whole shape, their production is estimated to date from the end of the Neolithic Age to the 2,3. Ecological features of whales are engraved Bronze Age. The two carving methods are also typical of Siberian rock art which has on the Bangudae rock in startling detail. few examples throughout the world. 5 6 Intangible Heritage 46 | 47

Brassware has a prominent presence in the life of Koreans. Ritual utensils, everyday tableware, and Buddhist musical instruments such Brassware Making as gongs are made of brass. The tradition of making and using brass items has long been transmitted to the present due to their aesthetic and Striking It Hard by Hand practical qualities. Brassware, produced and polished by hand, epitomizes the Korean soul and spirit.

Text by Ryu Ho Cheol Assistant Professor of Anyang University Photos by the Cultural Heritage Administration & National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage

Beauty and Utility of Hand-crafted Brassware

Brass is called diverse names in historical documents in Korea — yuseok, yucheol, or jinyu — but is normally called notsoe. Since brass consists of a mixture of different metallic elements, its quality and color are determined by the ratio of each component and melting method. In the traditional meaning of the word, brass, or notsoe, only refers to an alloy with the ratio of cooper to tin being 600 grams to 168.7 grams, rendering Korean brassware distinguishable from others. 2 Yugi, meaning items made of brass, is classified into three different categories according to production method: by striking (bangjja), by using 1. Brassware, a fine com- bination of aesthetics, a mould (jumul), and by both using a mould and striking (ban bangjja). Brassware practicality, and science. of prime quality is made through the bangjja technique: striking an alloy of copper  2. Notsoe , a metal alloy and tin mixed in the right proportion into shape by hand. Brassware made by of copper and tin, was a popular material for bangjja is beyond comparison in quality to the mass-produced brass items formed making utensils since it does not have harmful in a mould with miscellaneous metals. effects on the human body and is useful for detecting poison. The secret of bangjja is in the consistent hammering of brass: artisans strike a lump of brass until it is spread into a thin layer and then hammer it into the desired shape. The hammering is not one man’s job, but a difficult joint undertaking by a number of people. When brass is stretched out by hammering and is formed into an object, it is resistant to bending or breaking, and has a gentle luster. Finished items bear hammer marks on the surface, magnifying the aesthetic beauty of handcrafted works. It requires thousands of strikes by hand to give life to one brass article with a gorgeous shape and physical strength.

1 Intangible Heritage 48 | 49

Science Molten in Brassware workshops on his mother’s errands since he was 12 years old, he made up his mind 4. Crafting brassware involves a series of to learn the skills and to become a brassware artisan rather than work as a farmer. steps including making a lump of notsoe, strik- Due to its high cost, brassware were exclusive products for people The journey to his dream started in earnest when a 22-year-old Yi found a job at ing it into the desired shape, and trimming the of nobility or wealth. They preferred to dine on sets of tableware a workshop making bangjja brassware in Huam-dong, Seoul. Then in 1957, Yi finished item. made of brass ranging from bowls to dishes in various sizes opened his own workshop multi-tasking as the owner, manager, and production and enjoyed the glorious luster of polished brassware. Musical artisan. instruments were also produced out of brass, making clear and clean sounds. Ordinary people could not afford the luxury of using As times changed, the popularity of brassware declined as well: as coal briquettes, brassware. or yeontan, became a major fuel for house heating in the 1950s, brassware, prone 3 to discoloration when exposed to briquette fumes, lost its attraction. Most of There are, moreover, other reasons behind the popular use of brass the brassware workshops went out of business at that time, and the only one 3. A rice bowl made by the items among the royal family, aristocrats, and rich people in the past. Brass is a high that survived was Master Yi Bong Ju’s production shop. In spite of his products’ bangjja technique. quality metal that does no harm to the human body and is useful for removing or waning popularity, he has persevered in transmitting brassware making skills and detecting poison. This is why Koreans kept brassware close to their everyday life knowledge. His untiring endeavors were recognized through his designation as in the form of tableware, ritual utensils, and wedding trousseaux. Brass spoons, holder of Important Intangible Cultural Heritage No. 77 in 1983. He still does the chopsticks, and bowls were used to detect possible attempts of poisoning. job exactly in the same way as in his old hometown in .

Burns, scratches, or stabs from red-hot brass do not cause infection, and brassware Master Yi Bong-ju lost one eye to brassware making, but is confident that his does not easily change color unless exposed to carbon monoxide. When vegetables work is worth it. Indeed, it is worth more than that. For the last 60 years he has are put in a brass container, insects die or crawl out. Although it is produced in a been dedicated to making brassware. With his iron-strong will, the long-standing low-tech way, brassware has unique properties that involve a great deal of science. tradition of brassware making will be transmitted well into the future.

Brassware Master Yi Bong-ju 4 Skills and techniques involved in producing brassware vary by region. One of them is from the Napcheong region in North , North Korea, and has been transmitted to the present by the endeavors of Master Yi Bong-ju, holder of Intangible Cultural Heritage No. 77. His hometown is Cheongjeong-dong, Masan- myeon, Jeongju-gun, (also known as the Napcheong region), and brassware from this area was called “Napcheong Brassware.” Napcheong has been renowned for brassware making skills and quality brassware products since the Joseon Dynasty. It was said that artisans working in other areas originally came from Napcheong.

The mother of Master Yi, who has been at the frontline of safeguarding brassware making for the last 60 years, would buy brassware from workshops and peddle it throughout neighboring . Frequenting brassware 50 | 51

KOREAN HERITAGE Quarterly Magazine of the Cultural Heritage Administration

Cultural Heritage Administration, 189 Cheongsa-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea Tel | 82-42-481-4735 Fax | 82-42-481-4759 http://english.cha.go.kr

Published | June 15, 2013

Published by | Cultural Heritage Administration Republic of Korea

Publication | Director of International Cooperation Division management

Content | Jin-young, Kim Min-ok coordination Translation | Park Jung-eun

Proofreading | Teresita Reed

Design ∙ Editing | Graphickorea Co., Ltd Printed by | Graphickorea Co., Ltd

Cultural Heritage Administration, 2013

This publication is copyrighted. No part may be reproduced by any process without written permission.

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