DOCSLIB.ORG

State Cannabis Laws: a Progress Report Successes, Challenges, and the Need for Congressional Action

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
State Cannabis Laws: a Progress Report Successes, Challenges, and the Need for Congressional Action STATE CANNABIS LAWS: A PROGRESS REPORT SUCCESSES, CHALLENGES, AND THE NEED FOR CONGRESSIONAL ACTION INDUS ABIS TR N Y N AS A S C O L C A I N A T O I I O T N A N THECANNABISINDUSTRY.ORG T h g e r C .o an try nabisIndus TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... 3 Economic Benefit - Jobs and Tax Revenue ..............................................................................7 Access to Banking Services .......................................................................................................10 Fairness in Taxation ....................................................................................................................12 Impact on Crime ..........................................................................................................................14 Reduction in Arrests but Disparities Remain ..........................................................................15 Reducing Access to Minors .......................................................................................................16 Cannabis as Part of a Comprehensive Response to the Opioid Crisis .............................19 Highway Safety ...........................................................................................................................22 Public Opinion .............................................................................................................................24 Recommendations ......................................................................................................................28 ORIGINALLY PREPARED FOR The National Cannabis Industry Association by Michael Liszewski of the Enact Group and Tom Angell, May 2018. Updated by NCIA in May 2019. 2 National Cannabis Industry Association | TheCannabisIndustry.org | 128 C ST. NW, Washington, D.C. 20001 | (888) 683-5650 State Cannabis Progress Report EXECUTIVE SUMMARY About the National Cannabis Industry Association Representing nearly 2,000 member-businesses It has been more than two decades since California across almost every state in the U.S., the National voters adopted the first modern state medical Cannabis Industry Association (NCIA) is the cannabis program with the passage of Proposition largest trade association for the nation’s rapidly- 215 in 1996. Since that time, 33 states, the District of growing state-legal cannabis sector. NCIA was Columbia, and several U.S. territories have adopted founded in 2010 to promote the growth of a comprehensive medical cannabis programs, responsible and legitimate cannabis industry and enabling millions of patients to obtain relief from work for a favorable social, economic, and legal a variety of conditions and improve their quality of environment for marijuana businesses in the life. In states with legal access to cannabis, many United States. patients are successfully using it as an alternative to dangerous opioid pain medications. An additional NCIA publicly advocates for the unique needs 14 states have passed more limited laws that of the emerging cannabis industry and defends allow for the possession and use of high-CBD against threats to the state-regulated medical and (cannabidiol), low-THC extracts, leaving just three adult-use cannabis markets. As the nation’s most states without a medical cannabis law. established and broadly representative industry- led organization engaging in legislative and In 2012, voters in Colorado and Washington State policy efforts to expand and further legitimize the approved ballot measures to legalize marijuana state-legal cannabis market in the United States, possession and use for adults 21 and older and NCIA works extensively at the federal level to to tax and regulate licensed businesses to grow, create policies that allow individuals, businesses, process, and sell cannabis in retail stores. While and states to fully realize the economic and many policymakers and observers were skeptical societal benefits of legalized cannabis in a of these initial adult-use tax and regulate responsible way. programs, time has demonstrated that they are sound policies delivering substantial benefits to the residents of their states, while fears that the About this report sky would fall have never materialized. The United States is currently experiencing a On the heels of the first legal adult-use retail political, social, and economic evolution in how sales of marijuana in 2014, voters in Alaska, it treats cannabis. State-legal cannabis markets Oregon, and the District of Columbia approved are no longer in their infancy and are proving to legalization measures, followed by California, be a significant source of jobs, tax revenue, and Maine, Massachusetts, and Nevada in 2016, economic stimulation in states that were early and then Michigan in 2018. Juxtaposed against to embrace its potential. State regulations and these landmark victories, the appointment of licensing programs are also proving to be more Jeff Sessions as U.S. Attorney General created effective at keeping cannabis out of the hands significant concern in the cannabis industry as of minors than the illegal actors who inevitably well as among the administrators of the state serve cannabis consumers in states still operating and local government programs now dependant under prohibition policies. 3 upon marijuana tax revenues. But in the wake supporting legalization, Barr reiterated that he of Attorney General Sessions’ January 2018 would not direct the Department of Justice to rescission of the August 2013 Department target businesses that are in compliance with of Justice guidance memorandum generally state law, and urged Congress to address the deprioritizing conduct compliant with state disparity between state and federal marijuana marijuana laws (known as the “Cole memo”), laws.2 lawmakers across the country only grew more determined to work towards sensible marijuana Why is marijuana legalization policies. and regulation important? The legalization and regulation of commercial “In 2016, President Trump said production and sales of cannabis for adults has marijuana legalization should be brought significant economic benefit to the states left up to the states and I agree.” that have adopted these types of laws. For example, the cannabis industry has been able to provide —Senator Cory Gardner (R-CO)1 a substantial source of revenue for states that implemented tax and regulate programs. Shortly after the Cole memo rescission, Vermont States that have enacted adult-use and medical approved legislation allowing adults 21 years of cannabis laws have also experienced positive age and older to cultivate, possess, and consume societal impacts. As the opioid overdose crisis cannabis. Meanwhile, several new prominent has grown in several areas of the country, states members of Congress from both sides of the where patients have access to medical cannabis aisle spoke out against the notion that the federal have experienced an average reduction of 24.8% government should undermine or interfere with in fatal opioid overdoses.3 the implementation of state marijuana programs. This has happened When Republican and Democratic leaders begin while teen use has generally decreased or to agree on policy, legislative change becomes a held steady in the wake of the legalization and real possibility. This is the new political reality for regulation of adult-use cannabis. Fears that cannabis in 2019. highways would become plagued with increased fatalities caused by marijuana-impaired drivers have not materialized, with several states When Jeff Sessions resigned in November 2018, many advocates were left wondering how the actually experiencing decreases following the next attorney general would treat the cannabis adoption of legal adult-use cannabis programs. In issue, particularly whether that person would addition, crime has generally decreased following order federal prosecutors to crack down on legalization, as arrests have dropped and retail state-legal businesses. During the confirmation marijuana stores have been shown to create a process, however, nominee - and now Attorney small but measurable dampening impact on local General - William Barr said that he would not crime. And of course law enforcement is now interfere with the expectations that had been free to use their limited resources to investigate established during the Cole years. Despite not serious crimes. 1 “Gardner Statement on DOJ Marijuana Legalization Enforcement.” Office of Senator Cory Gardner, Jan. 4, 2018, https://www.gardner.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/gard- ner-statement-on-doj-marijuana-legalization-enforcement. 2 Jaeger, Kyle, “U.S. Attorney General Says He Prefers Marijuana Reform Bill To Current Federal Law,” https://www.marijuanamoment.net/u-s-attorney-general-says-he-prefers-mari- juana-reform-bill-to-current-federal-law/, Marijuana Moment, April 10, 2019. 3 Bachhuber, Marcus A., et al. “Medical Cannabis Laws and Opioid Analgesic Overdose Mortality in the United States, 1999-2010.” JAMA Internal Medicine, vol. 174, no. 10, 1 Aug. 2014, p. 1668., doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.4005. 4 National Cannabis Industry Association | TheCannabisIndustry.org | 128 C ST. NW, Washington, D.C. 20001 | (888) 683-5650 State Cannabis Progress Report Table 1: Economic Benefit for States with Marijuana Taxation and Regulation STATE CANNABIS TAXATION SUMMARY TOTAL TAX COLLECTIONS (2018) $50 per ounce excise tax on bud and flower
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Green Regulatory Arbitrage
    Table of Contents I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... 1 II. PROHIBITION - HOW CANNABIS BECAME ILLEGAL ..................................................... 4 III. THE LEGAL LANDSCAPE .................................................................................................... 7 A. Federal Law And Its Impact On The Cannabis Industry ..................................................... 7 1. Cannabis Is A Schedule 1 Substance ............................................................................ 7 2. Access To Capital Markets Restricted ......................................................................... 9 3. Banking Services Limited .......................................................................................... 10 4. Tax Burdens .............................................................................................................. 11 5. Interstate And International Commerce Restrictions ................................................. 11 6. Insurance Options Limited ........................................................................................ 12 7. Medical Research And Clinical Trials Stymied .......................................................... 12 8. Professional Services Harder To Find ........................................................................ 13 9. Real Estate Challenges .............................................................................................. 13 B. The States
    [Show full text]
  • Unconstitutional Qualification of the Right to Bear Arms by the Federal Government Against Law-Abiding Medical Marijuana Patients
    A STICKY SITUATION: THE UNCONSTITUTIONAL QUALIFICATION OF THE RIGHT TO BEAR ARMS BY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AGAINST LAW-ABIDING MEDICAL MARIJUANA PATIENTS LUKE C. WATERS* INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 116 I. MEDICAL MARIJUANA LAWS ................................................................ 120 A. Comprehensive Medical Marijuana Programs ....................... 121 B. Federal Laws & Policies ........................................................ 129 1. The Ogden Memo ............................................................. 134 2. The Cole Memo ................................................................ 135 3. The Cole Recreational Memo ........................................... 137 4. The Sessions Enforcement Memo .................................... 137 5. The Rohrabacher-Farr Amendment .................................. 138 II. SECOND AMENDMENT RIGHTS ............................................................ 142 A. An Awkward Landmark Decision ......................................... 143 B. The Post-Heller Two-Step Qualification Analysis ................ 144 1. Individuals Adjudicated as Mentally-Ill ........................... 149 2. Users of Illegal Drugs ....................................................... 151 IV. UNCONSTITUTIONAL APPLICATION ................................................... 152 A. Modest Collateral Burdens: Wilson v. Lynch ......................... 153 B. Applying the Two-Step Test to Qualified Patients Appropriately
    [Show full text]
  • Rethinking Federal Marijuana Policy by Ed Chung, Maritza Perez, and Lea Hunter May 1, 2018
    Rethinking Federal Marijuana Policy By Ed Chung, Maritza Perez, and Lea Hunter May 1, 2018 For decades, the failed war on drugs has devastated communities across the United States, contributing to unprecedented rates of incarceration. The United States has nearly 25 percent of the world’s incarcerated population despite comprising less than 5 percent of the world’s total population.1 This phenomenon gained momentum in the 1970s when President Richard Nixon first declared a war on drugs and policy- makers at all levels of government added harsh criminal penalties for drug offenses, leading to explosive incarceration rates. Since then, the nation’s incarcerated popula- tion has increased sevenfold—from 300,000 people to 2.2 million people today—and 1 out of 5 people incarcerated are serving time for a drug offense.2 People of color have disproportionately felt the damaging and unnecessary consequences of these outdated tough-on-crime policies. Members of these communities have been sentenced to long terms of imprisonment as well as lifetimes of poverty and economic insecurity.3 According to the Drug Policy Alliance, drug enforcement in the United States is rooted in racial discrimination, as the first anti-drug laws were established around the turn of the 20th century and targeted Chinese immigrants, black Americans, and Mexican migrants.4 Today, between 40 percent and 50 percent of all drug arrests are for mari- juana.5 Discriminatory enforcement of marijuana laws is one reason that black and Latino Americans make up two-thirds of the U.S. prison population despite only comprising 12 percent and 17 percent of the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Adapting a Regulatory Framework for the Emerging Cannabis Industry
    OCTOBER 2019 Learn more about NCIA’s Policy Council TheCannabisIndustry.org/PolicyCouncil National Cannabis Industry Association TheCannabisIndustry.org ADAPTING A REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR THE EMERGING CANNABIS INDUSTRY National Cannabis Industry Association (NCIA) Adapting a Proven Regulatory Framework for the Emerging Cannabis Industry Table of Contents 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 8 INTRODUCTION 11 LEGAL STATE OF CANNABIS IN THE UNITED STATES 13 CURRENT LEGISLATIVE EFFORTS 14 CANNABIS PRODUCTS 15 REMOVING THE OUTDATED REGULATORY STRUCTURE 16 ESTABLISHING A NEW REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 19 SOCIAL EQUITY 20 LANE #1: Pharmaceutical Drugs 23 LANE #2: Ingested, Inhaled, or Topically Applied THC Products 31 LANE #3: Ingested and Inhaled Cannabinoid Products with Low/No THC 40 LANE #4: Topically Applied Low THC Products 43 CONCLUSION National Cannabis Industry Association (NCIA) Adapting a Proven Regulatory Framework for the Emerging Cannabis Industry Executive Summary For almost a century, the United States government has criminalized the production, distribution, and sale of cannabis. However, this era of prohibition has been crumbling in the face of voter and, increasingly, legislative revolt. Even as these federal laws remain unchanged, most states have legalized some form of medical cannabis, and eleven states and the District of Columbia have changed their laws to regulate adult-use cannabis in a manner similar to alcohol. Moreover, Congress recently removed hemp (and any cannabinoids derived therefrom) from the Controlled Substances Act (CSA), legalizing
    [Show full text]
  • Marijuana Legalization Has Gained Traction in Recent Years in the United
    How One 11-Page Bill Could Yield Billions in Annual Benefits: The Marijuana Justice Act of 2017 Haley Dunn arijuana legalization has gained traction in recent years in the United States with a variety of bipartisan supporters. Primary benefits often cited include savings in enforcement and incarceration costs, additional tax revenue and jobs, release and expungement for those incarcerated, Mand lowered racial and economic disproportionality in the U.S. criminal justice system. Critics often bring up health costs, increases in impaired driving, harmful effects on adolescent brain development, and greater attendant crime as possible drawbacks. This article examines the potential costs and benefits of federal marijuana legalization under the Senate version of the Marijuana Justice Act of 2017 (S. 1689) introduced in the 115th Congress, assuming 30 additional states legalize recreational marijuana and set up a regulated commercial retail system. Using an analysis that operates under a net present value over 1,000 years and reflects 2017 dollar amounts, the results are overwhelming: these combined efforts could lead to nationwide lifetime net benefits of over $168 billion, with approximately $50 billion in the first year alone, and $17 billion in tax revenue that federal and state governments could receive annually. This article also runs best- and worst-case scenario sensitivity analyses in a post- enactment universe—best being one in which all 50 states legalize recreational marijuana and worst being one in which no additional states legalize. Even the worst- case scenario would lead to lifetime net benefits of over $77 billion ($4 billion/year) and, in the best case, over $1.4 trillion ($75 billion/year).
    [Show full text]
  • Marijuana Law Reform in 2020 and Beyond: Where We Are and Where We’Re Going
    Marijuana Law Reform in 2020 and Beyond: Where We Are and Where We’re Going Sam Kamin* INTRODUCTION 2016 was supposed to be a tipping point for marijuana legalization in the United States. Hillary Clinton was a huge favorite to win the presidency and, despite her lukewarm stance on marijuana law reform,1 many were predicting that the federal ban on marijuana would end during her first term in office. The unexpected election of Donald Trump changed all of that. Marijuana activists came to fear not just that fundamental change in the nation’s marijuana laws would stall with Trump as president but that he might bring a significant, perhaps permanent, reversal of the building momentum toward marijuana legalization in the United States.2 To the surprise of many, however, the last four years have seen continued expansion of marijuana law reform at both the state and federal levels. The federal prohibition of marijuana has shown its first cracks, and * Professor of Law, University of Denver, Sturm College of Law. J.D., PhD, University of California, Berkeley; B.A., Amherst College. Thanks to the participants at Seattle University for their comments and questions and to the editors on the Law Review for their diligent work on this piece. 1. See German Lopez, Democratic Voters Love Marijuana Legalization. Hillary Clinton Doesn’t., VOX (June 13, 2015), https://www.vox.com/2015/4/13/8393495/hillary-clinton-marijuana- legalization [https://perma.cc/L2RC-CQC8] (“Hillary Clinton’s approach to marijuana legalization can best be described as a cautious, leave-it-to-the-states strategy similar to that of the Obama administration.
    [Show full text]
  • Emerging Issues with Marijuana Legalization
    Emerging Issues With Marijuana Legalization Faye Caldwell Email: [email protected] Disclaimer: no Legal advice or attorney-client relationship This presentation has been prepared by Caldwell Everson, PLLC for informational purposes only. The information presented does not constitute legal advice and is not to be acted on as such. This information is not intended to create, and receipt of it does not establish an attorney-client relationship. By participating in this presentation you are not and do not become a client of Caldwell Everson PLLC. Any information contained herein is not intended as a substitute for legal counsel. You should not rely upon any information contained in this presentation without seeking legal advice from an attorney of your choice and who practices law in your state. © Caldwell Everson PLLC 2 As of November 29, 2018: 33 states + D.C. + 2 U.S. territories (Guam, PR) have passed Comprehensive “Medical marijuana” Laws Laws vary widely 13 other states have passed low THC/High CBD laws All passed since 2014 in mostly southern states after CNN documentary Some states with comprehensive medical marijuana laws also have CBD laws 10 states + D.C. + 1 U.S. territory (CNMI) have passed recreational marijuana laws All except US territory also had comprehensive medical marijuana laws 4 states prohibit marijuana for all purposes © Caldwell Everson PLLC (Idaho, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota) 3 State Medical Marijuana Laws 33 states + D.C. Alaska (1998) Maine (1999) New York (2014) Arizona (2010) Maryland (2014) North Dakota (2016) Arkansas (2016) Massachusetts (2012) Ohio (2016) California (1996) Michigan (2008) Oklahoma (2018) Colorado (2000) Minnesota (2014) Oregon (1998) Connecticut (2012) Missouri (2018) Pennsylvania (2016) Delaware (2011) Montana (2004) Rhode Island (2006) Florida (2016) Nevada (2000) Utah (2018) Hawaii (2000) New Hampshire (2013) Vermont (2004) Illinois (2013) New Jersey (2010) Washington (1998) Louisiana (2015) New Mexico (2007) West Virginia (2017) Washington, D.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Update: Federal Legislation Related to Cannabis
    Update on Federal Legislation Related to Cannabis House Commerce & Gaming Committee March 26, 2021 Presented by Peter Clodfelter, Counsel, House Office of Program Research 1 1. Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement Act of 2020 (“MORE Act of 2020”) 2. Strengthening the Tenth Amendment Through Entrusting States Act (“STATES Act”) (2019) Scope of 3. Regulate Marijuana Like Alcohol Act (2019) Presentation 4. Marijuana 1-to-3 Act of 2021 5. Secure And Fair Enforcement Banking Act of 2019 (“SAFE Banking Act of 2019”) 6. Cannabidiol and Marijuana Research Expansion Act (2019, 2021) 2 Background: The Five Schedules Under the Federal CSA • Schedule I: No currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse ➢ Marihuana (cannabis), heroin, LSD, ecstasy, and peyote • Schedule II: High potential for abuse, with use potentially leading to severe psychological or physical dependence ➢ Vicodin, cocaine, methamphetamine, oxycodone (OxyContin), fentanyl, and Adderall • Schedule III: Moderate to low potential for physical and psychological dependence ➢ Tylenol with codeine, ketamine, anabolic steroids, and testosterone • Schedule IV: Low potential for abuse and low risk of dependence ➢ Xanax, Soma, Darvon, Darvocet, Valium, Ativan, Talwin, Ambien, Tramadol • Schedule V: Lower potential for abuse than Schedule IV and consist of preparations containing limited quantities of certain narcotics ➢ Robitussin AC, Lomotil, Motofen, Lyrica, Parepectolin 3 1. Introduced in House and Senate: ➢H.R. 3884 (Rep. Nadler-NY) (2019) ➢S. 2227 (Sen. Harris-CA) (2019) Marijuana 2. “AN ACT To decriminalize and deschedule Opportunity cannabis, to provide for reinvestment in Reinvestment certain persons adversely impacted by the War on Drugs, to provide for expungement and of certain cannabis offenses, and for other Expungement purposes” Act of 2020 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Marijuana Legalization Status
    5/12/18 “LEGAL MARIJUANA” Can Lawyers Be Part of a Budding Industry? ©2017 First American Financial Corporation and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. NYSE: FAF Marijuana Legalization Status ©2017 First American Financial Corporation and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. NYSE: FAF 2018 Joint Seminar May 17-19, 2018 CH. 2 Page 1 5/12/18 Cannabis CannaBis has now Been legalized for medicinal use in 29 states and the District of ColumBia. It is also legal for recreational use in eight of these states and the District of ColumBia. ©2017 First American Financial Corporation and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. NYSE: FAF CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES ACT ©2017 First American Financial Corporation and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. NYSE: FAF 2018 Joint Seminar May 17-19, 2018 CH. 2 Page 2 5/12/18 Controlled Substances Act The Controlled Substances Act is Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 (21 USC section 801 et seq). • Consolidated laws regarding manufacture, and distribution of narcotics, stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, anabolic steroids and chemicals used in the illicit production of controlled substances. ©2017 First American Financial Corporation and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. NYSE: FAF Controlled Substances Act • Restricted access to controlled substances. • Identification and Classification of Controlled Substances. – CSA places all regulated substances into one of five schedules based on: • Substances medical value • Harmfulness • Potential for abuse and addiction – Schedule V least dangerous-Schedule I most dangerous. ©2017 First American Financial Corporation and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. NYSE: FAF 2018 Joint Seminar May 17-19, 2018 CH.
    [Show full text]
  • "Hash"Ing out Inequality in the Legal Recreational Cannabis Industry Maya Rahwanji
    Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business Volume 39 Issue 3 Spring Spring 2019 "Hash"ing Out Inequality in the Legal Recreational Cannabis Industry Maya Rahwanji Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/njilb Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, Criminal Law Commons, Food and Drug Law Commons, and the Health Law and Policy Commons Recommended Citation Maya Rahwanji, "Hash"ing Out Inequality in the Legal Recreational Cannabis Industry, 39 Nw. J. Int'l L. & Bus. 333 (2019). https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/njilb/vol39/iss3/4 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern Pritzker School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business by an authorized editor of Northwestern Pritzker School of Law Scholarly Commons. Copyright 2019 by Maya Rahwanji Vol. 39, No. 3 Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business “Hash”ing Out Inequality in the Legal Recreational Cannabis Industry Maya Rahwanji* TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction ........................................................................................... 334 II. Background and Growth of the Legal Recreational Marijuana Industry .......................................................................................... 337 A. Legal Status of Marijuana in the United States ...................... 337 B. Profitability of the Legal Recreational Marijuana Industry .... 339 III. Statutory Requirements to Start a Legal
    [Show full text]
  • Marijuana Law and Policy
    Marijuana Law and Policy BermanKreit_5pp.indb 1 7/1/20 12:58 PM BermanKreit_5pp.indb 2 7/1/20 12:58 PM Marijuana Law and Policy Douglas A. Berman Newton D. Baker-Baker & Hostetler Chair in Law The Ohio State University Moritz College of Law Alex Kreit assistant Professor of Law Northern Kentucky University Chase College of Law Carolina Academic Press Durham, North Carolina BermanKreit_5pp.indb 3 7/1/20 12:58 PM Copyright © 2020 Carolina Academic Press, LLC All Rights Reserved ISBN 978-1-5310-1037-9 e-ISBN 978-1-5310-1038-6 LCCN 2020936878 Carolina Academic Press 700 Kent Street Durham, NC 27701 Telephone (919) 489-7486 Fax (919) 493-5668 www . caplaw . com Printed in the United States of Amer i ca BermanKreit_5pp.indb 4 7/1/20 12:58 PM For my entire family, all of whom have shared wisdom in various ways about various aspects of law, policy and practice in this arena. — Douglas A. Berman For my father, Leonard Kreit, whose interest in the subject matter may not have always been, strictly speaking, legal. — Alex Kreit v BermanKreit_5pp.indb 5 7/1/20 12:58 PM BermanKreit_5pp.indb 6 7/1/20 12:58 PM Contents Table of Cases xix Acknowledgments xxiii Introduction xxv Chapter 1 • What Is Marijuana, How Is It Used, and What Is It Similar To? 3 A. What Is Marijuana? 3 Marihuana, A Signal of Misunderstanding, U.S. National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse (1972) 3 Marijuana —­ ​A Short History, John Hudak, Brookings Institute (2016) 5 The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2017) 11 Colorado Constitution, Article XVIII, Section 16 14 Notes 15 Arizona v.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolving Federal Response to State Marijuana
    Vanderbilt University Law School Scholarship@Vanderbilt Law Vanderbilt Law School Faculty Publications Faculty Scholarship Spring 4-2020 The Evolving Federal Response to State Marijuana Robert Mikos Vanderbilt University Law School Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/faculty-publications Part of the Food and Drug Law Commons, and the Health Law and Policy Commons Recommended Citation Robert Mikos, The Evolving Federal Response to State Marijuana, 26 Widener Law Review. 1 (2020) Available at: https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/faculty-publications/1153 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Scholarship@Vanderbilt Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Vanderbilt Law School Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Vanderbilt Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DATE DOWNLOADED: Mon Jun 22 10:09:40 2020 SOURCE: Content Downloaded from HeinOnline Citations: Bluebook 20th ed. Robert A. Mikos, The Evolving Federal Response to State Marijuana Reforms, 26 Widener L. Rev. 1 (2020). ALWD 6th ed. Robert A. Mikos, The Evolving Federal Response to State Marijuana Reforms, 26 Widener L. Rev. 1 (2020). APA 7th ed. Mikos, R. A. (2020). The evolving federal response to state marijuana reforms. Widener Law Review, 26(1), 1-20. Chicago 7th ed. Robert A. Mikos, "The Evolving Federal Response to State Marijuana Reforms," Widener Law Review 26, no. 1 (2020): 1-20 McGill Guide 9th ed. Robert A Mikos, "The Evolving Federal Response to State Marijuana Reforms" (2020) 26:1 Widener L Symp J 1. MLA 8th ed.
    [Show full text]