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Does Le Petit Journal Rime with Cynical? the Effect of Political Satire on Young French People's Attitudes Towards Politicians, Politics and the Media

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Does Le Petit Journal Rime with Cynical? the Effect of Political Satire on Young French People's Attitudes Towards Politicians, Politics and the Media Running head: FRENCH POLITICAL SATIRE AND YOUNG PEOPLE ATTITUDES Does Le Petit Journal rime with cynical? The Effect of Political Satire on Young French People's Attitudes towards Politicians, Politics and the Media Fanny Chays (10583777) University of Amsterdam Supervised by dr. Judith Möller June 26th, 2014 Master's Thesis Graduate School of Communication Master's programme Communication Science Author Note Fanny Chays, Communication Science (Erasmus Mundus Journalism, Media & Globalization), Graduate School of Communication, University of Amsterdam. Correspondence concerning this should be addressed to Fanny Chays, [email protected] Running head: FRENCH POLITICAL SATIRE AND YOUNG PEOPLE ATTITUDES Abstract This study investigates the effect of the popular political satire TV show Le Petit Journal on young French people's attitude towards politicians, politics and the traditional media. Using a two-group, post-test only online experiment (n = 193), we found that participants exposed to the critical content of Le Petit Journal rated politicians featured in the show more negatively, regardless of their political affinities. We also found that Le Petit Journal has an indirect effect on young people's levels of political cynicism: the cynical outlook towards the political world offered by the show only significantly affected participants from the right-wing party. Contradicting the argument that satirical content would increase distrustful attitudes towards the traditional news media, this study shows that exposure to jokes about mainstream journalists and serious journalism in Le Petit Journal actually makes young people less skeptical towards the traditional news media. Therefore, our findings suggest that political satire might have less detrimental effect on young audiences than feared. We discuss the implications of the findings in the light of the inconclusive debate over the threat that new, critical forms of political information might represent for the future of democracy. Keywords: political satire, political cynicism, media skepticism, youth, democracy, French television. Running head: FRENCH POLITICAL SATIRE AND YOUNG PEOPLE ATTITUDES 1 ! Does Le Petit Journal rime with cynical? The Effect of Political Satire on Young French People's Attitudes towards Politicians, Politics and the Media Political satire fascinates and disturbs at the same time. On the one hand, its unique way of packaging political information with humor is praised for being able to renew attention for politics and increase political knowledge among the least interested (Baum, 2003; Brewer & Marquardt, 2007; Xenos & Becker, 2009; Prior, 2010; Young & Hoffman, 2012). But on the other hand, it is accused of generating distrusting attitudes by repeatedly painting a negative, bitter picture of the political world (Hart & Hartelius, 2007, Guggenheim, Kwak & Campbell, 2011, Balmas, 2012, Baumgartner & Morris, 2006). Satirists' jokes turn scholars' laughter sour, as they still wonder whether satire is a "boon or bust for democracy" (Becker and Waisanen, 2013, 171). This study addresses this question by investigating the potential impact of political satire on political attitudes. In the United States, where effects scholars have been particularly interested in the satirical genre, Jon Stewart of The Daily Show is accused by some of "political heresy" (Hart & Hartelius, 2007). In France, as no academic research to date has investigated the potential impact of the national political satire shows on the public, it is the press that expresses its concerns with the ever-more popular political satire TV show Le Petit Journal: its host Yann Barthès, is referred to as a "trublion" (translated: troublemaker). Such nicknames surely illustrate concerns rather than optimism about the impact political satire might have on viewers' democratic performance. And with good reason, as satirists reveal the misconduct of politicians, the absurdities of the political arena and the artificiality of the news media, they give a chaotic impression of public life. Scholars have found that this negative brand of political humour is particularly persuasive (Morris, 2009) and might therefore have strong influence over the audience's political attitudes towards the democratic institutions at large. ! Running head: FRENCH POLITICAL SATIRE AND YOUNG PEOPLE ATTITUDES 2 ! Previous studies found that exposure to satirical shows do increase level of cynicism among its viewers (Baumgartner & Morris, 2006; Brewer & Marquardt, 2007; Guggenheim, Kwak & Campbell, 2011). Problematically, younger viewers were found to be even more susceptible to this effect (Baumgartner & Morris, 2006). Called a "generational language" by some (Jones, 2010, p. 251), satire has become a popular channel of information for younger people who are attracted by the entertaining quality of this format. By choosing satirical shows as a source of news, young people exposed themselves to a type of political information that is inherently negative and that bring them to apprehend democratic institutions (political institutions, but also the media) as dysfunctional. This vision of the political world promoted by satirical shows trigger cynical attitudes among the audience, and particularly so among the young audience (Baumgartner & Morris, 2006). Because young people have shapeable attitudes, they are more susceptible to these satirical messages than older viewers (Adriaansen, van Praag, de Vreese, 2010). More importantly, attitudes developed in young adulthood are likely to follow them as they grow into older citizens (Niemi & Klingler, 2012). "Cynical today, cynical tomorrow?", wondered de Vreese in a study linking strategic news consumption and cynical attitudes. Our study applies this interrogation when exploring the relationship between exposure to political satire and cynical attitudes towards politics and the media. If this question turns into an affirmation, the quality of the future of democracy might be endangered. Indeed, a high level of distrust towards the politics is often related to little faith in the political system and demobilization (Cao & Brewer, 2008). The relationship between political satire and political cynicism among younger viewers is therefore very relevant for the future of democracy (Hart & Hartelius, 2007). Yet, only a few studies have investigated the link between exposure to political satire and political attitudes focusing on younger audience (Baumgartner & Morris, 2006; Baumgartner & ! Running head: FRENCH POLITICAL SATIRE AND YOUNG PEOPLE ATTITUDES 3 ! Morris, 2008). This study contributes to feeling this void by investigating the impact of political satire on young people's political attitudes. Additionally, the current research has been bound to the American context, especially to the analysis of The Daily Show and The Colbert Report (Baym, 2006; Brewer & Marquardt, 2007; Baumgartner & Morris, 2006; Baumgartner & Morris, 2008; Morris, 2009) so we have little information whether the effects hold in a different context (Balmas, 2012). Moreover, and most importantly, very few studies have tested the causality relationship between watching satire and political attitudes (Baumgartner & Morris, 2006; Baumgartner & Morris, 2008; Becker, 2011), researchers employing a survey methods rather than an experimental design (Morris, 2004; Cao & Brewer, 2009; Guggenheim, Kwak & Campbell, 2011; Boukes & Boomgaarden, 2012; Balmas, 2012). By conducting an original experimental research in France, this study contributes to further understanding of the causal mechanism between political satire and political attitudes in a European context. This study is built around the following research question: To what extent exposure to the French political satire show Le Petit Journal has an effect on young adults' attitude towards politicians, the broader political system and the traditional media? This study starts by situating the existing research on the effects of political satire on political attitudes. Particular attention is given to the potential effect on younger audiences and the associated implications for the future of democracy. Before reporting the analysis of the experimentation, we contextualize the popularity of the show Le Petit Journal in connection with the changing French hybrid media system. Finally, we discuss the results of this study in the light of the broader debate on the potential detrimental effect of political satire on the functioning of political systems. ! Running head: FRENCH POLITICAL SATIRE AND YOUNG PEOPLE ATTITUDES 4 ! Satirical news, political cynicism and media skepticism Journalist: You are particularly accused to ridicule politicians, and so to drag down the world of politics, which doesn't really need it… Yann Barthès: (…) mocking the power, it is part of democracy, it's necessary. And what we air makes sense, we don't just laugh. We have the same footage than other TV channels, but we give another look on it. Our job is to decode this puppet show. 1 ("Yann Barthès on rit", 2013) Le Petit Journal's host Yann Barthès very rarely talks to the media. But when he does, journalists always ask him to reflect on his show's impact on democracy. This is also what many scholars interested in political satire TV format ask themselves around the world (Brewer & Marquardt, 2007; Balmas, 2012; Guggenheim, Kwak & Campbell, 2011). However, despite the rich satirical heritage in the French media and the growing phenomenon that is Le Petit Journal, no research to date has been undertaken
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