Citizenship Citizenship Urban Urban 016
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d d t [Norberg-Schulz, 1969:220] ‘But art, however one definesthe it, development must of still the mirror, society favourablycontemporary to or art, which with too, it reflects hostility, belongs. theand complex ethical Inevitably, and state diverse of social, ourThe political civilization.’ metaphor of [Hauptfleisch,1997:1] the mirrorrelationship is between a a powerful society way andspecific of its community depicting performing may the arts. be symbiotic seenwhich The as to arts a measure of something the a like intellectualthat a and community. barometer emotional, with Performance even culture political,political climate has, sphere and of at still a does, number engageperforming of with arts levels, the system especially in in anyto South given reflect Africa. period that and context, The may givencontext. be context able may to be influence said or change that specific t
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y y t t i i s s r r e e v v i i n n U U he constantly means of buildings which gather the ...by Physical, social and cultural context: a macro-analysis. Architecture exists in relation torespond two to sets fundamental of issues conditions. suchto as be Firstly the symbolized. buildings need must for Secondlylocation, shelter building to and must topography, for to relate ideas the totemperature, path a to of region, the the to movement sun, a of to specific people. variations of There are three key factorsBuildings which must affect respond architecture. to [Baker, site 1996:the conditions, xviii] culture functional in requirements which and theyof to find these themselves. factors must To be understand taken buildings, into all account. three In any analysis of architectureforces. one must In consider the the caseroad various of is factors topography a as these force, forces treesconsist are are of clearly a forces apparent: force, are a the neighbouringsun climate features, angles, is views, prevailing a gradients, winds, force. direction seasonalpollution of variations, Other and noise, aspects round-the-clock atmospheric that activities. Taking the functional requirements intobuilding account, can also the be organisation consideredcan of in be a terms either of linear its orthought force centroidal, of characteristics. static as or a Form dynamic. dynamicforce. vertical A force Christian and Norberg-Schulz tower explains aunderstand may the bridge the be act as vocation of a of architecture static theconcretise as horizontal place’. the being genius ‘to He loci emphasizes the need ‘to properties of the place and1980:23] bring them He close places to emphasiswhich man.’ on give [Norberg-Schulz, features a of special topography characterrespond and to by landscape places creating and a shows meaningfulGenius how environment. Loci, architecture Towards can Throughout a his Phenomenologyrefers book of to Architecture, man-made and naturalstudy forces. of [Norberg-Schulz, the 1980:23] city ofshowing In Prague how his he the identifies city the becamelike characteristics a roads of nodal and the point rivers. region, formed by physical elements The third factor which influencesdescribes architecture the is relationship culture. between thecultural Norberg-Shulz individual integration and depends society on and thebirth how presence we of try symbol-systems. to orientateorder. ourselves ‘From A in common the order environmentbased is and on called establish information culture. a and certain educationexistence The and of development therefore common of depends symbol-systems. culture on is personality the The into culture an integrates ordered the world single based on meaningful interactions.’
Citizenship Citizenship Urban Urban 017 and sources of environmental pollution'1994:2] [Fuchs, World cities are a causeaspects of of problems sustainable involving development ofurban the form. Cities areof seen environmental as degradation the and major resource depletion, cause casting an ecological footprintthe across globe. [Girardet, 1996]congested, Cities polluted, are with seen poor as housing, collapsing infrastructure, crime and poverty. Cities may have problems, butnecessarily they a are problem not in themselves.and Satterthwaite As [1996:50] Mitlin observe, it'failure is of the effective governance withinexplains cities the that poor environmental performanceso of many cities rather thancharacteristic an of inherent cities in general'.problems, Despite even many the densest, fastestin growing a city developing country hasthose positive living benefits there. for Theyopportunity can for provide millions 'enhanced of people',from and a 'refuges stifling, restrictive rurallonger life' be that economically may sustainable no [Seabrook, 1996:5] Our understanding of the dynamicscities of and these the urban systemspart, of and which our they capacity form toeffectively, manage are them limited, especially incontext. the African We need tothese examine mega-cities the and growth the of economic,environmental social consequences. and
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y y t t i i s s r r e e v v i i n n U U with gold, Soweto and periodicIf bouts a of person violence. who haswere never transported been to to the Johannesburg lobbyin of the a CBD five-star and hotel thereaftershopping to malls, one and of asked the tothey suburban identify would the certainly city, recognize theEuropean city or as American some city.concrete Johannesburg's and glass structures, thebranded variety foods, of clothes, music, asconsumer well durables as are indistinguishable from those in other mega cities.from a The distance, skyline with of tallcompete the buildings with CBD reaching the up 50-storey to Carltonmight Centre, well remind them ofhowever, this an person image might of see Dallas.side the of If, south-western the city thennotice he the would vast immediately contrast betweenthey the just townscape saw and thetownships sprawling occupied residential by Black people.will they Then recognize only the adjacentJohannesburg. city to be We cannot always make theSouth assumption African that cities are increasinglyother similar world to cities, simply becauseexistence of of the global material culturephysical or appearance the of a CBD.and Although McDonald's Coke are everydayfrom commodities New York to Cairo,impacts and on are our having lives, major wesocial cannot and assume cultural that society developssense our in towards a a linear universal word culture. The largest cities 'serve simultaneouslyand as regional national engines of economiccenters growth, of technology and culturalhomes creativity, of the poor and deprived, and the sites Johannesburg as a global mega-city: 'The global city is notprocess a by place, which but centres a ofconsumption process. production of and advanced A services, andancillary their local societies, are connectedglobal in network, a while simultaneously down playing the linkages with theirbasis hinterlands, of on information the flows' [Castells, 1996:417] The information age is introducingform: a trans-cultural new information urban cities orcities'. 'mega- The UN adoptspopulation a of definition 8 of million a or[Rakodi, more 1997:102]. in size Size of onlyan the does adequate city not indication serve for as economic development and urban well being.successful world Some cities have farpopulations smaller than 8 million.cities: Africa Greater has Cairo two and mega- theWitwatersrand-Vereeniging metropolitan Pretoria- region centered around Johannesburg. Globalization is generally regarded asstimulus a to positive the development offorces cities. interact with Global local circumstancesproduce to unique social, economic, politicalspatial and results at national, regionalAdoption and may city lead levels. to adaptationinnovation, and to different forms ofthan diversity to rather global homogenization [Rakodi, 1997:77] South Africa was isolated fromworld the because rest of of the the country'sPeople wouldn't apartheid recognize policy. the cityJohannesburg of if it weren't for the city's association
Citizenship Citizenship Urban Urban 018 side. There are hundredsliving of in thousands deprived of communities people orThere townships. are many people livingsettlements in erected informal in the veld.lies at Johannesburg the center ofand a that region has that lost has groundera. stagnated, during the Political Apartheid settlement inarrival South of Africa, a and government the thatof reflects the the people, majority has broughtcommunities the to plight the of attention deprived of South Africans. The process of transformation willsuccessful depend reintegration on of the the previously segregated urban components through the reallocation of resources under whatthe is Reconstruction termed and Development Programme (RDP). [Rakodi, 1997:162]government. of the Issues new that emergeinclude from the the provision past of basicovercoming municipal the services; housing problem; promotingdevelopment the of commercial infrastructure and improved, affordable public transport systems. The challenge for the futuredisadvantaged is and to advantaged meld parts the ofmetropolitan the area into a functionaluplifting whole, the while underdeveloped areas butthe retaining ability to draw sustainablecommon taxes fiscal for base the from theareas. more [Rakodi, 1997:175] developed
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y y t t i i s s r r e e v v i i n n U U million people. [Rakodi, 1997:156] The role of the Johannesburgproducer gold of industry earnings as and asbloomed employer during of World labour War IImanufactured when material the for industry the war.mining jobs After diminished the and war aphase primary changed industry into a secondaryspaces phase. developed in Office the Johannesburgto CBD. 1970 the Up location ofservices Johannesburg's in tertiary the concentration ofCBD. offices From was the in mid-1970's the changed onwards, as this office pattern clusters movedexpanding to northern the suburbs and neighboring municipalities. By the 1990's actual mininginsignificant activity in become the regional economyJohannesburg of Metropolitan the Area. Johannesburg is seen as thethe city Johannesburg of Stock finance, Exchange as ishere. situated Johannesburg CBD contributesSouth 12 Africa's % GNP.[Rakodi, of 1997:161]Johannesburg The Metropolitan Area consumes 9,097 GWh of electricity per5.8% annum, of which the is total installedAfrica. capacity [Eskom,1993] of the rest of Apart from the wonders thatJohannesburg makes such a vibrant urbanis place, also there the less attractive, deprived and disturbing Fig 31. The Johannesburg Metropolitan. Johannesburg: the past: To fully understand the functioningshortcomings and of Johannesburg as aone mega-city, has to know theshaped influences our of cultural, the social past andof that physical urban aspects form. Johannesburg was first established when geological events created the Witwatersrand Basin when, in 1886, gold[McCarthy, 1986] was discovered. This discovery ensured that Johannesburgbecome would a mega-city on theTransvaal. highveld of Within the a meredeveloped 40 from years an Johannesburg unwanted south-sloping remnant of ground to acommercial powerful city. financial By and thecelebrations time in of 1936, its Johannesburg golden alreadya jubilee had population of 475 000 [Shorten, 1970:365] The discovery of gold resulteddevelopment in of the several towns alongwest the line east- of the gold-reef.area as Today the we industrial know regionconsisting this of of the Pretoria Witwatersrand, to theto north the and south. Vereeniging Todaysouth Johannesburg of lies the in richest the provinceAfrica': of Gauteng, the the 'New Province South ofestimated Gold. that, by It the is yearwill 2020, be Johannesburg a region containing an estimated 20
Citizenship Citizenship Urban Urban 019 residential [formal] open space sport institutional industry mixed use residential [formal]
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y y t t i i s s r r e e v v i i n n residential [formal] industry U U • A strong educational beltthe runs region: east-west a beyond number ofcolleges private have schools located and in theuniversities Braamfontein (Rand area, Afrikaans two and Witwatersrand),the and Johannesbyrg Technikon. • The manufacturing industry ofinto the mostly past non-noxious changed and/or serviceindustry related and commercial activities. Thereserious are neglect signs which of is aggravatedland by invasions, building and and illegal land• uses. Open land is fragmentedalong and the is natural mainly ridges found runningdirection. in an east-west Land Use Trends: The trends in land use are as follows: • The deterioration and declinebeginning of to the stabilise CBD as is thewithin Inner the City’s metropolitan area becomes function • clearer. Residential land use isaccommodate restructuring residents and of growing predominantly to lower income levels at higher occupancyexample rates. is An the proposed residentialthe component Newtown in Precinct. This increase of occupancy ratebuildings of takes residential place in thewell Core as of in the residential Inner areas•There City, to are as the pockets east. of mainlyuse formal in residential the land western, north-easternthe and area eastern showing parts signs of ofThe decay reason and for over this crowding. ismaintenance the of lack residential of buildings re-investment asoccupation and well of as buildings illegal and land. • There is an increasingchange. tendency for This land can uses bebuildings, to seen in in the office Core use ofresidential in the use. vacant Inner In City, the changing industrialare to areas being vacant used buildings for shackchanging farming: to industrial residential. use is Thechanged Newtown from Precinct an industrial areaprecinct. to a cultural
Citizenship Citizenship Urban Urban 020 M2 MI Fig 34. Open space analysis.
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y y t t i i s s r r e e v v i i n n U U Bertha Solomon Oval End Street Park Johannesburg Stadium Ellis Park Rugby Stadium City Hall Joubert Park Fig 33. Environmental trends. Union Ground Mary Fitzgherald Square Environmental Trends: • Rivers and Streams: The source of the Jukskeipast River the is rugby to stadium. the Itby east then industries of becomes that the an are CBD open, built from completely within where fenced the the in, flood water concrete plain. flows• canal. in Parks The The and a canal biggest Open covered is pollutant spaces: concrete polluted There is canal is the a run serious off lack frommeet of the development parks city standards. in The sewers. the openillegal CBD spaces squatting and are and surrounding not illegal areas maintained dumping. as and This the have results existing become in parks places a and• of poor open Areas crime, public spaces of and environment. do Sensitive not EcologicalThere Value: are no places ofthe real area ecological and significance. should The be Observatory protected Ridge from is further the development. • most Cemeteries: notable natural featureThe in Braamfontein Cemetery has reached capacity but can still play a role as a passive open space in the CBD.
Citizenship Citizenship Urban Urban 021 Fig 37. Waste on theof streets Johannesburg. Fig 39. Waste strewn around the site. population growth and high levelsthis of aggravate poverty the and pollution problem further. • Mining activity: The biggest areas of dust/landmines pollution occurs from south of andJohannesburg near CBD, to and the along thebelt whole that mining stretches from thesoutheast south of of Johannesburg, Denver, right throughsouth to of the Roodepoort. Environmental degradation occurs here in the
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y y t t i i s s r r e e v v i i n n U U pollution. Informal settlements in thenorthern central parts and of Soweto andOrange Palm Farm Springs have west the of samesettlements problems. in Illegal the Johannesburg CBDland pose pollution big problems due toremoval, a littering, lack illegal of dumping refuse and overuse/overflow of sewers, especially inseason. the The rainy areas with thesewerage worst overflow cases are of Hilbrow, NewtownJeppestown. and Informal settlements increase the amount of informal traders on the streets due to Fig 35. Analysis of total pollution. Soweto Pollution: • Informal settlements: Poverty and a lack oflead knowledge to in littering, these overflow areas ofbroken unmaintained sewerage or systems and unmamaged waste management. Dust from gravelroads or causes untarred air pollution. Smokepollution. also causes Some air settlements aroundand Ennerdale Lenasia also have inadequateservices refuse and removal illegal dumping leads to land
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f f form of slimes dams, excavations and exposed mine dumps and stretches of land, where soiland erosion poor soil quality areproblems. the In major mining areas aservices lack like of running water, refuse removal and sanitation services exist, but are in pooractive condition. mines exist No in thenorth-east far and south, north of Greater Johannesburg, and land pollution due to mining activities islimited therefore to the mining beltfrom running east to west throughpart of the the central metropolitan area. • Six major landfill sites existGreater in Johannesburg, and are from the north to the south,(north Kya-Sands of Randburg), Linbro Park (north of Alexandra), Robinson Deep (between Roodepoort and Soweto), Marie Louise (south of the Johannesburg CBD), Goudkoppies (south-east of Soweto), and Ennerdale (west of Ennerdale).the All sites are aesthetically displeasing areas of land pollution, especially where waste is not managed properly. These sitesemit also noxious odours, while bad odours were reported fromGoudkoppies the Landfill site. o o
y y t t i i s s r r e e v v i i n n U U Fig 39. Analysis of solid waste.
Citizenship Citizenship Urban Urban 023 SABS 083 SABS 0103 National noise regulations Environment Cons Act 73 Heavy industry Offices Sound studios Light industry Residential Fine engineering Fig 40. Noise impact according to SABS 0130
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y y t t i i s s r r e e v v i i n n U U • Small auditoria, conference, lecture rooms = 45 - 50 dB(A) • Bedrooms for sleeping and= resting 30 - 40 dB(A)(NAD, (Krige, 2000:18) 2000:28) The low reading of 55Fitzgerald dB(A) Square, in 80 Mary away fromM!, the suggests that suchlevel a could lower be noise relied onpartially in protected a from space noise. nearest edge of the site434.3 is metre situated from the M1.also protected The by site the is massive structure of the Turbine Hallwest to of the the site, betweenthe the M1. site and There willproblems be with no noise serious considering these aspects. Kirchhofer, 1980:6): Noise: Noise generally emanates from the concentration of activities typically associated with an urban environment such as traffic noise and noise associated with industrial and commercial areas. Noise from an elevated freewaythe like M1 which forms theboundary western of Newtown must beinto taken consideration but does notto have be considered as aconstraint. development The following figure shows the average noise level readings intaken dB(A) at 40m intervals from the M1: - The average noise levelM1 next = to 73.0 the dB(A)_ - The average noise levelof 40m the east M1 = 65.3-The average dB(A) noise level inFitzgerald Mary Square (80m from M1)55 = dB(A). ( Accepted noise levels in dB(A) are:
Citizenship Citizenship Urban Urban 024 College, the Grand Station Hotel,Church Saint and John’s the Union Castle Building. The houses to the eastSimon have van historical der value. Stel The Foundationof has houses done in a Bertrams survey andtownship concluded has that historical the andRal architectu- value and must betrue protected.The for same Art is Deco buildings in the Inner City area.
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y y t t i i s s r r e e v v i i n n U U the University of the Witwatersrand.there In are the protected CBD National Monumentsthe such Rissik as Street Post Office,Office, Old Johannesburg Jeppestown Art Post Gallery inthe Joubert Newtown Park, compound, Enoch Santonga Memorial Park and House 34Yeoville. Becker Street in The CBD has several historicalCosmopolitan buildings: Hotel in Jeppestown, St Mary’s Fig 41. Environmental conservation. Conservation: •Sensitive Built Environments: Numerous buildings, places and objectshistorical of heritage are found inMost Johannesburg. of the 76 historicalJohannesburg buildings are in located in andCBD around and the westwards to Roodepoort. These include the Stone Age sites in Yeoville and
Citizenship Citizenship Urban Urban 025 Areas of cultural and historical significance Education facilities Health facilities Libraries Theatres and cinemas Police stations Sport and recreation facilities Fig 43. Social services.
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The following trends were identified• in There the is region: an influxfacilities of and homeless can people not into afford459 the private homeless city services. people who in needs It the• the is Inner As public estimated City. the (Bambanani that Inner Consortium, there Cityincrease. 201:17) are population 4 intensifies, the open• space Open requirements spaces are ill• maintained There and is not lack suitable of• for safety Vandalism recreational in of purposes. parks facilities and occur. • public There spaces. are a varietyinstitutions: of RAU public and and WITS. private• schools, Welfare as agencies well in as theSocial two form problems tertiary of include six prostitution registered anddamaging shelters drug effect for trafficking on street which the children have well exist. a being of the youth. e e
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y y t t i i s s r r e e v v i i n n U U Social Services: Social services are provided forThe communities provision to of fulfill such their servicesprogrammes. social is needs. The linked to following economic aspects development form part of social• development: Education • Health • Development welfare services • Recreation, arts and culture • Safety and security • Local economic development For many households suffering from(such institutional as isolation physical and and social socialevents), exclusion distance the from Inner schools, City clinics, offers shops the and best cultural opportunities.
Citizenship Citizenship Urban Urban 026 Reservoirs Reservoir zones Water: The city centre area isserviced. fully Reticulation piping in the area was renewed during the early nineties and thusgood in condition. a Piping inInner the City fringe areas requires maintenance and upgrading. Currently there is an intensive water management programme with the Rand Water Board to manage water leakage. The main bulkpump-station water supplying water to the Inner City, theNorris Hector Pump-station, Will require upgrading in the future.bulk The water mains are aligned from the south along Rosettenville/Von Wielligh through to Hilbrow.
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y y t t i i s Roads: The road network is wellsout developed arterials with and a the series M1,modification of M2 and east-west and upgrading and M3 of north- urban theconnectivity, freeways. traffic road flow, system There parking to is facilities improveprovided a and movement to need congestion. improve for continuity Links of shouldImprovement roads be of such the as urban Anderson freewayM2 and system west Troye. by should extending be the considered.pavements, N17, walkways A3 The and and roads pedestrian are spacemaintenance. in need fair upgrading condition and but s r r e e v v i i n n U U Roads Stormwater Engineering infrastructure: Physical infrastructure is needed tourban support environment. and sustain The the provision,maintenance operation of and infrastructure service tocommunity’s meet needs the are thegovernment. responsibility of the local Engineering infrastructure services include: • • • Sanitation • Waste management • Electricity supply
Citizenship Citizenship Urban Urban 027 Sub Stations Zones (88kV) Municipality Electricity Network, 8kV and up (distribution) Municipality Electricity Network, 88kV and up (distribution) Waste Management: The extensive litter problem resultsthe in blockage of storm- waterIn inlets. areas where there isresidential changes or to mixed use theis services inadequate and inrestructuring. need The of area is servedthe by Robinson Deep Landfill and Springfield incinerator. The site hasexpected an lifespan of 20 yearsan with estimated landfill airspace ofmillion 7.8 cubic metres. There isgarden a refuse site at RobinsonThe Deep. newly created agency, PIKITUP,is now responsible for waste management in the city.
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Electricity City Power is the mainbacklogs supplier of of connections electricity to to consumers.and, the The therefore, region. networks there There are is are presently littleoverloaded no fully space feeder loaded capacity cables available. are Low acomplaints voltage chronic by and problem consumers. and System the reliabilitya cause is large of seriously portion many affected of by thefor the network. the age Many rate of of of the developmentwell areas which served were is with not currently bulk designed being anpast to experienced. reticulation for cater infrastructure. to The Financial five area restrictions yearsbeing is over have done. the resulted This in includes maintenance thenetworks. of sub-station the network existing as networks well not as the distribution e e
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y y t t i i s s r r e e v v i i n n U U Sanitation The Goudkoppies sub-catchment serves theMelville, Johannesburg Auckland CBD Park, Booysens, as City wellTurffontein. Deep as A and few partly of La the Rochelleis small and a bulk spare sewers capacity are soaccommodated. over that The capacity, approximately Goudkoppies but 200 sub-catchment generally 000 has there accommodate extra a an people spare approximate can capacity additional be to 225Consortium, 000 2001]. persons [Bambanani The outfallarea sewer drains serving from the Braamfontein area throughthe is the Goudkoppies the CBD catchment Klipspruit in near outfal. a Baragwanath.developed This south-westerly This comprising direction catchment the to is CBD fully inindustrial the in north; the the middle; old and mining middle/high belt,now income largely residential to the south.
Citizenship Citizenship Urban Urban 028 Metro Germiston Bus services: Bus services in the areaMetropolitan are Bus provided Services, by Putco Soweto, Putco Commuta, Putco Phapama, Germiston Bus Services, Megabus and Eldo Coaches.
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region; the north-south M31 whichCBD; links and the a M1 series to ofway M2 east-west pairs and and in north-south lies the arterials just CBD,and that east like Marshall/Anderson operate of Wolmerans/Smit, running Bree/Jeppe, as the east-west. Market/Commisioner one- Public transport ranks and termini• include: Bus termini at theStock Magistrates Exchange, Courts, Kay Westgate Street Station, in• Bree Ruikes Minibus Street, Road Sanlam, ranking and facilities Braamfontein. atWanderers Joubert Street, Bree Park (Park Street Central), Terminus,Kruis Bree De Street, Street Villiers Delvers at Street, Street, Sauer, Faraday WestgateNoord Rank Street, Street in and Stevenson Van Street, Beek Banket Street Street, (near Jeppe Station). e e
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y y t t i i s s r r e e v v i i n n U U 3 Transport: • The railway system composesSoweto of and the Vereeniging east-west that line passesand from through has Braamfontein the 63% to northern line section utilizationincludes in and Braamfontein the 75% and west capacity Park utilization CityThe inbound. Stations. rigidity The [Bambanani of line Consortium, the 2001] systeman in in-city terms linkage of system the andexisting fixed the routes destination limited is points capacity restrictive. and of the the lack system of to expand • The road network consistswest of of the the M1 CBD freeway area; which the passes M2 north-south freeway just that passes east-west just south of the
Citizenship Citizenship Urban Urban 029 Minibus-Taxi Routes Metro Mall
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y y t t i i s s r r e e v v i i n n U U Minibus-Taxi Services: The minibus routes are asminibus pervasive rotes in converge the on area thetheir as CBD services, the as and bus the many services. major rankingCity, interchange have facilities, The centre such been for as and Metro areillegal Mall being because and provided. there Park is Many insufficient services enforcement. and ranks Metered are taxis operate in
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y y t t i i s s r r e e • Engineering infrastructure: allrequire areas revision within of the services region toland cater uses for and changes for in urbanand regeneration. refurbishment of Maintenance the existingplanned infrastructure basis on are a needed toand ensure social environmental sustainability. CurrentStrategy initiatives 6 like of Parallel the Innerformulated City to Renewal improve Strategy the has situationServices been of like services. gas, water, electricity,refuse sewerage removal, and stormwater and telecommunications are included in a Service[Bambanani Infrastructure Consortium, Policy. 2001:22] Theprocess renewal involves the identification ofstress areas through under assessment, the establishmentmaintenance of and a upgrade programme, the identification of funding mechanisms towards maintenance, the establishment of designand guides standards and the monitoringappropriate intervals. of the strategy at • Transport: the major problemchanging is modal caused choice by of the passengerssouth from and the south-west from highertransport capacity modes public to lower capacityfrom modes; train primarily and bus tothe minibus level and of car. congestion onThe This the congestion increase roads can from be the displacedmore south. to direct other routes areas become if establishedresidential between areas the to the southjobs and to south-west the and north the ofinadequate the linkages CBD. and co-ordinated There public transport seems services to between be the residentialeastern areas part in of the the regionA and public the transport commercial distributer core. systemplanned is to currently integrate being the Innerremains City. the location The with Inner theis City highest an accessibility. opportunity assisting This thearea. regeneration of the v v i i n n U U Conclusion from Macro-analysis: • Land uses: the existingmaintained infrastructure and needs further to developed be tothe keep demands up due with to changeand in industrial land uses uses, to like residentialThe office use intensification and of mixed land use. usesjust in industrial the use area in that theincrease was past in has the resulted residential in population.increased an pressure There on is the an engineeringillegal services. occupation The and landbuildings invasion results in in vacated crime, vandalism,and lack physical of degradation security of theAlternative public sustainable environment. uses for vacantto buildings the prior taking place ofestablished, illegal like occupation in has the to caseHall be of for the a re-use music of venue. Turbine • Environment: there has tomuch be needed made open provision space for inthe the form CBD, of whether parks it orenvironments is well-functioning like in public squares. Existingwatercourses open must spaces be and preserved andwhere enhanced possible. Illegal dumpingin must public be spaces. prevented Airshould and be water drawn pollution up policies andmaintained. sewers need Waste to management be andprovision infrastructure must be strengthened todegradation reduce and land pollution. • Pollution: the standardCBD of service is provision low in inDilapidated the areas buildings where with the dysfunctional infrastructure servicesthe is within buildings old. result in poorcontributes living to conditions a and poor publicThese issues and need social to environment. bemanagement addressed. of the Stormwater Jukskei Riveraddressed needs to to decrease be pollution andliving provide conditions. better The lackresources of financial for and the manpower deliveryattention of to basic reverse services environmental degradation. need • Social problems in therecreational CBD and include cultural inadequate facilities andmaintenance amenities, and poor inadequate lighting ofpublic parks environments and and high crime rates.