Model the Skill    ("'#!"%&# #*)&,   "+!$!!#%' "!#&'('(  ODiscuss the various ways that stu-   *#%)!#%%#*" dents can monitor comprehen-    "*" #"+%&"&&#"& sion while reading a long work  * "%#('%#("''$#"'#'! such as the : paraphras- ing, summarizing, and asking   #%"#%!'#! &$&&#!*% questions.   '% &""%&)"&#''"!   )""'"%'#& #) O Point out that identifying causes   ' '#&$'#%+&&(& and effects is an important part   ('#&#"%"# "%#( of summarizing the sequence, or   "&''%) "' !&#% order, of events. Explain that a   ' &'#"&#*" "  cause makes something happen.  &$" ##  An effect is what happens. OModel how to identify causes and effects in a story. Say, for example:   “To identify a cause, I ask why something happened. To identify     an effect, I ask what happened.” Use a simple chain-of-events chart to     show the causes and effects that move the action along in Book 5. $$ '-$(%(!!$)(,'')'/''$#!")' !")''#'&#((&&##+$&!$&' Chain-of-Events Chart (&+$'#*&&()&#&$"((#,&&$ #& Athena asks Zeus sends $,,'')'+$)!!'('"''##($# Zeus to help Hermes to fi nally leaves #+1&'("(,'')'# $$  $(%' Odysseus. tell Calypso’s %&'$#&$()()!$'' !,%'$0$!'$!&'# to release island. Odysseus. '%& ''%#((#,&''*#$("' !,%'$/'#$( #(&!,)#+!!#%(*(&,#($($" 0 $'' (#'')%%$&(#!%,'')'$#' Guided Practice: Apply !$# $)&#,$+''&(&)'($!%&*$&( Guide students in identifying other "$&(!#)'&''#'("''#&$&"'($ causes and effects that propel the !,%'$/''!#($$&&,'')'&!' !($) !,%'$' action forward in Part One. Write the #$('&'*!&')(*&"'.*#&%&$"''$ events in a chain-of-events chart. ""$&(!(,$&,'')'.(&(#($ %(&$+,&$" Then, have students use the chart '+#!$% to summarize the action as fol- lows: “[Event] happened because of   #*#%&*% #&'#"%!&'+"% [event],” and so on. Tell students to   *#"''#'&('( &" &#" use the chart to identify and schema- tize other series of causes and effects               as they read.            Think About/Talk About Response to Margin Universal Access Question Lines 33–66 Images of Hermes’ flight English Learners paraphrase to understand complex passages. Read aloud include pacing, shooting down, To help build students’ understanding of the epic hero ar- lines 24–32. Then, paraphrase them to explain what the veering, and a gull skimming the chetype, ask them to name more modern fictional heroes lines reveal: “When it was finally time for Odysseus to head white-capped waves. Sensory images with which they are familiar. Possible responses: Super- home, he still had some challenges to face, including dan- of Calypso’s home and island include man; Batman Tell students that such current pop culture gers at home in Ithaca. But all the gods sympathized with a blazing fire; cedar and thyme smoke; heroes have their roots in characters such as Odysseus. him and were on his side by this time, except , who continued to make trouble for Odysseus until he got singing; “pungent cypress”; “ornate  birds”; “a crooking vine”; “purple clus- Invite students to read the selection in interactive home.” Tell students to paraphrase to clarify the meaning of ters”; “springs, bubbling up”; “beds of format in Holt Interactive Reader for ELD. difficult passages as they read. violets”; and “tender parsley.” Struggling Readers  See UA: Differentiating Instruction for lesson To help students read the selection, model how to plans and strategies for teaching struggling readers.

912 Unit 5 • Chapter 9  "       (,*-%'4#*' !).$. ,,2$%(*0!,1.!,     Think About/Talk About   *,*0!,!) '!--') %)-1%-$*".$!1%)       ) .**&.$!1) 1%.$1$% $$! $,(--'!!+5    ! #       Comprehension   *,1$!)$!1%''-1&!5.$!!2!-*"(!)   !        *1) %)$) $!+ ! %).*.$!%,     A Reading Focus  -$*.",*(%!,%4 *1) *1).*-!'!0!' Possible response: The hero is a war-    (   ) 0!!,! .*-&%(.$!-1!''#/''+.,*''%)# 3$/$' 7."*,.$!#* - %0%)! rior who is on his way home after the   !.1!!).$!10! ,!-.-*".$! !-*'.!-! ! .,) (,*-%,!.$! fighting at Troy. Along the way, he has   1%'' %+.* . $"%-$)  */-!$%-1%)#- ,%)&) "** .$.&!!+.$!#* - had many adventures and loses his   )*$%#$!,*0!.$!1$%.! +-!,(!-"'!1 %((*,.' companions. He longs for his home   +2!!/$ +' !  /).%'.$! %-.).%-') '2$!  and wife but is held captive by the %) !).,',!! !)*.",",*(   .$!),%-%)#-$*,!1, ",*(.$!0%*'!.* !) '2(+/-"0*,%.!-+*.*" nymph Calypso. The time has finally   $!-.!++! /+.*.$! 0!%0%)!'2+-* !,(!-6 come for his return to Ithaca. All the   .$!(%-.,!--*".$!%-'!1-)*1.$*(! gods favor him except Poseidon, who   +*)$!,$!,.$-.*)!#,!."%,!'3%)#      will make his travels rough until he       - !).! .$!",.$!-.-$*,!-1%.$ ! ,-(*&! reaches his home.      ) -(*&!*".$2(!) -%)#%)#$%#$) '*1   "   %)$!,-1!!.0*% !!"*,!$!,'**(1!0%)#    Analysis   -$!+--! $!,#*' !)-$/..'!.*) ",*      A    !!+1** #,!1*/.-% !1%.$-/((!,'!0!-      Literary Perspectives Possible response:  *"' !,) ' &+*+',+/)#!). 2+,!-- It appears that the   ,).!%, -$!,!,!-.! .$!%,-.,!. $! 1%)#-5 gods are similar to the ancient Greeks.   $*,)! *1'-"' *)- *,(*,).-5'*)#.*)#/! They enjoy many of the same activities.   ! $ *(%)#%, -) "*''*1!,-*".$!-! B Literary Focus   ,*/) .$!-(**.$1''!  0! ,**&%)#0%)! Possible response: Calypso’s island is  $!' +/,+'! '/-.!,-/) !,+'24*"#,!!)   .1%-.! -.,) - a paradise. Odysseus should want to   ) "*/,-+,%)#-/'%)#/+)!,*)!)*.$!, stay there, but he longs for his home   -$''*1)  '!,.**& $))!'-$!,!) .$!,! and wife.   .$,*/#$! -*"0%*'!.-) .!) !,+,-'!2   0!)#* 1$*"*/) .$%-+' !  1*/' #3!) "!!'$%-$!,.!.1%.$ !'%#$.     -*!,(!- % /.1$!)$!$ #3! $%-"%''   $!!).!,! .$!1% ! 0!*1" !.*" !   .$!(#% ''2+-*,! *#)%3! $%(   -''%((*,.'#* -&)*1*)!)*.$!,  *)-%#$.5.$*/#$-!!(%)#-.,)#!,-",",*($*(!   /.$!-1)*.$%)#*".$!#,!. 2--!/-

                                                                         

Advanced Learners Students with Disabilities Acceleration Allow students to read ahead if they Guide students in reading the passage about Calypso. desire. As they do so, have them identify story lines, Then, help them identify key points to summarize the character types, and themes in the epic that also appear in passage. For example, you might point out the physical contemporary literature and films. Tell students to list the description of Calypso’s cave. recurring elements in their Reader/Writer Notebooks to  Invite students to read the selection in interactive share with the class later. format in UA: Holt Interactive Reader.  See UA: Resources for Teaching Advanced Students for lesson plans and strategies for teaching advanced learners.

Odyssey, Part One 913 Model the Skill who sat apart, as a thousand times before, ■ Review the usual character traits of and racked his own heart groaning, with eyes wet an epic hero: uncommon strength, scanning the bare horizon of the sea. . . . exceptional knowledge, cunning, courage, and daring. Point out that Hermes tells Calypso that she must give up Odysseus Odysseus exemplifies these traits. forever. Now we are directly introduced to Odysseus. Notice what this great warrior is doing when we fi rst ■ Explain that as an epic hero, meet him. Odysseus also undertakes a jour- ney and encounters conflicts 75 The strong god glittering left her as he spoke, Ulysses and along his way. He battles outside and now her ladyship, having given heed Calypso. Red- forces, such as nature or monsters, to Zeus’s mandate, went to find Odysseus Connecting to the Text fi guredgured vase What does the portrayal of and struggles with his own oppos- in his stone seat to seaward—tear on tear (5th century ing needs and feelings. images from mythology on B.C.). Museo brimming his eyes. The sweet days of his lifetime everyday objects, such as Archeologico ■ Model how to identify the conflicts 80 were running out in anguish over his exile, this vase, tell you about the Nazionale, Naples, Odysseus encounters as an epic for long ago the nymph had ceased to please. importance of their myths Italy. hero. Point out that when Calypso Though he fought shy of her and her desire, to ancient Greeks? finds Odysseus, he is crying by he lay with her each night, for she compelled him. the shore. Lines 79–86 reveal that But when day came he sat on the rocky shore Calypso has forced him to stay 85 and broke his own heart groaning, with eyes wet on her island. She represents an scanning the bare horizon of the sea. outside force. Also point out that Now she stood near him in her beauty, saying: during his time with Calypso, Odysseus struggles with opposing “O forlorn man, be still. feelings: his desire for Calypso and Here you need grieve no more; you need not feel his longing for home. 90 your life consumed here; I have pondered it, and I shall help you go. . . .” C Guided Practice: Apply Tell students to use two-column Calypso promises Odysseus a raft and provisions to help him charts to list external conflicts, or homeward without harm—provided the gods wish it. Now struggles with outside forces, that Odysseus and Calypso say goodbye. Odysseus faces, and internal con- flicts, or opposing feelings, he experi- Swiftly she turned and led him to her cave, ences. Have them begin by listing and they went in, the mortal and immortal. Calypso as an external conflict, and He took the chair left empty now by Hermes, desire for Calypso and longing for 95 where the divine Calypso placed before him home as an internal conflict. victuals° and drink of men; then she sat down 96. victuals (VIHT uhlz): food. facing Odysseus, while her serving maids Think as a Reader/Writer brought nectar and ambrosia to her side. Find It in Your Reading Point out Then each one’s hands went out on each one’s feast that lines 79–80 portray Odysseus “in anguish over his exile,” or time away C Reading Focus Asking Questions Calypso claims that it is her idea to release from home. Odysseus. Why do you think she does this?

Use It in Your Writing Have 914 Unit 5 • Chapter 9 students use their Reader/Writer Cross-Curricular Connection Notebooks to briefly summarize what lines 79–80 reveal about what LITERATURE: Greek Gods Activity Have students work in pairs to list examples the Greeks valued. 0914_e0cas9_c09sel_01and Goddesses 914 of the human behavior of gods and goddesses in the 2/27/08 6:55:59 AM • As the example of Calypso demonstrates, gods and Odyssey. Then, have each pair prepare a brief oral goddesses in the Iliad and the Odyssey often behave report on the role of one god or goddess in the story of as capriciously as humans. They exhibit human quali- Odysseus. ties such as jealousy, pride, anger, vindictiveness, and possessiveness. • The “human” behavior of the gods and goddesses of the Odyssey is an important part of the story line be- cause their actions prevent Odysseus from returning home to Ithaca.

914 Unit 5 • Chapter 9 MUSIC LINK Think About/Talk About Modern songwriters have been inspired by the ancient tale of the Odyssey. Here are the lyrics to a song Suzanne Vega recorded and released in 2003. Comprehension Calypso Salt on the waves C Reading Focus And of tears by Suzanne Vega Possible responses: Calypso may be And though he pulled away too proud to tell Odysseus that she My name is Calypso 25 I kept him for years was ordered to free him, or she may And I have lived alone I let him go. want him to think that she is kind and I live on an island generous. And I waken to the dawn My name is Calypso 5 A long time ago I have let him go I watched him struggle with the sea In the dawn he sails away Extend the Discussion I knew that he was drowning 30 To be gone forever more Finding Details The hero of the And I brought him into me And the waves will take him in again Odyssey appears for the first time in Now today But he’ll know their ways now Book 5, on Calypso’s island. He has 10 Come morning light I will stand upon the shore been there for seven years. What He sails away With a clean heart has prevented him from leaving? After one last night 35 And my song in the wind Possible response: He has no means I let him go. The sand will sting my feet of sailing from the island. And the sky will burn My name is Calypso It’s a lonely time ahead Interpreting Book 5 of the Odyssey 15 My garden overfl ows I do not ask him to return contains many images that appeal to Thick and wild and hidden 40 I let him go the senses. What do you think is the Is the sweetness there that grows I let him go. purpose of this imagery? Possible My hair it blows long response: The abundance of sensory As I sing into the wind Ask Yourself images helps explain why Odysseus 20 I tell of nights What refrain does Calypso use in her song? What is initially content to remain on the Where I could taste the salt on his skin insights into Calypso does this song off er you? island as Calypso’s captive.

The Departure of Ulysses from the Isle of Calypso (1848–1849) by Samuel Palmer (1805–1881). The Whitworth Art Gallery, the University of Manchester, U.K. Analyzing Visuals, p. 914 Connecting to the Text: The por- trayal reveals that the ancient Greeks saw the myths as significant to daily life. The stories could have religious as well as artistic merit.

Analyzing Visuals, p. 915 The Romantic English painter Samuel Palmer (1805–1881) depicts Odysseus and Calypso in the Romantic style, with Odysseus sail- ing away on a ship rather than a raft. Extension Activity Tell students Odyssey, Part One 915 Music Link to locate Calypso and Odysseus and interpret their gestures to The song “Calypso” is included on the one another. Possible response: album Solitude Standing by the con- 0915_e0cas9_c09sel_01 915 2/27/08 6:56:06 AM Calypso’s outstretched arms indicate temporary folk singer Suzanne Vega. her release of Odysseus. Odysseus’s It is evidence of the continuing rel- wave is a farewell gesture. evance of the characters, conflicts, and themes of the Odyssey. Ask Yourself Possible response: She uses the refrain, “I let him go.” The song reveals the depth of Calypso’s attachment to Odysseus and her acceptance of his need to leave.

Odyssey, Part One 915 Think About/Talk About 100 until they had had their pleasure; and she said: “Son of Laertes, versatile Odysseus, 101. Laertes (lay UR teez). Extend the Discussion after these years with me, you still desire Summarizing Although Calypso your old home? Even so, I wish you well. tells Odysseus that he is free to go If you could see it all, before you go— home, she still tries to convince 105 all the adversity you face at sea— him to stay with her. What is fore- you would stay here, and guard this house, and be shadowed in her speech? Possible immortal—though you wanted her forever, response: Calypso sees the troubles that bride for whom you pine each day. Odysseus will encounter on his journey Can I be less desirable than she is? home. 110 Less interesting? Less beautiful? Can mortals compare with goddesses in grace and form?” Analyzing Character Traits In line 112, just before he responds to To this the strategist Odysseus answered: Calypso’s offer, Odysseus is described as “the strategist.” What does this “My lady goddess, there is no cause for anger. epithet tell you about Odysseus’s My quiet Penelope—how well I know— response to Calypso? What does it 115 would seem a shade before your majesty, tell you about his character in gen- death and old age being unknown to you, eral? Possible response: Odysseus’s while she must die. Yet, it is true, each day response to Calypso is carefully crafted I long for home, long for the sight of home. . . .” D to avoid offending her and to achieve what he wants—to leave the island So Odysseus builds the raft and sets sail. But the sea god and return home. Odysseus is clever Poseidon is by no means ready to allow an easy passage over and cunning, and he is willing to his watery domain. He raises a storm and destroys the raft. It deceive others if doing so will help him is only with the help of Athena and a sea nymph that Odysseus reach his goals. arrives, broken and battered, on the island of Scheria (SKEE reree uh).e uh). There he hides himself in a pile of leaves and falls into a deep sleep.

A A man in a distant field, no hearth fires near,man in a distant field, no hearth fires near, 120 will hide a fresh brand in his bed of embers 120. brand: burning stick. to keep a spark alive for the next day; so inso in the leaves Odysseus hid himself, the leaves Odysseus hid himself, while over him Athena showered sleep that his distress should end, and soon, soon. 125 In quiet sleep she sealed his cherished eyes. (from Book 5)

D Reading Focus Summarizing How does Odysseus cleverly say no to Calypsos oer of immortality and still not oend her? Vocabulary adversity (ad VUR suh tee) n.: hardship; great misfortune.

Cross-Curricular916 Unit 5 Chapter 9 Connection GEOGRAPHY: Troy to Ithaca Activity Have students work in small groups to trace 0916_e0cas9_c09sel_01• The ancient city 916 of Troy was located in Anatolia, which Odysseus’s journey homeward from Troy to Ithaca. Tell 2/27/08 6:56:07 AM is Turkey today. students to locate Troy on the map and Odysseus’s desti- • Troy stood at the entrance to the Hellespont, a narrow nation of Ithaca. Then, have them use the compass rose passage of water connecting the Aegean Sea to the and map scale to determine the direction he might have Black Sea through the Sea of Marmara. sailed and the distance he might have covered to go • Ithaca is one of the Ionian Islands, which lie o the directly to Ithaca. As students read the selection, direct west coast of Greece. them to return to the map to locate places mentioned, such as Ismaros, the stronghold of the Cicones. When • The Ionian Islands also include Corfu, Cephalonia, they are finished, have students compare their direct Zacynthus, Leucas, Cythera, and Paxos. routes from Troy to Ithaca with Odysseus’s actual route.

916 Unit 5 • Chapter 9 “I am Laertes’ son. . . .” Think About/Talk About Odysseus is found by the daughter of Alcinous, king of the Comprehension Phaeacians. Th at evening he is a guest at court (Books 6–8). To the ancient people of Greece and Asia Minor, all guests D Reading Focus were god-sent. Th ey had to be treated with great courtesy before Possible response: Odysseus avoids they could be asked to identify themselves and state their business. offending Calypso by suggesting that Th at night, at the banquet, the stranger who was washed up on it is a defect in him that makes him the beach is seated in the guest’s place of honor. A blind minstrel, prefer his wife to the eternally youthful or singer, is called, and the mystery guest gives him a gift of pork, and beautiful goddess. crisp with fat, and requests a song about Troy. In eff ect, Odysseus is asking for a song about himself. Analysis Odysseus weeps as the minstrel’s song reminds him of all his A Literary Focus companions, who will never see their homes again. Now Odysseus is asked by the king to identify himself. It is here that he begins the Possible response: Odysseus’s description of himself, which refers story of his journey. to his guile, indicates that the Greeks Now this was the reply Odysseus made: . . . admired cleverness. He mentions his father, which may reflect honor for “I am Laertes’ son, Odysseus. one’s parents. Men hold me formidable for guile in peace and war: Vocabulary: Own the Word this fame has gone abroad to the sky’s rim. • adversity: Ask students to give 130 My home is on the peaked seamark of Ithaca specific examples of an adversity under Mount Neion’s windblown robe of leaves, that Odysseus might face at sea. in sight of other islands—Doulikhion, Possible responses: storms; sharks; Same, wooded Zakynthos—Ithaca interference from Poseidon being most lofty in that coastal sea, • formidable: Review the word’s 135 and northwest, while the rest lie east and south. definition and use in the poem. A rocky isle, but good for a boy’s training; Then, call on students to use formi- I shall not see on earth a place more dear, dable to describe a person or place, though I have been detained long by Calypso, using this frame: [person or place], loveliest among goddesses, who held me formidable for [ ]. Possible 140 in her smooth caves, to be her heart’s delight, responses: Mount Everest, formi- as Circe of Aeaea, the enchantress, dable for its elevation; Martin Luther desired me, and detained me in her hall. King, Jr., formidable for his achieve- But in my heart I never gave consent. A ments in civil rights

A Literary Focus Epic Heroes What does Odysseus’s introduction of himself tell you about the traits that the Greeks admired in a hero? Vocabulary formidable (FAWR muh duh buhl) adj.: awe-inspiring by reason of excellence; strikingly impressive.

Reaching Reluctant Readers Odyssey, Part One 917 To help students make a connection with Odysseus and the as they read the selection, have students work individually 0917_e0cas9_c09sel_01challenges 917 he meets on his journey home from Troy, have or with partners to make a list of Odysseus’s qualities.2/27/08 After 6:56:08 AM students name favorite or familiar superheroes or action they are finished reading, have students compare and heroes, such as Spider-Man, James Bond, Zorro, Wonder contrast the qualities of their favorite superheroes with the Woman, and Indiana Jones. Discuss the character traits qualities of Odysseus. Ask students which of their favorite and experiences of the heroes that students name. Tell stu- superheroes has the most in common with Odysseus. dents to make a list of the various heroes’ qualities. Then,

Odyssey, Part One 917 Think About/Talk About   

Extend the Discussion Analyzing Theme In lines 144–146, Odysseus expresses a theme, or central idea, of the epic. What is that theme? Possible response: Odysseus expresses the desire for home that motivates his actions throughout the epic. Paraphrasing Read and paraphrase lines 149–160. Possible response: Odysseus and his crew sailed from Troy to Ismaros. They attacked and plun- dered the city. When Odysseus told his crew to return to the ship, they did not obey but remained to kill sheep and cattle for food. Meanwhile, some peo- ple escaped and were able to get help.

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

Cross-Curricular Connection HISTORY: Archaeology and • Carl Blegen and the Cincinnati expedition argued Mysteries of History convincingly that Troy VII (c. 1275–1240 B.C.), which • Nine strata, or levels, of settlement were excavated in showed signs of preparation for a long siege, was King the mound called Hissarlik at the site of ancient Troy. Priam’s capital, as described by . • Heinrich Schliemann’s identifi cation of Troy II (c. 2500 Activity Have students work in small groups to inves- to 2200 B.C.) as Homer’s Troy, based on his discovery of tigate other mysteries of history that might be solved gold treasures and evidence of a fi re, was incorrect. one day by archaeologists. Students might research and • A German archaeologist, Wilhelm Dörpfeld, identifi ed report on sites such as Stonehenge, Easter Island, and Troy VI (c. 1800 to 1275 B.C.) as the Troy of the Iliad the Great Serpent Mound in Ohio. based on his excavation of fortifi cations. HSS Analysis Skills: HR 3

918 Unit 5 • Chapter 9 Where shall a man find sweetness to surpass Think About/Talk About 145 his own home and his parents? In far lands he shall not, though he find a house of gold. Analysis

What of my sailing, then, from Troy? 147. e answer to this question B Literary Perspectives WhaWhat of those yearst of those years becomes the content of the epic. Possible response: Ancient armies of rough adventure, weathered under Zeus? regularly killed or enslaved conquered The wind that carried west from Ilion 149. Ilion (IHL ee ahn): another (IHL ee ahn): another peoples and seized their property. 150 brought me to Ismaros, on the far shore, name for Troy. a strongpoint on the coast of the Cicones. Extend the Discussion I stormed that place and killed the men who fought. Making Judgments In lines Plunder we took, and we enslaved the women, 156–160, Odysseus blames his to make division, equal shares to all crew for the attack by the Cicones. 155 but on the spot I told them: ‘Back, and quickly! Why might Odysseus be to blame Out to sea again!’ My men were mutinous, instead? Possible responses: fools, on stores of wine. Sheep after sheep Odysseus may have expected too they butchered by the surf, and shambling cattle, much self-control from his crew; he did feastingwhile fugitives went inland, running not try to stop them from drinking too 160 to call to arms the main force of Cicones. B much wine or from subsequently kill- This was an army, trained to fight on horseback ing the Cicones’ sheep and cattle. or, where the ground required, on foot. They came with dawn over that terrain like the leaves Monitoring Your Reading What and blades of spring. So doom appeared to us, was the outcome of the battle 165 dark word of Zeus for us, our evil days. between Odysseus’s men and the My men stood up and made a fight of it Cicones? Possible response: It backed on the ships, with lances kept in play, appears that Odysseus and his troops from bright morning through the blaze of noon barely got away. They lost several sol- holding our beach, although so far outnumbered; diers in the battle. 170 but when the sun passed toward unyoking time, then the Achaeans, one by one, gave way. Six benches were left empty in every ship that evening when we pulled away from death. And this new grief we bore with us to sea: 175 our precious lives we had, but not our friends. No ship made sail next day until some shipmate had raised a cry, three times, for each poor ghost unfleshed by the Cicones on that field. Now Zeus the lord of cloud roused in the north 180 a storm against the ships, and driving veils

B Literary Perspectives Analyzing Historical Context What does this adventure with the Cicones tell you about the accepted ways in which ancient armies adventure with the Cicones tell you about the accepted ways in which ancient armies treated conquered peoples?

Odyssey, Part One 919 History Link Fascination with the Trojan War and excavations at Troy have continued 0919_e0cas9_c09sel_01into 919 the twenty-first century. In the 2/27/08 6:56:16 AM late 1980s, an international team of scholars and scientists began an ongo- ing dig at the site in Turkey. Ask Yourself Possible response: If the Trojan War occurred, it means that elements of the Odyssey may be based in fact.

Odyssey, Part One 919 Think About/Talk About of squall moved down like night on land and sea. The bows went plunging at the gust; sails Extend the Discussion cracked and lashed out strips in the big wind. We saw death in that fury, dropped the yards,° 184. yards: sails. Analyzing Character Traits What 185 unshipped the oars, and pulled for the nearest lee:° 185. lee: place of shelter from character trait motivates Odysseus then two long days and nights we lay offshore the wind. to send a group ashore in the land of worn out and sick at heart, tasting our grief, the Lotus Eaters? Possible response: until a third Dawn came with ringlets shining. Odysseus’s natural adventurousness Then we put up our masts, hauled sail, and rested, or curiosity motivates him. He explains 190 letting the steersmen and the breeze take over. that he wants “to learn what race of men that land [sustained].” I might have made it safely home, that time, Finding Details In this episode, but as I came round Malea the current Odysseus and his men come to the took me out to sea, and from the north land of the Lotus Eaters. Do the Lotus a fresh gale drove me on, past Cythera.° 194. Cythera (sih THIHR uh). Eaters attempt to harm Odysseus 195 Nine days I drifted on the teeming sea and his men? What causes a problem before dangerous high winds.” C for Odysseus and his men? Possible (from Book 9) response: The Lotus Eaters do not want to harm Odysseus and his men. Odysseus’s men eat the Lotus flowers Th e Lotus Eaters and want to stay where they are for- ever and continue eating, rather than “Upon the tenth return home. Odysseus has to physi- we came to the coastline of the Lotus Eaters, cally force his men to board the ship. who live upon that flower. We landed there 200 to take on water. All ships’ companies mustered° alongside for the midday meal. 201. mustered: gathered; Then I sent out two picked men and a runner assembled. to learn what race of men that land sustained. They fell in, soon enough, with Lotus Eaters, 205 who showed no will to do us harm, only offering the sweet Lotus to our friends— but those who ate this honeyed plant, the Lotus, never cared to report, nor to return: they longed to stay forever, browsing on 210 that native bloom, forgetful of their homeland. I drove them, all three wailing, to the ships, tied them down under their rowing benches, and called the rest: ‘All hands aboard; come, clear the beach and no one taste

C Reading Focus Asking Questions What has caused the storm that results in the ships drifting on the teeming sea for nine days? Universal920 Unit 5 • Chapter Access 9

English Learners Struggling Readers 0920_e0cas9_c09sel_01English for Academic 920 Success Pair English learners Benchmark Students To enhance comprehension, 2/27/08 6:56:17 AM with fluent readers, and have students take turns have students pause after each episode in the selection reading aloud passages with their partners. Have fluent to review the material with partners. Direct student students read the passages aloud first, explaining unfa- pairs to identify the main ideas of the excerpt and then miliar vocabulary and sorting out complex syntax. Then, write summaries of it. Collect and review students’ have English learners read the same passage aloud, summaries to check their comprehension before they while fluent readers coach and correct them. proceed to the next episode. ✔ ✔ See UA: Differentiating Instruction for strategies Invite students to read the selection in interactive for teaching English learners. format in UA: Holt Interactive Reader.

920 Unit 5 • Chapter 9    " " $ Think About/Talk About    "!   "    Comprehension   !       #       C Reading Focus Possible response: Zeus causes the storm because he is angry about the    behavior of Odysseus’s men on the !   "   island of the Cicones. "  " #" A Reading Focus " "   " Possible response: Odysseus ties the        "" men down so they will not stay on the   "  island, but continue home on the ship.   "   Odysseus seems to be concerned about the welfare and survival of his crew, though he may just need a certain           & & " !$! number of men to sail the ship. He is !   & " ) ! $!&"""!     able to control his own curiosity, at  $("! "  !&  least in the case of the Lotus Eaters.    & '  #  % 

Students Who Use African Then, have each student make a statement about the ac- we, you they American Vernacular English tions of Odysseus and his men, using , and as English for Academic Success Some students may subjects and present-tense verb forms. add -s to verbs with plural subjects, saying We rides, Advanced Learners for example, instead of We ride. Have students correct Enrichment Have small groups of students read Alfred, the subject-verb agreement in these sentences: Lord Tennyson’s poem “The Lotus Eaters.” Tell students to • We comes to an island. [We come to an island.] identify details in the poem that reflect the episode in the • You waits on the ship. [You wait on the ship.] Odyssey and to compare and contrast the themes of the • They eats the Lotus fl owers. [They eat the Lotus two poems. Ask groups to present their ideas to the class in fl owers.] the form of a panel discussion.

Odyssey, Part One 921 Think About/Talk About It is Odysseuss famed curiosity that leads him to the Cyclopss cave and that makes him insist on waiting for the barbaric giant. Extend the Discussion Odysseus is still speaking to the court of King Alcinous. Finding Details Where are Odysseus and his companions when “We lit a fire, burnt an offering, they first encounter the Cyclops? 220 and took some cheese to eat; then sat in silence Possible response: They are in the around the embers, waiting. When he came Cyclops’s cave. he had a load of dry boughs on his shoulder to stoke his fire at suppertime. He dumped it Making Judgments What do you with a great crash into that hollow cave, think about Odysseus’s curiosity about the places he encounters on 225 and we all scattered fast to the far wall. his way home from Troy? Is this an Then over the broad cavern floor he ushered admirable quality? Explain. Possible the ewes he meant to milk. He left his rams responses: It is admirable because he and he-goats in the yard outside, and swung wants to learn about new people and high overhead a slab of solid rock places; it is not admirable because he 230 to close the cave. Two dozen four-wheeled wagons, endangers his crew and has already with heaving wagon teams, could not have stirred been gone from his family for a the tonnage of that rock from where he wedged it long time. over the doorsill. Next he took his seat A and milked his bleating ewes. A practiced job 235 he made of it, giving each ewe her suckling; thickened his milk, then, into curds and whey, sieved out the curds to drip in withy baskets, 237. withy baskets: baskets and poured the whey to stand in bowls made from willow twigs. cooling until he drank it for his supper. 240 When all these chores were done, he poked the fire, heaping on brushwood. In the glare he saw us.

‘Strangers,’ he said, ‘who are you? And where from? What brings you here by seaways—a fair traffic? Or are you wandering rogues, who cast your lives 245 like dice, and ravage other folk by sea?’

We felt a pressure on our hearts, in dread of that deep rumble and that mighty man. But all the same I spoke up in reply:

A Literary Focus Epic Heroes and Conict Epic heroes need a mighty opponent to prove their bravery. How does Homer make it clear that Odysseus faces a worthy to prove their bravery. How does Homer make it clear that Odysseus faces a worthy opponent in the Cyclops?

Cross-Curricular922 Unit 5 Chapter 9 Connection SOCIAL STUDIES: Greek Hospitality • Odysseus’s request for hospitality is rejected by the 0922_e0cas9_c09sel_01• Both the Iliad 922 and the Odyssey contain numerous barbaric Cyclops, who does not recognize the customs 2/27/08 6:56:24 AM references to the customs of hospitality among the of Greek society. Greeks. • The host-guest relationship is abused by the suitors • The Trojan prince Paris causes the Trojan War by in Ithaca, who lay waste to Odysseus’s household and abducting the beautiful Helen of Sparta while a guest harass his wife while their host is absent. of Helen’s husband, the Greek king Menelaus. • Alcinous, the king of the Phaeacians, presents Odys- HSS Analysis Skills: HI 3 seus with a magically swift ship in which to sail home, as a sign of guest friendship.

922 Unit 5 • Chapter 9 CULTURE LINK Think About/Talk About Greek Hospitality Analysis Today’s visitors to Greece are often struck by the generous A Literary Focus hospitality of its people. An ancient Greek tradition lies behind Possible response: The poet shows the traveler’s welcome—and it is a tradition that was the brute strength of the Cyclops by fundamentally religious before it became a part of social having him lift a huge, extremely custom. Zeus, the king of the gods, demanded that strangers heavy slab of rock; he also describes be treated graciously. Hosts had a religious duty to welcome the Cyclops’s strength as greater than strangers, and guests had a responsibility to respect them. that of twenty-four wagons with This close interconnection and mutual respect between host andand guest are refl ected in the fact that the word xenos (ZEHN wagon teams. nohs) in ancient Greek can mean both “host” and “guest.” B Literary Perspectives Ask Yourself Possible response: Odysseus’s remark How is the tradition of hospitality expressed in Homer’s indicates that in Greek society, it is cus- epic? tomary to honor strangers as guests. Strangers are protected by the gods and are supposed to be treated with courtesy.

‘We are from Troy, Achaeans, blown off course Extend the Discussion 250 by shifting gales on the Great South Sea; Interpreting The Cyclops asks homeward bound, but taking routes and ways whether “a fair traffic” brings uncommon; so the will of Zeus would have it. Odysseus and his men to his island. We served under Agamemnon,° son of Atreus°— 253. Agamemnon (ag uh What does this phrase mean, and the whole world knows what city MEHM nahn). Atreus (AY tree uhs). what is the Cyclops trying to deter- 255 he laid waste, what armies he destroyed. mine with his question? Possible It was our luck to come here; here we stand, response: “A fair traffic” is legitimate beholden for your help, or any gifts business, such as that of traders or you give—as custom is to honor strangers. sailors. The Cyclops is trying to find out We would entreat you, great Sir, have a care whether the strangers’ business in his 260 for the gods’ courtesy; Zeus will avenge cave is legitimate or whether they have the unoffending guest.’ B come to harm him in some way.

He answered this from his brute chest, unmoved: ‘You are a ninny, or else you come from the other end of nowhere,

B Literary Perspectives Analyzing Historical Context In this passage Odysseus informs the Cyclops that Zeus will punish the Cyclops if he injures or harms his guests. What conclusion can you draw about Greek society from this remark?

Odyssey, Part One 923 Culture Link The word xenos means both “stranger” Activity Have students work with partners to locate and “guest” in ancient and modern 0923_e0cas9_c09sel_01additional 923 references to hospitality in the episodes Greek, reflecting the Greeks’ belief2/27/08 that 6:56:29 AM from the Odyssey. Tell students to list and interpret ref- strangers are entitled to hospitality. erences they find, answering the following questions: Ask Yourself Who is the host? Who is the guest? What language Possible response: Odysseus and his does the host use in greeting the guest? What lan- men cry to Zeus for help. Later, with guage does the guest use? What gifts are exchanged? Zeus’s help, they avenge the Cyclops’s brutal actions against them as “unof- fending guests.”

Odyssey, Part One 923 Think as a Reader/Writer   - %%#'!& &#'-" !(, 1%() , Find It in Your Reading Point out  + '(-0"#,-%  (+1(.+-".' +#'! ., that in lines 257–269, Odysseus tells   (+%%-" !(,#'%#,, 0 "/ &(+  (+ 1 + the Cyclops how he   0(.%'(-% -1(.!( (+ +(  .,2 and his crew have come to be there   1(.(+1(.+ +# ',2.'% ,,"0"#&-( and cautions Polyphemus to treat    %%& 0" + 0,#-'(01(.% -1(.+,"#)2 them well—to which Polyphemus   +(.'-" )(#'-(+(0'-" ,"(+ 0(' +4 responds negatively.    -"(.!"-" 4 #'(.-.-,0-"+(.!"-"#, Use It in Your Writing Have   '',0 + 0#-"+ 1%# students use their Reader/Writer Notebooks to summarize in one or two sentences why they believe  31,"#) Polyphemus responded as he did.   (, #('(+0"(, -,-"  +-"-+ &%    +($ #-.)('-" +($,-1(.+%'4, '   0#' +(&, 0+, +/ "#&+(/ .,-" +  Think About/Talk About    + ,.+/#/(+,-" , !((& ''4 Extend the Discussion $  $"       #-" ++ )%1'(+)#-1&  +(&"#& !" $ " "  !  ! Monitoring Your Reading The   .-#'(' ,-+# " %.-" -&1(&)'#(',   Cyclops asks Odysseus where he left   '.!"--0(#'"#,"',%#$ ,*.#+&#'!).))# , his ship. Why does the Cyclops want   -( --" #++#',(.-,)-- +#'!-"  %((+ to know the ship’s location, and what   " '" #,& & + -" &'& "#,& % is Odysseus’s response? Possible   !)#'!'+.'"#'!%#$ &(.'-#'%#('2 response: The Cyclops asks where the   / +1-"#'! #''+, % ,"'&++(0(' , ship is because he wants to destroy it.    +# %(.%# -#'!(.+"',-( ., Odysseus tells a lie and says that the   )(0 +% ,,%(($#'!('--"#,))%%  ship has already been destroyed by   .-1%(),0 '-(' #%%#'!.)"#, %%1 Poseidon.   0#-"&' % ,"'!+ -!.%),( 0" 1 Characterization What does   -" '%1(0'%#$ &,-&('!"#,," ) Odysseus’s remark in line 271 indi-   1" +- -"#!"'(0--" "' ( -#(' cate about his character? Possible   '+0#'!-" ,"+),0(+ +(&&1"#)0 '- response: His remark shows that he   %('!"#, %'$-(,-"#&0" + -" &#+# is not deceived by the Cyclops but is   "(%,-" %#/ +"-(." -" ,)(- quick-witted and perceptive.   0" ',. ' +,-1 & # $#%% "#&   0 ) +#," -" + ,0 %% (+0 (.%' / +   &(/ "#,)(' +(.,((+01,%,#    (0 0 + % --(!+(''0#- (+&(+'#'! 

          $ %! $ " !$ !!  !!" ! $ "   #   Universal Access Struggling Readers • Provide students with prediction questions such as Strategic Students Tell students to act as detectives “Why is Odysseus making the pointed stake?” Have when they read by combining clues in the text with students fi ll out the chart to make predictions that what they already know to predict what will happen answer the questions. Students should list text clues next. Explain, for example, that students could use text and information they already know in the appropriate details about Odysseus’s character and their own knowl- columns. After students make their predictions, have edge about human behavior to predict that Odysseus them read on to fi nd out what really happens. would escape from the land of the Lotus Eaters. e Se UA: Differentiating Instruction for lesson • Have each student make a four-column chart with the plans and strategies for teaching struggling readers. headings Text Clues, What I Already Know, My Predic- tion, and Actual Outcome.

924 Unit 5 • Chapter 9 When the young Dawn with fingertips of rose Think About/Talk About lit up the world, the Cyclops built a fire and milked his handsome ewes, all in due order, Comprehension 300 putting the sucklings to the mothers. Then, his chores being all dispatched, he caught C Reading Focus another brace of men to make his breakfast, 302. brace: pair. Possible response: Although the and whisked away his great door slab Cyclops is asleep and vulnerable, to let his sheep go throughbut he, behind, Odysseus cannot kill him because the 305 reset the stone as one would cap a quiver. 305. quiver: case for arrows. escape route is blocked. Odysseus must There was a din of whistling as the Cyclops devise a way to defeat the Cyclops rounded his flock to higher ground, then stillness. while the escape route is open and And now I pondered how to hurt him worst, before the giant eats all his men. if but Athena granted what I prayed for. D Reading Focus 310 Here are the means I thought would serve my turn: Possible response: Odysseus plans to use the stake to stab the Cyclops in a club, or staff, lay there along the fold the eye. an olive tree, felled green and left to season for Cyclops hand. And it was like a mast a lugger of twenty oars, broad in the beam 314. lugger: type of sailboat. Analysis 315 a deep-seagoing craftmight carry: E Literary Focus so long, so big around, it seemed. Now I Possible response: Earlier, he had chopped out a six-foot section of this pole prayed to Athena. Now, by drawing and set it down before my men, who scraped it; lots, he allows Athena to control the and when they had it smooth, I hewed again outcome. 320 to make a stake with pointed end. I held this in the fires heart and turned it, toughening it, Vocabulary: Own the Word then hid it, well back in the cavern, under profusion: Write the word profu- one of the dung piles in profusion there. D sion on the board, and draw lines Now came the time to toss for it: who ventured between the prefix pro-, the root 325 along with me? Whose hand could bear to thrust fus-, and the suffix -ion. Explain that and grind that spike in Cyclops eye, when mild pro- means “forth,” fus- means “pour,” sleep had mastered him? As luck would have it, and -ion means “the result of.” Use the men I would have chosen won the toss these word parts to define profusion four strong men, and I made five as captain. E as “the result of pouring forth”—that is, “abundance.” Then, ask students to name things that might be found D Reading Focus Paraphrasing Restate in your own words what Odysseus plans “in profusion” and where. Possible to do with the stake. responses: flowers in a field; dirty E Literary Focus Epic Heroes As the leader, Odysseus could have simply chosen dishes in a sink; leaves under trees; lit- the men he wanted for the job. Why do you think he draws lots? ter in the street Vocabulary profusion (pruh FYOO zhuhn) n.: large supply; abundance.

Cross-Curricular Connection Odyssey, Part One 925 FINE ART: Myths and Symbols • Athena became Athens’ patron goddess, and the Athe- 0925_e0cas9_c09sel_01• The 925 olive pole Odysseus uses as a weapon may be an al- nians built the Parthenon to honor her. 2/27/08 6:56:32 AM lusion to Athena, as the olive tree is associated with the Activity Have students research other symbols or objects goddess in Greek myth. associated with Athena and other gods and goddesses. • Athena competed with Poseidon for control of Attica, Have them find and share artwork that depicts the gods where Athens is located. Poseidon produced water on and goddesses symbolically. Athens’ rocky Acropolis. Athena made an olive tree grow there and won the contest.

Odyssey, Part One 925 Think About/Talk About 330 At evening came the shepherd with his flock, his woolly flock. The rams as well, this time, Extend the Discussion entered the cave: by some sheepherding whim or a god’s biddingnone were left outside. Foreshadowing In the evening, He hefted his great boulder into place the Cyclops returns with his flock. 335 and sat him down to milk the bleating ewes Odysseus says the rams also enter in proper order, put the lambs to suck, the cave by “a god’s bidding.” What and swiftly ran through all his evening chores. does he mean by this? Possible Then he caught two more men and feasted on them. response: He may mean that a god, My moment was at hand, and I went forward perhaps Athena, has made sure the 340 holding an ivy bowl of my dark drink, rams entered the cave and that they will play a part in his escape and the looking up, saying: escape of his men. ‘Cy‘Cyclops, try some wine.clops, try some wine. Response to Here’s liquor to wash down your scraps of men. Taste it, and see the kind of drink we carried Margin Question under our planks. I meant it for an offering Line 360 Odysseus deliberately 345 if you would help us home. But you are mad, gives a name that sounds a bit like unbearable, a bloody monster! After this, “nobody”; it is a detail related to his will any other traveler come to see you?’ escape plan. He seized and drained the bowl, and it went down so fiery and smooth he called for more:

350 ‘Give me another, thank you kindly. Tell me, how are you called? I’ll make a gift will please you. Even know the wine grapes grow out of grassland and loam in heaven’s rain, but here’s a bit of nectar and ambrosia!’

355 Three bowls I brought him, and he poured them down. I saw the fuddle and flush come over him, then I sang out in cordial tones:

‘Cyclops, yyou ask my honorable name? Rememberou ask my honorable name? Remember the gift you promised me, and I shall tell you. 360 My name is Nohbdy: mother, father, and friends, 360. e Greek word for everyone calls me Nohbdy.’ “nobody” is outis, which sounds somewhat like “Odysseus.” Why do you think Odysseus says his name is Nohbdy?

926 Unit 5 Chapter 9

0926_e0cas9_c09sel_01 926 2/27/08 6:56:32 AM

926 Unit 5 • Chapter 9 And he said: Think About/Talk About ‘Nohbdy’s my meat, then, after I eat his friends. Others come first. There’s a noble gift, now.’ Extend the Discussion Drawing Conclusions Odysseus Even as he spoke, he reeled and tumbled backward, serves the Cyclops several bowls of 365 his great head lolling to one side; and sleep wine. What is his purpose in doing took him like any creature. Drunk, hiccuping, so? Possible response: Odysseus he dribbled streams of liquor and bits of men. wants the Cyclops to fall asleep so that he and his men can blind the giant Now, by the gods, I drove my big hand spike with the stake. deep in the embers, charring it again, 370 and cheered my men along with battle talk Analyzing Irony Odysseus tells the to keep their courage up: no quitting now. Cyclops his name is Nohbdy. Why The pike of olive, green though it had been, is the Cyclops’s statement in lines reddened and glowed as if about to catch. 362–363 that he will eat Nohbdy I drew it from the coals and my four fellows last ironic? Possible response: The The Blinding of Polyphemus. Greek 375 gave me a hand, lugging it near the Cyclops Cyclops will indeed eat nobody, as black fi gure hydria (water jar). Museo Odysseus escapes and lives to tell as more than natural force nerved them; straight Nazionale di Villa Giulia, Rome, Italy. forward they sprinted, lifted it, and rammed it the story. deep in his crater eye, and I leaned on it turning it as a shipwright turns a drill 380 in planking, having men below to swing the two-handled strap that spins it in the groove. So with our brand we bored that great eye socket while blood ran out around the red-hot bar. Eyelid and lash were seared; the pierced ball hissed broiling, and the roots popped.

385 In a smithy° 385. smithy: blacksmith’s shop, one sees a white-hot axhead or an adze° where iron tools are made. plunged and wrung in a cold tub, screeching steam— 386. adze (adz): axlike tool with a long, curved blade. the way they make soft iron hale and hard— just so that eyeball hissed around the spike. 390 The Cyclops bellowed and the rock roared round him, and we fell back in fear. Clawing his face he tugged the bloody spike out of his eye, threw it away, and his wild hands went groping; then he set up a howl for Cyclopes 395 who lived in caves on windy peaks nearby. Some heard him; and they came by divers° ways 396. divers (DY vuhrz): diverse; to clump around outside and call: various.

Universal Access Odyssey, Part One 927 Advanced Learners • How does the simile make the idea come alive? 0927_e0cas9_c09sel_01Draw 927 students’ attention to the simile in lines 385–389. • In what ways is the simile original? 2/27/08 6:56:35 AM Tell students that a Homeric, or epic, simile is a detailed Have students find additional examples of Homeric comparison that builds over several lines. Have students similes in the epic and analyze their effects. analyze the Homeric simile with the following ✔ See UA: Resources for Teaching Advanced questions: Students for strategies for teaching advanced learners. • What is being compared here? • How are these two unlike things alike?

Odyssey, Part One 927 Think About/Talk About ‘What ails you, Polyphemus? Why do you cry so sore Literary Connections in the starry night? You will not let us sleep. Explain that line 433 is an example 400 Sure no man’s driving off your flock? No man of a figure of speech known as has tricked you, ruined you?’ personification, in which human qualities (“spread out her fingertips Out of the cave of rose”) are bestowed on a nonhu- the mammoth Polyphemus roared in answer: man thing (Dawn). Ask students how the personification of Dawn helps ‘Nohbdy, Nohbdy’s tricked me. Nohbdy’s ruined me!’ them visualize the scene. Possible response: The image of rosy fingertips To this rough shout they made a sage° reply: 404. sage (sayj): wise. spread against the sky brings to mind the red streaks that appear in the sky 405 ‘Ah well, if nobody has played you foul at dawn. there in your lonely bed, we are no use in pain given by great Zeus. Let it be your father, Extend the Discussion Poseidon Lord, to whom you pray.’ Analyzing Irony What is ironic about Polyphemus’s response to the So saying other Cyclopes’ questions? Possible they trailed away. And I was filled with laughter response: When he tells the other 410 to see how like a charm the name deceived them. Cyclopes that Nohbdy has ruined him, Now Cyclops, wheezing as the pain came on him, they think he is saying that no one has ruined him. Odysseus escaping from the cave of Polyphemus under the belly of the ram. Detail Response to Margin from a krater, a vessel for holding wine (c. 510 B.C.). Question Lines 421–442 After blinding the Cyclops, Odysseus and his men cling to the bellies of the giant’s rams, which carry the men safely out of the cave on their way to pasture. I visualize the men being very frightened, especially when the Cyclops strokes each ram. Some might take large mouthfuls of wool to keep silent and not cry out in terror. Connecting to the Text How well does this image express Homer’s description of Odysseus’s escape (see lines 421–432)? Why do you think so?

Universal928 Unit 5 • Chapter Access 9 Struggling Readers • Clues in the poem, such as Odysseus’s rhetorical 0928_e0cas9_c09sel_01To increase comprehension, 928 discuss the sequence of question “What of those years / of rough adventure, 2/27/08 6:56:38 AM events in the Odyssey. Tell students that the Odyssey is weathered under Zeus?” make it clear that Odysseus is not structured in strict chronological, or time, order. talking about events that occurred in the distant past. • Explain that Book 5, for example, describes Odysseus’s As they read the selection, help students make a stay on Calypso’s island, which happened after the time line of the main events in the story. adventures that Odysseus relates to King Alcinous and his court in Books 9–12. • Point out that these adventures, including the story of the Cyclops, are told as a  ashback.

928 Unit 5 • Chapter 9 fumbled to wrench away the great doorstone Think About/Talk About and squatted in the breach with arms thrown wide for any silly beast or man who bolted Analysis 415 hoping somehow I might be such a fool. But I kept thinking how to win the game: F Literary Focus death sat there huge; how could we slip away? Possible response: Odysseus displays I drew on all my wits, and ran through tactics, patience and ingenuity. reasoning as a man will for dear life, 420 until a trick cameand it pleased me well. Extend the Discussion 421442. Explain Odys- The Cyclops’ rams were handsome, fat, with heavy Drawing Conclusions Earlier, fleeces, a dark violet. seuseussss trick. What do you visualize happening in this scene? Odysseus mentioned that the rams Three abreastThree abreast entered the cave at some god’s I tied them silently together, twining bidding. How does that benefit cords of willow from the ogre’s bed; Odysseus? Possible response: The 425 then slung a man under each middle one rams are large enough to carry his men to ride there safely, shielded left and right. out of the cave. So three sheep could convey each man. I took the woolliest ram, the choicest of the flock, and hung myself under his kinky belly, Analyzing Visuals 430 pulled up tight, with fingers twisted deep Connecting to the Text: The image in sheepskin ringlets for an iron grip. expresses Homer’s description well So, breathing hard, we waited until morning. F because it shows Odysseus hanging on to the underside of the ram. When Dawn spread out her fingertips of rose the rams began to stir, moving for pasture, 435 and peals of bleating echoed round the pens where dams with udders full called for a milking. Blinded, and sick with pain from his head wound, the master stroked each ram, then let it pass, but my men riding on the pectoral fleece 439. pepectoral eece:ctoral eece: wool on an 440 the giant’s blind hands blundering never found. animal’s chest. Last of them all my ram, the leader, came, weighted by wool and me with my meditations. The Cyclops patted him, and then he said: ‘Sweet cousin ram, why lag behind the rest 445 in the night cave? You never linger so, but graze before them all, and go afar to crop sweet grass, and take your stately way

F Literary Focus Epic Heroes What character traits does Odysseus show here?

929 Universal Access Odyssey, Part One

Students Who Use African Have students scan the text on these pages for examples 0929_e0cas9_c09sel_01American 929 Vernacular English of possessives. Ask students which pattern the examples2/27/08 6:56:38 AM English for Academic Success Create a chart to contrast they find follow—informal or formal. Then, add the text possessives in informal and formal English: examples of possessives to the chart. Remind students that the Odyssey is a literary text that features formal English Informal Formal patterns. Caleb watch, Caleb’s watch, ✔ For additional instruction and strategies, see Janeen purse, Janeen’s purse, ThinkCentral, Teacher Access. the teacher the teacher’s desk desk

Odyssey, Part One 929 Think About/Talk About leading along the streams, until at evening you run to be the first one in the fold. Extend the Discussion 450 Why, now, so far behind? Can you be grieving over your Master’s eye? That carrion rogue 451. carrion rogue: rotten Identifying Cause and Effect In and his accurst companions burnt it out scoundrel. Carrion is decaying lines 465–470, as Odysseus and his esh. when he had conquered all my wits with wine. men approach their ship, they notice Nohbdy will not get out alive, I swear. that their shipmates’ faces look joyful 455 Oh, had you brain and voice to tell and then sad. What is the cause of where he may be now, dodging all my fury! their change in expression? Possible Bashed by this hand and bashed on this rock wall response: Their shipmates rejoice his brains would strew the floor, and I should have when they see that Odysseus and his party are safe but become mournful rest from the outrage Nohbdy worked upon me.’ 459. Dramatic irony occu occurs rs when we know something when they realize that some men 460 He sent us into the open, then. Close by, that a character does not know. are missing. What is ironic in the scene with I dropped and rolled clear of the ram’s belly, the Cyclops and his best ram? Analyzing Irony What is ironic going this way and that to untie the men. about the Cyclops’s statement in line With many glances back, we rounded up 454? Possible response: By using his fat, stiff-legged sheep to take aboard, an unintended double negative, the 465 and drove them down to where the good ship lay. Cyclops inadvertently predicts what is We saw, as we came near, our fellows’ faces about to happen: everybody will get shining; then we saw them turn to grief out alive. tallying those who had not fled from death. I hushed them, jerking head and eyebrows up, 470 and in a low voice told them: ‘Load this herd; move fast, and put the ship’s head toward the breakers.’ They all pitched in at loading, then embarked and struck their oars into the sea. Far out, as far offshore as shouted words would carry, 475 I sent a few back to the adversary:

‘O Cyclops! Would you feast on my companions? Puny, am I, inPuny, am I, in a Caveman’s hands? a Caveman’s hands? How do you like the beating that we gave you, you damned cannibal? Eater of guests 480 under your roof! Zeus and the gods have paid you!’

The blind thing in his doubled fury broke a hilltop in his hands and heaved it after us. Ahead of our black prow it struck and sank

Vocabulary adversary (AD vuhr sehr ee) n.: enemy; opponent.

Cross-Curricular930 Unit 5 Chapter 9 Connection LITERATURE: Character Analysis don as the embodiment of “the power of nature,” and 0930_e0cas9_c09sel_01a• Literary critic 930Erwin F. Cook has argued that the Odys- Athena as an example of “the ingenuity which renders 2/27/08 7:00:12 AM sey contrasts metis, “cunning intelligence,” and bie (or that power useful or protects us from it.” bia), “violent might.” Activity Have students form small groups to discuss • Odysseus shows metis throughout his adventures. Cook’s ideas and explain whether they agree with them. Athena, his patron goddess, also possesses metis. Tell students to cite evidence from episodes in the Odys- • Poseidon, his son the Cyclops, and other gures in the sey to support their opinions. Have them consider the poem who oppose Odysseus exhibit bie. contrast between “cunning intelligence” and “violent • In Cook’s view, Poseidon and Athena represent “the might” as they read the rest of the selection and gather Greek polarization of nature and culture,” with Posei- details that confirm or refute Cook’s argument.

930 Unit 5 • Chapter 9 whelmed in a spuming geyser, a giant wave Think About/Talk About 485 that washed the ship stern foremost back to shore. I got the longest boathook out and stood Comprehension fending us off, with furious nods to all to put their backs into a racing stroke G Reading Focus row, row or perish. So the long oars bent Possible response: No; now that 490 kicking the foam sternward, making head the Cyclops knows that it was really until we drew away, and twice as far. Odysseus who blinded him, he can Now when I cupped my hands I heard the crew seek revenge through his father, in low voices protesting: Poseidon.

‘Godsake, Captain!‘Godsake, Captain! Analysis Why bait the beast again? Let him alone!’ H Literary Focus 495 ‘That tidal wave he made on the first throw Possible response: The Cyclops all but beached us.’ underestimated his adversary. He was so sure of his own strength that he did ‘All but stove us in!’‘All but stove us in!’ not take into account that he would be ‘Give him our bearing with your trumpeting, vulnerable to cleverness. he’ll get the range and lob a boulder.’ 498. lob: toss. Vocabulary: Own the Word ‘Aye adversary: Review the definition He’ll smash our timbers and our heads together!’He’ll smash our timbers and our heads together!’ provided for the Vocabulary word. Then, ask students these questions: 500 I would not heed them in my glorying spiritI would not heed them in my glorying spirit Who is Odysseus’s adversary here? but let my anger flare and yelled: Possible response: the Cyclops Who is the Cyclops’s adversary? Possible ‘Cyclops, response: Odysseus What god is an if if ever mortal man inquireever mortal man inquire adversary of Odysseus? Possible how you were put to shame and blinded, tell him response: Poseidon Odysseus, raider of cities, took your eye: 505 Laertes’ son, whose home’s on Ithaca!’ G

At this he gave a mighty sob and rumbled:

‘Now comes the weird upon me, spoken of old. H 507. weweird:ird: fate.

G Reading Focus Asking Questions Odysseus loves to boast. Is he wise to reveal hishis real name to the Cyclops? Why or why not? real name to the Cyclops? Why or why not? H Literary Focus Epic Heroes What character aws have led to the Cyclopss downfall? Developing Oral Fluency Odyssey, Part One 931 Use the dialogue between the Cyclops, Odysseus, and Group Activity Have students form groups for a reader’s 0931_e0cas9_c09sel_01aOdysseus’s 931 crew in lines 476–538 to give students practice theater presentation of the dialogue, using the text2/27/08 as a 7:00:13 AM in reading dialogue. Tell students that using expression script. Have students read their scripts while standing at and appropriate pacing, or speed, is important in reading lecterns or sitting on stools or chairs at the front of the dialogue. Remind them that in poetry, punctuation marks, classroom. not the ends of lines, signal where to pause or when to ✔ See the Oral Language Skill Builder in UA: Differenti- make changes in inflection for statements, questions, or ating Instruction. exclamations. Model reading a portion of the dialogue in lines 493–505 with several fluent volunteers.

Odyssey, Part One 931 Think About/Talk About A wizard, grand and wondrous, lived here—Telemus,° 508. Telemus (TEHL uh muhs). a son of Eurymus;° great length of days 509. Eurymus (YOO ree muhs). Extend the Discussion 510 he had in wizardry among the Cyclopes, and these things he foretold for time to come: Paraphrasing In lines 529–538, my great eye lost, and at Odysseus’ hands. the Cyclops asks Poseidon to fulfill a Always I had in mind some giant, armed request against Odysseus. What does in giant force, would come against me here. the Cyclops ask? Possible response: 517. How is Odysseus 515 But this, but you—small, pitiful, and twiggy— He asks Poseidon to prevent Odysseus diff erent from the force the you put me down with wine, you blinded me. from reaching his home, and that if Cyclops thought would come Come back, Odysseus, and I’ll treat you well, against him? destiny allows him to go home, that it praying the god of earthquake to befriend you— happens only after many years and the loss of all his companions. his son I am, for he by his avowal 520 fathered me, and, if he will, he may Synthesizing What parts of the heal me of this black wound—he and no other Cyclops’s curse come true? How of all the happy gods or mortal men.’ do you know? Possible response: Odysseus returns home, but it takes Few words I shouted in reply to him: him many years and his companions all perish. The invocation of the Muse ‘If I could take your life I would and take at the beginning of Book 1 reveals this 525 your time away, and hurl you down to hell! information. The god of earthquake could not heal you there!’

Think as a Reader/Writer At this he stretched his hands out in his darkness Circe giving a drugged potion to Odysseus Find It in Your Reading Have toward the sky of stars, and prayed Poseidon: (late 5th century B.C.). Ceramic cup. students reread line 517. Ask them what the Cyclops promises to do for ‘O hear me, lord, blue girdler of the islands, Odysseus if he returns. 530 if I am thine indeed, and thou art father: Use It in Your Writing Have stu- grant that Odysseus, raider of cities, never dents summarize what the Cyclops see his home: Laertes’ son, I mean, episode reveals about behavior who kept his hall on Ithaca. Should destiny Greek society valued and behavior it intend that he shall see his roof again rejected. 535 among his family in his fatherland, far be that day, and dark the years between. Response to Margin Let him lose all companions, and return Question under strange sail to bitter days at home.’ . . .” I Line 517 Odysseus is smaller and (from Book 9) comes with a less formidable crew of men. I Reading Focus Summarizing What curse does the Cyclops lay on Odysseus and his men?

932 Unit 5 • Chapter 9

0932_e0cas9_c09sel_01a 932 2/27/08 7:00:14 AM

932 Unit 5 • Chapter 9 !!   % Think About/Talk About    ! %  ! &    $  Comprehension % # $    ! " $  I Reading Focus Possible response: The Cyclops curses Odysseus and his crew, asking Poseidon to keep Odysseus at sea for       many “dark” years and for all his crew ' #$  #    members to perish rather than reach   % !  ##! home.  #      #!   A Reading Focus  #!    %  $   Possible response: A group of !!  # $ '  Odysseus’s men have found the house # !        of Circe and hear her singing inside.     !    Around her house are tame wolves and   !     ! # mountain lions.      # !"  #'       # $ #  Extend the Discussion !   # $   #   Monitoring Your Comprehension        In lines 541–549, the poet describes  #!## # &" the animals in Circe’s home. What is   # #   unusual about their behavior, and   what causes it? Possible response: Although they are wild animals, their   ) "%%"&# behavior is mild, humble, and fawning.   #!"!"#!("  ( They are under Circe’s spell and have   %$!#"!&"  been fed her “drug of evil.”    !"!  #$ Interpreting It looks like smooth   %#""("%!!"  "&#( sailing for Odysseus after the wind   #"!%"" "!"&#  king, Aeolus, puts the stormy winds  #!%#%" !" ! !!   in a bag. What does the sailors’ open-   %"""! "(!%( "          ing of the bag suggest about their   #&"!%$!!%""&%! relationship with Odysseus? Possible   %# (%"" &%&! responses: The sailors do not trust    " Odysseus to share treasures with them;     "" %&"&!"& Odysseus does not always share infor-  "!""  !  #"#! mation with his crew; the sailors are   "& "!!    just as curious as Odysseus.

       

Odyssey, Part One 933 Think About/Talk About Low she sang in her beguiling voice, while on her loom Extend the Discussion she wove ambrosial fabric sheer and bright, Making Connections In lines by that craft known to the goddesses of heaven. 566–569, Circe prepares food and 555 No one would speak, until Polites°—most drink that makes Odysseus’s men for- faithful and likable of my officers—said: get about returning home. At what other point in the epic have some ‘Dear friends, no need for stealth:° here’s a young weaver of Odysseus’s men eaten something singing a pretty song to set the air that made them lose their desire for atingle on these lawns and paven courts. home? Possible response: Some of 560 Goddess she is, or lady. Shall we greet her?’ Odysseus’s men sampled the Lotus in the episode with the Lotus Eaters So reassured, they all cried out together, in Book 9 and lost their desire to and she came swiftly to the shining doors to call them in. All but Eurylochus— return home. B C who feared a snare—the innocents went after her. Swineherd and Odysseus (470–460 . .) by the Pig Painter. Making Inferences Like Calypso, 565 On thrones she seated them, and lounging chairs, Circe is first seen at her loom, sing- while she prepared a meal of cheese and barley ing and weaving. What can you infer and amber honey mixed with Pramnian wine,° 555. Polites about women in ancient Greece (poh LY teez). adding her own vile pinch, to make them lose 557. stealth: sneaky behavior. based on this detail? Possible desire or thought of our dear fatherland. 567. Pramnian wine: strong response: Weaving was an impor- 570 Scarce had they drunk when she flew after them wine from Mount Pramnos in tant part of women’s work in ancient with her long stick and shut them in a pigsty— ancient Greece. Greece. bodies, voices, heads, and bristles, all swinish now, though minds were still unchanged. So, squealing, in they went. And Circe tossed them 575 acorns, mast,° and cornel berries—fodder 575. mast: various kinds of nuts for hogs who rut and slumber on the earth. used as food for hogs.

Down to the ship Eurylochus came running to cry alarm, foul magic doomed his men! But working with dry lips to speak a word 580 he could not, being so shaken; blinding tears welled in his eyes; foreboding filled his heart. When we were frantic questioning him, at last we heard the tale: our friends were gone. . . .” B (from Book 10)

B Literary Focus Epic Heroes Are Eurylochus’s actions heroic? Explain.

934Universal Unit 5 • Chapter Access9

English Learners discuss its meaning. Then, write the homophone fowl 0934_e0cas9_c09sel_01aEnglish for Academic 934 Success To help students build on the board and discuss its meaning. 2/27/08 7:00:19 AM vocabulary and comprehension, identify and discuss • Have students work in pairs to identify words with ho- examples of homophones. mophones in the following lines: “‘And this new grief • Tell students that homophones are words that sound we bore with us to sea . . .’” (174: bore/boar, sea/see); alike but have different meanings and spellings. For “‘. . . he had a load of dry boughs on his shoulder / to example, meat/meet, for/four, and there/their/they’re. stoke his re . . .’” (222–223: boughs/bows); and “‘But working with dry lips to speak a word . . .’” • Write these lines from the Circe episode on the board: (579: to/two). “…Eurylochus came running / to cry alarm, foul magic doomed his men!” Underline the word foul and

934 Unit 5 • Chapter 9 Odysseus leaves the ship and rushes to Circe’s hall. Th e god Think About/Talk About Hermes stops him to give him a plant that will weaken Circe’s power. (Homer calls it a moly; it might have been a kind of garlic.) Analysis Protected by the plant’s magic, Odysseus resists Circe’s sorcery. Th e goddess, realizing she has met her match, frees Odysseus’s men. B Literary Focus Now Circe, “loveliest of all immortals,” persuades Odysseus to stay Possible response: Eurylochus reacts with her. Odysseus shares her meat and wine, and she restores with fear and alarm and runs for help. his heart. Aft er many seasons of feasting and other pleasures, When he reaches the ship, he breaks Odysseus and his men beg Circe to help them return home. down and gives up the men as lost. She responds to their pleas with the command that Odysseus A hero would respond with a bolder alone descend to the Land of the Dead, “the cold homes of Death action. and pale Persephone,” queen of the underworld. Th ere Odysseus A Literary Perspectives must seek the wisdom of the blind prophet Teiresias. Possible response: A sacrifice may have been the method ancient Greeks used to have the gods look favorably Th e Land of the Dead on humans and their requests. In the Land of the Dead, Odysseus seeks to learn his destiny. Th e source of his information is Teiresias, the famous blind prophet from the city of Th ebes. Th e prophet’s lack of external sight sug- gests the presence of true insight. Circe has told Odysseus exactly what rites he must perform to bring Teiresias up from the dead. Odysseus continues telling his story to Alcinous’s court.

“Then I addressed the blurred and breathless dead, 585 vowing to slaughter my best heifer for them before she calved, at home in Ithaca, and burn the choice bits on the altar fire; as for Teiresias, I swore to sacrifice a black lamb, handsomest of all our flock. 590 Thus to assuage the nations of the dead I pledged these rites, then slashed the lamb and ewe, letting their black blood stream into the well pit. A Now the souls gathered, stirring out of Erebus, brides and young men, and men grown old in pain, 595 and tender girls whose hearts were new to grief; many were there, too, torn by brazen lanceheads, battle-slain, bearing still their bloody gear.

A Literary Perspectives Analyzing Historical Context What do these details reveal about the ritual practices of the ancient Greeks?

Odyssey, Part One 935

Students with Disabilities 0935_e0cas9_c09sel_01aHave students935 work in small groups to draw maps show- 2/27/08 7:00:20 AM ing the world as Homer saw it. Provide these details to guide students: The ancient Greeks envisioned the earth as a disk rather than a sphere; they thought the earth’s area was relatively small, only one-third larger than that of the United States; Delphi, the home of the famous oracle, was the navel, or center, of the world; a river formed the earth’s boundary; beyond the earth was a dark region called Erebus, through which the dead passed on their way to the underworld, called Hades.

Odyssey, Part One 935 Think About/Talk About From every side they came and sought the pit with rustling cries; and I grew sick with fear. Extend the Discussion 600 But presently I gave command to my officers Making Inferences In line 603, to flay those sheep the bronze cut down, and make 601. ay: strip the skin from. Odysseus uses the phrase “sovereign burnt offerings of flesh to the gods below Death.” To whom is he referring? to sovereign Death, to pale Persephone. 603. Persephone (puhr SEHF uh nee). Possible response: He is referring to Meanwhile I crouched with my drawn sword to keep Hades, king of the Underworld, which 605 the surging phantoms from the bloody pit is the Land of the Dead. till I should know the presence of Teiresias. . . . B

Response to Margin Soon from the dark that prince of Thebes came forward Question bearing a golden staff; and he addressed me: Line 623 He is referring to Poseidon; ‘Son of Laertes and the gods of old, Poseidon is god of the sea and of 610 Odysseus, master of landways and seaways, earthquakes and father of the Cyclops why leave the blazing sun, O man of woe, Polyphemus, whom Odysseus blinded. to see the cold dead and the joyless region? Stand clear, put up your sword; let me but taste of blood, I shall speak true.’

615 At this I stepped aside, and in the scabbard let my long sword ring home to the pommel silver, as he bent down to the somber blood. Then spoke the prince of those with gift of speech:

‘Great captain,‘Great captain, a fair wind and the honey lights of home 620 are all you seek. But anguish lies ahead; the god who thunders on the land prepares it, not to be shaken from your track, implacable, 622. implacable (ihm PLAK uh in rancor for the son whose eye you blinded. buhl): unyielding; merciless. One narrow strait may take you through his blows: 625 denial of yourself, restraint of shipmates. 623. To which god is Teiresias referring? How can When you make landfall on Thrinakia first you tell? and quit the violet sea, dark on the land you’ll find the grazing herds of Helios by whom all things are seen, all speech is known. 630 Avoid those kine, hold fast to your intent, 630. kinkine:e: old term for cattle. and hard seafaring brings you all to Ithaca.

B Reading Focus Asking Questions What is happening here? Where is Odysseus? Cross-Curricular936 Unit 5 Chapter 9 Connection LITERATURE: • Zeus intervened to win a compromise between Hades 0936_e0cas9_c09sel_01aThe Myth of936 Persephone and Demeter. 2/27/08 7:00:21 AM • The queen of the underworld, Persephone, was the • As a result of the compromise, Persephone remains daughter of Demeter, goddess of crops and fertility. in the underworld for only part of the year. While she • Hades, god of the underworld and brother of Zeus is there, Demeter goes into mourning and nothing and Poseidon, fell in love with Persephone and grows. abducted her. • Spring begins when Persephone emerges from the • Demeter was lled with grief at the loss of her daugh- underworld to be with her mother. ter and created a blight on the land. • For the ancient Greeks, the myth of Persephone explained the changing seasons.

936 Unit 5 • Chapter 9 Persephone, queen of the underworld, with her husband, Hades (mid 4th century B.C.). Think About/Talk About Greek vase painting. British Museum, London. Comprehension B Reading Focus Possible response: The dead are gathering around the blood from the sacrifices Odysseus makes, which flows into a well pit. Odysseus is standing by the pit with his sword drawn to keep the dead away from the blood until Connecting to the Text Teiresias appears. Odysseus is in the What does it tell you about Land of the Dead. the ancient Greeks that they portrayed their gods Extend the Discussion with human characteristics in Greek art? Evaluating In Book 1, Homer outlines much of what happens to Odysseus. Does knowing what happens in advance lessen your But if you raid the beeves,° I see destruction 632. beeves: another old term enjoyment of the epic? Explain for cattle. for ship and crew. Though you survive alone, your answer. Possible responses: bereft of all companions, lost for years, No; although readers know what will 635 under strange sail shall you come home, to find happen, they do not know how it will your own house filled with trouble: insolent men happen. Yes; knowing in advance that eating your livestock as they court your lady. the prophecy comes true reduces the Aye, you shall make those men atone in blood! suspense. But after you have dealt out death—in open 640 combat or by stealth—to all the suitors, go overland on foot, and take an oar, Analyzing Visuals until one day you come where men have lived Connecting to the Text: Gods were with meat unsalted, never known the sea, probably depicted as human in Greek nor seen seagoing ships, with crimson bows art because the Greeks thought the 645 and oars that fledge light hulls for dipping flight. gods had human qualities and feel- The spot will soon be plain to you, and I ings, such as jealousy, anger, and 648. winnowing fan: device can tell you how: some passerby will say, compassion. “What winnowing fan° is that upon your shoulder?” used to remove the useless dry outer covering from grain. (Th ese Halt, and implant your smooth oar in the turf people would never have seen an 650 and make fair sacrifice to Lord Poseidon: oar.) a ram, a bull, a great buck boar; turn back, 652. hecatombs (HEHK uh and carry out pure hecatombs° at home tohmz): sacrifi ces of groups of one hundred cattle to the gods. to all wide heaven’s lords, the undying gods, In Greek, hekaton means “one to each in order. Then a seaborne death hundred.”

Odyssey, Part One 937

Activity Have students work with partners to 0937_e0cas9_c09sel_01aidentify 937 another Greek myth that explains a natural 2/27/08 7:00:28 AM phenomenon. Tell students to consult Edith Hamilton’s Mythology to identify relevant myths. Have student pairs retell the myth they select, as well as explain the meaning it held for the ancient Greeks.

Odyssey, Part One 937 Model the Skill ■ Point out Teiresias’s speech to students (lines 618–658). Use the content of his speech to model how to summarize. ■ Read the lines aloud. Stop every few lines and state what is happen- ing. For example, you might say, “I can summarize what Teiresias says to understand the order of events in Odysseus’s future. First, he warns Odysseus about Poseidon and he tells Odysseus to exercise restraint; otherwise, Odysseus’s ship and crew will be destroyed. Then, Odysseus will return to Ithaca and kill his wife’s suitors. After that, he Analyzing Visuals Connecting to the Text Are the Sirens in this por- Ulysses and the Sirens (1891) by John William Waterhouse will go on a journey by land, car- trayal what you imagined them to be? Explain. (1849–1917). Oil on canvas (100 cm x 201.7 cm). rying an oar. When he reaches a place where people call the oar a winnowing fan, he will stick it 655 soft as this hand of mist will come upon you in the ground and sacrifice to when you are wearied out with rich old age, Poseidon. In the end, he will return your countryfolk in blessed peace around you. to Ithaca and die peacefully at sea And all this shall be just as I foretell.’ . . .” C at an old age.” (from Book 11) Guided Practice: Apply Read-Talk-Write Direct student Th e Sirens; Scylla and Charybdis pairs to read Circe’s warning on these Odysseus and his men return to Circe’s island, where Circe two pages and discuss the sequence of events. Then, have students work warns Odysseus of the perils that await him. In the following pas- in pairs to write a summary of the sage, Odysseus, quoting Circe, is still speaking at Alcinous’s court. events in the order in which they “ ‘Listen with care occur. Have student pairs share their 660 to this, now, and a god will arm your mind. summaries with the rest of the class. Square in your ship’s path are Sirens, crying beauty to bewitch men coasting by; Response to Margin woe to the innocent who hears that sound! Question He will not see his lady nor his children Lines 679–694 Scylla’s six serpent heads each snatch a crew member from ships passing close by; the hidden C Reading Focus Summarizing What does the prophecy reveal about Odysseus’s whirlpool Charybdis engulfs an entire destiny? ship at a time. Cross-Curricular938 Unit 5 • Chapter 9 Connection GEOGRAPHY: Where in the World ney took him through a mythical land. 0938_e0cas9_c09sel_01aIs Odysseus? 938 • The passage guarded by Scylla and Charybdis is often 2/27/08 7:00:36 AM • E orts have been made since ancient times to identify identi ed as the Strait of Messina, between mainland the actual locations of the places to which Odysseus Italy and Sicily. traveled. • A group of three islands by the entrance to the Gulf of • The ancients did not all agree on the locations of Salerno, an inlet of the Tyrrhenian Sea on the south- Odysseus’s wanderings. Some thought Odysseus west coast of Italy, has been suggested as the location traveled to Italy, Sicily, and other places in the of the Sirens. Mediterranean, while others believed he traveled through the ocean beyond the Strait of Gibraltar. Activity Help students locate the Strait of Messina Some ancients were convinced that Odysseus’s jour- and the Gulf of Salerno on a map of the Mediterranean.

938 Unit 5 • Chapter 9 665 in joy, crowding about him, home from sea; Think About/Talk About the Sirens will sing his mind away on their sweet meadow lolling. There are bones Comprehension of dead men rotting in a pile beside them and flayed skins shrivel around the spot. C Reading Focus Steer wide;Steer wide; Possible response: Teiresias proph- 670 keep well to seaward; plug your oarsmen’s ears esies that Odysseus’s men will perish with beeswax kneaded soft; none of the rest and he will be long delayed in reaching should hear that song. home, where he will find more trouble. But if you wish to listen,But if you wish to listen, He says that Odysseus will kill the suit- let the men tie you in the lugger, hand ors in his house and then go on a long and foot, back to the mast, lashed to the mast, journey. 675 so you may hear those Harpies’ thrilling voices; 675. Harpies (HAHR peez): shout as you will, begging to be untied, monsters, half bird and half Analysis your crew must only twist more line around you woman, who are greedy for victims. Homer is referring to the A Literary Focus and keep their stroke up, till the singers fade. . . .’ ” A Sirens as a type of Harpy. Possible response: No; the previous episodes have shown that Odysseus e next peril lies between two headlands. Circe continues is not daunted by danger or conflict. delivering her warning. Rather, he is drawn to such situations “ ‘. . . That is the den of Scylla, where she yaps“ ‘. . . That is the den of Scylla, where she yaps by his curiosity and sense of adventure, and takes pleasure in using his cun- 680 abominably, a newborn whelp’s cry, 679–694. Take a moment to visvisualizeualize Scylla. en, read ning to deal with difficulties that arise. though she is huge and monstrous. God or man, on and locate the description of no one could look on her inno one could look on her in joy. Her legs— joy. Her legs— CharybdisCharybdis (lines 695703). What and there are twelve—are like great tentacles, is particularly horrifying about Extend the Discussion unjointed, and upon her serpent necks each monster? Interpreting In lines 672–678, Circe 685 are borne six heads like nightmares of ferocity, tells Odysseus what to do if he wants with triple serried rows of fangs and deep 680. whwhelp’s:elp’s: puppy’s. to listen to the Sirens’ song. Which gullets of black death. Half her length, she sways 686. serried: crowded together; densely packed. of Odysseus’s character traits does her heads in air, outside her horrid cleft, Circe acknowledge here? Possible hunting the sea around that promontory 689. promontory (PRAHM uhn response: She knows that he is curious 690 for dolphins, dogfish, or what bigger game tawr ee): elevated area of land and will not want to miss the experi- thundering Amphitrite feeds in thousands. that juts out into a body of water. ence of listening to the Sirens’ song, in 691. Amphitrite (am h TRYT spite of the danger involved. And no ship’s company can claim ee): goddess of the sea and wife of to have passed her without loss and grief; she takes, Poseidon. from every ship, one man for every gullet. Analyzing Visuals A Literary Focus Epic Heroes and Conict From what you know about Connecting to the Text: The Sirens Odysseus, do you think he will try to avoid the conict that lies ahead? Explain.Odysseus, do you think he will try to avoid the conict that lies ahead? Explain. look slightly menacing. I imagined them more beautiful and beguiling. They look like they are attacking Odysseus, while I imagined them calling people to them. Odyssey, Part One 939

Discuss why the Strait of Messina would pose a danger 0939_e0cas9_c09sel_01ato ships 939 like the one Odysseus and his men were sail- 2/27/08 7:00:37 AM ing and why the islands at the entrance to the Gulf of Salerno might be associated with the Sirens.

HSS Analysis Skills: CS 3

Odyssey, Part One 939 Think About/Talk About 695 The opposite point seems more a tongue of land you’d touch with a good bowshot, at the narrows. Literary Connections A great wild fig, a shaggy mass of leaves, Write the idiom “caught between grows on it, and Charybdis lurks below Scylla and Charybdis” on the board. to swallow down the dark sea tide. Three times Explore students’ familiarity with the 700 from dawn to dusk she spews it up expression and its meaning (“situ- and sucks it down again three times, a whirling ated between two equally dangerous maelstrom; if you come upon her then 702. maelstrom (MAYL choices or undesirable alternatives”). the god who makes earth tremble could not save you. struhm): large, violent whirlpool. Note the similar expression “caught No, hug the cliff of Scylla, take your ship between a rock and a hard place.” 705 through on a racing stroke. Better to mourn six men than lose them all, and the ship, too. . . . Extend the Discussion Then you will coast Thrinakia, the island Evaluating In lines 704–706, Circe where Helios’s cattle graze, fine herds, and flocks advises Odysseus to sail close to of goodly sheep. The herds and flocks are seven, Scylla to avoid Charybdis. What is with fifty beasts in each. her reasoning? Do you agree with it? 710 No lambs are dropped, Why or why not? Possible response: or calves, and these fat cattle never die. . . . She reasons that it is better to lose six men than the ship and whole crew. Her Now give those kine a wide berth, keep your thoughts advice is harsh but logical. intent upon your course for home, and hard seafaring brings you all to Ithaca. 715 But if you raid the beeves, I see destruction for ship and crew. . . .’ ” B

The Ithacans set off. Odysseus does not tell his men of Circes last prophecythat he will be the only survivor of their long journey. Still speaking to Alcinouss court, Odysseus continues his tale.

“The crew being now silent before me, I addressed them, sore at heart:

‘De‘Dear friends,ar friends, more than one man, or two, should know those things 720 Circe foresaw for us and shared with me, so let me tell her forecast: then we die with our eyes open, ifwith our eyes open, if we are going to die, we are going to die, or know what death we baffle if we can. Sirens weaving a haunting song over the sea 725 we are to shun, she said, and their green shore

B Reading Focus Summarizing List the dangers that lie ahead.

Universal940 Unit 5 Chapter 9 Access

English Learners Struggling Readers 0940_e0cas9_c09sel_01aEnglish for Academic 940 Success In lines 718–731, Strategic Students Use a cause-and-effect chart 2/27/08 7:00:37 AM Odysseus tells his crew Circe’s warning about the Sirens to help students understand Circe’s instructions about and what they must do so that he can listen to the the Sirens, Scylla, Charybdis, and the cattle of Helios. Sirens’ song. Have students check their understanding In each box under Causes, list Circe’s’ instructions about of the passage by paraphrasing it for partners. Review one of the dangers the crew will encounter, and under with students that when they paraphrase a passage, Effects its hoped-for effect. The chart shown illustrates they restate its content in their own words. Circulate Circe’s instructions about the cattle of Helios and their among student pairs to check their comprehension and intended effect. clarify text as needed.

940 Unit 5 • Chapter 9 all sweet with clover; yet she urged that I Think About/Talk About alone should listen to their song. Therefore you are to tie me up, tight as a splint, Comprehension erect along the mast, lashed to the mast, Reading Focus 730 and if I shout and beg to be untied, B take more turns of the rope to muffle me.’ Possible response: The Sirens, who sing and bewitch men, are directly in I rather dwelt on this part of the forecast, the ship’s path. Monstrous Scylla lies while our good ship made time, bound outward down ahead, as well as Charybdis, who swal- the wind for the strange island of Sirens. lows ships and their crew. Thrinakia, 735 Then all at once the wind fell, and a calm the island containing Helios’s cattle, is came over all the sea, as though some power also ahead of Odysseus. If anyone raids lulled the swell. the cattle, destruction will ensue. The crew were on their feet briskly, to furl the sail, and stow it; then, Extend the Discussion each in place, they poised the smooth oar blades (Below) Odysseus and the Sirens (c. 5th Paraphrasing In lines 718–731, century B.C.). Athenian earthenware Odysseus tells his crew what Circe red-fi gure stamnos vase by the Siren told him about the Sirens. What rea- Painter. British Museum, London, U.K. LITERATURE LINK sons does he give for sharing this information? Possible response: He This poem, written in 1987, gives another I don’t enjoy it here thinks it is important for more than perspective on the Sirens. squatting on this island one or two people to know what lies 15 looking picturesque and mythical ahead, and he thinks that if his men know what dangers they might face, Siren Song with these two feathery maniacs, I don’t enjoy singing they will have a better chance of over- by Margaret Atwood this trio, fatal and valuable. coming those dangers.

This is the one song everyone I will tell the secret to you, Expressing and Supporting a Point would like to learn: the song 20 to you, only to you. of View Do you agree that it is best that is irresistible: Come closer. This song to know about dangers you may face? Explain. Possible responses: It the song that forces men is a cry for help: Help me! is good to know about dangers if you 5 to leap overboard in squadrons Only you, only you can, can do something to avoid them or even though they see the beached skulls you are unique protect yourself from them; however, the song nobody knows 25 at last. Alas if knowing cannot help, you may feel because anyone who has heard it it is a boring song worse. Most people want to know is dead, and the others can’t remember. but it works every time. about dangers they will face, whether they can do anything about them or 10 Shall I tell you the secret Now you know. Don’t listen. and if I do, will you get me not, because knowing what to expect out of this bird suit? Ask Yourself is better than fearing the unknown. Who is the poem’s speaker? What new perspective on the Sirens does the poem express?

Odyssey, Part One 941 Literature Link Margaret Atwood is a prolific novel- ist and poet for whom the lives of 0941_e0cas9_c09sel_01aCauses 941 Effects women, including women of myth2/27/08 7:00:42 AM Keep away You will finally such as the Sirens and Helen of Troy, from the reach home. have served as inspiration. cattle of ➔ Ask Yourself Helios on Possible response: The speaker is a the island of Siren. The poem suggests that the song Thrinakia. the Sirens sing has no magic and simply appeals to the vanity in a man who wants to be a hero.

Odyssey, Part One 941 Think About/Talk About 740 and sent the white foam scudding by. I carved a massive cake of beeswax into bits Extend the Discussion and rolled them in my hands until they softened Monitoring Your Reading Why no long task, for a burning heat came down does Odysseus gesture with his from Helios, lord of high noon. Going forward brows for the crew to untie him? 745 I carried wax along the line, and laid it Possible response: He cannot gesture thick on their ears. They tied me up, then, plumb 746. plumb: vertically. with his hands because he is tied to the amidships, back to the mast, lashed to the mast, mast. The crew cannot hear anything and took themselves again to rowing. Soon, C he shouts because they have wax plug- as we came smartly within hailing distance, ging their ears. 750 the two Sirens, noting our fast ship off their point, made ready, and they sang. . . . Interpreting What does “. . . the Sirens / dropped under the sea The lovely voices in ardor appealing over the water rim . . .” in lines 758–759 mean? made me crave to listen, and I tried to say Possible response: The Sirens ‘Untie me!’ to the crew, jerking my brows; have dropped below the horizon, so 755 but they bent steady to the oars. Then Perimedes 755. Perimedes (pehr ih MEE Odysseus and his men can no longer got to his feet, he and Eurylochus, deez). see or hear them. and passed more line about, to hold me still. So all rowed on, until the Sirens dropped under the sea rim, and their singing dwindled away. 760 My faithful company rested on their oars now, peeling off the wax that I had laid thick on their ears; then set me free. But But scarcely had that islandscarcely had that island faded in blue air when I saw smoke 765 and white water, with sound of waves in tumult a sound the men heard, and it terrified them. Oars flew from their hands; the blades went knocking wild alongside till the ship lost way, with no oar blades to drive her through the water.

770 Well, I walked up and down from bow to stern, trying to put heart into them, standing over every oarsman, saying gently,

C Reading Focus Asking Questions Why does Odysseus put wax in his mens ears? Why does he lash himself to the mast? Vocabulary tumult (TOO muhlt) n.: commotion; uproar; confusion.

Cross-Curricular942 Unit 5 Chapter 9 Connection HISTORY: The Seafaring Greeks • The scene in which Odysseus builds a raft to leave 0942_e0cas9_c09sel_01a• As might be expected 942 of a people whose land was sur- Calypso’s island has been cited as the earliest literary 2/27/08 7:00:43 AM rounded by the sea and included a vast archipelago, description of boat making. the ancient Greeks were skilled sailors. Activity Have students list the nautical terms used in • Odysseus and his men sailed homeward on gal- Odysseus’s exhortation to his crew in lines 779–788. leys—long, low ships often made of pine or oak and Then, tell students to use dictionaries to create a nauti- propelled by oars and sails. cal glossary that includes each term and its definition.

HSS Analysis Skills: CS 3

942 Unit 5 • Chapter 9 ‘Friends, Think About/Talk About hhave we never been in danger before this?ave we never been in danger before this? More fearsome, is it now, than when the Cyclops Comprehension 775 penned us in his cave? What power he had! Did I not keep my nerve, and use my wits C Reading Focus to find a way out for us? Possible response: Odysseus puts wax Now I sayNow I say in his men’s ears so that they don’t hear by hook or crook this peril too shall be the Sirens’ song. He has himself lashed something that we remember. to the mast so that he won’t go to the Heads up, lads!Heads up, lads! Sirens when he hears their song. 780 We must obey the orders as I give them. Get the oar shafts in your hands, and lie back Analysis hard on your benches; hit these breaking seas. D Literary Focus Zeus help us pull away before we founder. 783. founder: sink. Possible response: Odysseus makes his priority the good of the group and You at the tiller, listen, and take in the success of the journey. He does not 785 all that I saythe rudders are your duty; tell the men that six of them will be keep her out of the combers and the smoke; 786. combers (KOHM uhrz): eaten by Scylla because he does not steer for that headland; watch the drift, or we large waves. want them to stop rowing. fetch up in the smother, and you drown us.’ 788. smother: commotion; vio- lent action or disorder. That was all, and it brought them round to action. Extend the Discussion 790 But as I sent them on toward Scylla, I Analyzing Character Odysseus told them nothing, as they could do nothing. says he forgot Circe’s warning about They would have dropped their oars again, inThey would have dropped their oars again, in panic, panic, using weapons against Scylla. What to roll for cover under the decking. Circe’s D does his failure to remember this bidding against arms had slipped my mind, 794. Circe had warned Odysseus important information reveal about 795 so I tied on my cuirass and took up earlier that it was useless to bear his self-image? Possible responses: two heavy spears, then made my way along arms against Scylla. He continues to think of himself as a to the foredeckthinking to see her first from there, 795. cuircuirassass (kwih RAS): armor clever warrior who solves problems the monster of the gray rock, harboring for the breast and back. unaided; he is not used to situations torment for my friends. I strained my eyes in which he has no control and must 800 upon that cliffside veiled in cloud, but nowhere stand by helplessly or rely on others. could I catch sight of her. Vocabulary: Own the Word And all this time,And all this time, tumult: Review the word’s defini- in travail, sobbing, gaining on the current, 802. travail (truh VAYL): hard, tion and use in the poem. Then, ask we rowed into the straitScylla to port exhausting work or eort; tiring students where or when they might labor. see a scene that they would describe as a tumult. Possible responses: at a sports event; at a rock concert; during D Literary Focus Epic Heroes What kind of man is Odysseus? Why do you think a demonstration or protest; at a rally he decides not to tell his men everything he knows?he decides not to tell his men everything he knows? Reaching Reluctant Readers Odyssey, Part One 943 To elicit a response to this episode, tell students to imagine Would you use music in these scenes? If so, what music 0943_e0cas9_c09sel_01athat they 943 have been invited to participate in creating a film would you use, and how would you use it? How 2/27/08would you 7:00:43 AM that dramatizes the famous struggle of Odysseus and his use visuals in these scenes? What types of costumes would crew against the Sirens, Scylla, and Charybdis. Form small you use for the characters? How do you envision the Sirens, student groups, and have students consider questions such Scylla, and Charybdis? Could these mythological creatures as the following: Would you use a similar setting, or would be metaphors for contemporary problems? Have students you set it in a different historical period—or even today? work with partners to locate music for the scenes and to sketch costumes and staging.

Odyssey, Part One 943 Model the Skill and on our starboard beam Charybdis, dire ■ Remind students that on their jour- 805 gorge of the salt sea tide. By heaven! when she 805. gorge: throat and jaws of a greedy, all-devouring creature. neys, epic heroes face conflicts, or vomited, all the sea was like a caldron struggles with opposing charac- seething over intense fire, when the mixture ters, forces, or emotions. suddenly heaves and rises. The shot spumeThe shot spume ■ Tell students that conflicts can be soared to the landside heights, and fell like rain. external or internal. Define external conflict as a character’s struggle 810 But when she swallowed the sea water down against an outside force, such as we saw the funnel of the maelstrom, heard nature or another character, and the rock bellowing all around, and dark internal conflict as a character’s struggle with his or her own sand raged on the bottom far below. opposing needs, desires, or My men all blanched against the gloom, our eyes 814. blanched: grew pale. emotions. 815 were fixed upon that yawning mouth in fear of being devoured. ■ Tell students that Odysseus faces Then Scylla made her strike,Then Scylla made her strike, an internal conflict as he and his whisking six of my best men from the ship. crew sail along the coast of Helios’s I happened to glance aft at ship and oarsmen island (Thrinakia) in lines 834–843. and caught sight of their arms and legs, dangling Point out the details that reveal 820 high overhead. Voices came down to me his internal conflict: “I heard / the in anguish, calling my name for the last time. lowing of the cattle winding home / and sheep bleating; and A man surf-casting on a point of rock heard, too, in my heart / the words for bass or mackerel, whipping his long rod of blind Teiresias of Thebes / and Circe of Aeaea. . . .” Odysseus is curi- ous about and drawn to Thrinakia Circe Pouring Poison into a Vase but knows he should heed the and Awaiting the Arrival of Ulysses warnings of Teiresias and Circe. (19th century) by Sir Edward Burne-JonesBurne-Jones (18331898). Guided Practice: Apply WatercolorWatercolor on paper. Think-Pair-Share Group students in pairs to identify other conflicts— external or internal—that Odysseus has encountered on his journey. Tell pairs to locate at least one example and the details that describe it, and then share it with the rest of the class.

Think About/Talk About Response to Margin Question Lines 844–852 Sensory images Universal944 Unit 5 Chapter 9 Access include clouds that shrouded the land and sea “in a night of storm” and Advanced Learners • Have students work in small groups to research some “chairs of rock and sanded floors” in 0944_e0cas9_c09sel_01aEnrichment Point 944 out that the adventures of Odys- of the artwork inspired by the Odyssey. Remind them 2/27/08 7:00:47 AM the nymphs’ grotto; an example of seus have inspired works of art from ancient to modern that Roman references will identify Odysseus as personification is the image of rosy- times, and identify examples of fine art included in the Ulysses, as in the illustration on this page. fingered Dawn. epic. Explain that images of Odysseus can be found on • Tell students to look for art in illustrated editions of Greek vases from the early fifth century B.C. Some of the the epic and in library and online art resources. scenes more commonly found on vases from that time • Direct the groups to make drawings or photocopies period include Odysseus’s visit to the underworld and of the art they nd. Then, have groups pool their Odysseus tied to his ship’s mast, listening to the Sirens. research to create a display titled “The Odyssey Art Gallery.“

944 Unit 5 • Chapter 9 to drop the sinker and the bait far out, Think About/Talk About 825 will hook a fish and rip it from the surface to dangle wriggling through the air; Comprehension so these were borne aloft in spasms toward the cliff. E Reading Focus Possible response: They escape by She ate them as they shrieked there, in her den, following Circe’s instructions. Odysseus in the dire grapple,° reaching still for me— 829. dire grapple: terrible and his men pass close to Scylla to 830 and deathly pity ran me through struggle. avoid Charybdis and lose six men to at that sight—far the worst I ever suffered Scylla. The rest of the crew escapes. questing the passes of the strange sea. We rowed on. Extend the Discussion The Rocks were now behind; Charybdis, too, Finding Details Odysseus and and Scylla dropped astern. E his men are terrified as they pass Then we were coasting between Scylla and Charybdis. What 835 the noble island of the god, where grazed details in lines 801–816 reflect their those cattle with wide brows, and bounteous flocks feelings? Possible response: The of Helios, lord of noon, who rides high heaven. description of the men as “sobbing” From the black ship, far still at sea, I heard and “blanched” reflects their fear. the lowing of the cattle winding home Evaluating Lines 816–832 describe 840 and sheep bleating; and heard, too, in my heart what happens as the ship passes the words of blind Teiresias of Thebes Scylla. What makes this description and Circe of Aeaea: both forbade me difficult to bear? Possible response: the island of the world’s delight, the Sun. . . .” The crew has no choice but to pass (from Book 12) close to Scylla, and Odysseus knows that Scylla will eat six of his men. Th e Cattle of the Sun God Odysseus urges his exhausted crew to bypass Th rinakia, the island of the sun god, Helios. When the men insist on landing, Odysseus makes them swear not to touch the god’s cattle. Odysseus is still speaking to Alcinous’s court.

“In the small hours of the third watch, when stars 844–852. Read through this 845 that shone out in the first dusk of evening passage, and fi nd instances of imagery—language that had gone down to their setting, a giant wind appeals to our senses. Also, look blew from heaven, and clouds driven by Zeus for an example of personifi cation, shrouded land and sea in a night of storm; in which a nonhuman thing is so, just as Dawn with fingertips of rose described in human terms.

E Reading Focus Summarizing What has happened? How have Odysseus and his crew managed to escape?

Odyssey, Part One 945 Analyzing Visuals Sir Edward Burne-Jones (1833–1898) was inspired by the simple, direct art 0945_e0cas9_c09sel_01a 945 2/27/08 7:00:48 AM of the early Italian Renaissance, before Raphael. Extension Activity What do you think Circe is preparing with this poison? Possible response: She is preparing the drug that she feeds to the wolves and lions to keep them tame.

Odyssey, Part One 945 Think as a Reader/Writer 850 touched the windy world, we dragged our ship Find It in Your Reading Direct to cover in a grotto, a sea cave students’ attention to lines 870–876, where nymphs had chairs of rock and sanded floors. where Odysseus withdraws to pray I mustered all the crew and said: and make requests of the gods. Note this detail in line 875: “I washed my ‘Ol‘Old shipmates,d shipmates, hands there.” our stores are in the ship’s hold, food and drink; Use It in Your Writing Ask stu- 855 the cattle here are not for our provision, dents to summarize in one or two or we pay dearly for it. sentences what these lines indicate Fierce the god isFierce the god is about the values of the Greeks. who cherishes these heifers and these sheep: Helios; and no man avoids his eye.’ A

Think About/Talk About To this my fighters nodded. Yes. But now Extend the Discussion 860 we had a month of onshore gales, blowing day in, day outsouth winds, or south by east. Summarizing What circumstances As long as bread and good red wine remained lead Odysseus’s men to look for food to keep the men up, and appease their craving, on the island? Possible response: they would not touch the cattle. But in the end, Winds and storms make it impossible 865 when all the barley in the ship was gone, to leave for a month, and the men use hunger drove them to scour the wild shore up all the food on the ship. with angling hooks, for fishes and sea fowl, Interpreting Odysseus prays to the whatever fell into their hands; and lean days gods for help. What is their response, wore their bellies thin. and what does it suggest? Possible response: The gods do not really The The storms continued.storms continued. respond; they just let sleep overcome 870 So one day I withdrew to the interior Odysseus. The lack of response sug- to pray the gods in solitude, for hope gests that perhaps the god Poseidon that one might show me some way of salvation. has prevailed. Slipping away, I struck across the island to a sheltered spot, out of the driving gale. 875 I washed my hands there, and made supplication 875. supplication: humble to the gods who own Olympus, all the gods requests; prayers. but they, for answer, only closed my eyes under slow drops of sleep. Now Now on the shore Eurylochuson the shore Eurylochus made his insidious plea: 879. insidious (ihn SIHD ee uhs): treacherous; more danger- ous than is apparent.

A Reading Focus Paraphrasing What warning does Odysseus issue his men upon landing?

946 Universal Unit 5 Chapter 9 Access

English Learners dash, and pause longer for a period. Explain that they 0946_e0cas9_c09sel_01aEnglish for Academic 946 Success Have students build should change the pitch of their voice in a sentence 2/27/08 7:00:49 AM oral fluency by reading aloud Eurylochus’s plea to his that ends with a question mark, and use appropriate fellow crew members. Suggest that students work with expression when reading a sentence that ends with an partners and take turns reading the passage aloud exclamation point. and offering each other feedback. Remind them to Struggling Readers use expression throughout and pay close attention to To check students’ comprehension, ask them to sum- punctuation. Direct them to keep reading to the next marize what happens to the cattle of Helios. Possible line if there is no punctuation at the end of a line. Tell response: Odysseus’s men kill, cook, and eat them. Then, students to pause briefly when they see a comma or ask students what will happen to Odysseus’s crew as a

946 Unit 5 • Chapter 9 ‘Comrades,’ he said, Think About/Talk About 880 ‘You’ve gone through everything; listen to what I say. All deaths are hateful to us, mortal wretches, Comprehension but famine is the most pitiful, the worst end that a man can come to. A Reading Focus WilWill you fight it?l you fight it? Possible response: Odysseus warns Come, we’ll cut out the noblest of these cattle his men not to kill the cattle on the 885 for sacrifice to the gods who own the sky; island for food. and once at home, in the old country of Ithaca, if ever that day comes Analysis we’ll build a costly temple and adorn it with every beauty for the Lord of Noon. B Literary Focus 890 But if he flares up over his heifers lost, Possible response: Eurylochus sug- wishing our ship destroyed, and if the gods gests killing the cattle for food, arguing make cause with him, why, then I say: Better that it is better to live and risk Helios’s open your lungs to a big sea once for all anger by slaughtering the cattle than than waste to skin and bones on a lonely island!’ B to die of starvation. Eurylochus is weaker and less respectful of the gods than Odysseus is. He is more focused 895 Thus Eurylochus; and they murmured ‘Aye!’ on short-term gratification. trooping away at once to round up heifers. Now, that day tranquil cattle with broad brows were grazing near, and soon the men drew up Extend the Discussion around their chosen beasts in ceremony. Monitoring Your Reading What 900 They plucked the leaves that shone on a tall oak does Eurylochus suggest as recom- having no barley mealto strew the victims, 901. strew: scatter about. pense, or payment, to Helios for the performed the prayers and ritual, knifed the kine cattle they kill? Possible response: and flayed each carcass, cutting thighbones free He says they will build a temple to to wrap in double folds of fat. These offerings, Helios in Ithaca. 905 with strips of meat, were laid upon the fire. Expressing and Supporting a Point Then, as they had no wine, they made libation 906. libation (ly BAY shuhn): of View Other than hunger, do you with clear spring water, broiling the entrails first; oering of wine or oil to the gods. think there is another reason that the and when the bones were burnt and tripes shared, 907. entrails: intestines; guts. men listen to Eurylochus? Possible they spitted the carved meat. 908. tripes: stomach parts. response: The men may be question- JusJust then my slumbert then my slumber ing Odysseus’s leadership. 910 left me in a rush, my eyes opened,left me in a rush, my eyes opened, and I went down the seaward path. No sooner had I caught sight of our black hull, than savory odors of burnt fat eddied around me; grief took hold of me, and I cried aloud:

B Literary Focus Epic Heroes What is Eurylochus’s “insidious plea”? How does Eurylochus contrast with Odysseus?Eurylochus contrast with Odysseus?

Odyssey, Part One 947

result of this action. If students need help answering the students work with partners to correct the following 0947_e0cas9_c09sel_01aquestion, 947 have them scan the text to find references to paraphrase to reflect the past tense. Then, have 2/27/08pairs read 7:00:49 AM what happens. (Direct students to Circe’s prophecy and the aloud the new text. opening of the poem, as needed.) When their food ran out, the crew members fish [fished] Students Who Use African for seafood and hunt [hunted] for wild birds. Their morale American Vernacular English was very low, and Odysseus pray [prayed] to the gods English for Academic Success Students may be accus- for help. While Odysseus was away, Eurylochus persuade tomed to using bare verbs for the past tense, as is common [persuaded] the crew members to kill some of the cattle. in informal English. Remind students that the Odyssey is They burn [burned] the cattle’s fat and bones as an offering a literary work that shows formal English patterns. Have to the gods.

Odyssey, Part One 947 Think About/Talk About  8/$!-!0.* #+ .%*(%.."+-!1!-   4+0) !)!.(!!,24/$%. 4+")%. $%!" Comprehension    -0!( -+2.%*#%*/$!!1%($+0-   !-!/$!4./* #-!/2+-'/$!4 +*/-%1! 9  D Reading Focus Possible response: Odysseus’s men   ),!/%5%*$!-(+*##+2*)!*2$%(!    ().$!! slaughtered Helios’s cattle.  $ +-*!.2%"/2+- /+/$!1!-(+- +"++* 0$ 0#$/!-+"!(%+.),! /%#0- ! $!-"/$!-9.$!- .+" //(! Analysis   8$!4$1!'%((! 4+0-'%*!9 C Literary Focus     * /$!+- !(%+. Possible response: It seems question-   0-./%*/+*#-4.,!! $)% /$!%))+-/(. able, but Odysseus cannot accept failure and must find someone or   8/$!-!0.* #+ .%*(%.."+-!1!- something else to blame.   ,0*%.$ 4..!0.9)!*++1!-2!!*%*#5     !3 !..%1!(4

 *+2/$!4$1!'%((! )4,! !"0('%*!)4&+4 ,-+0  Response to Margin   /)+-*%*#2$!* (%)! /$!.'4+"./-. Question   * !1!*%*#2$!*+-!2!./2- "-+)$!1!* Line 930 We wonder how Zeus will   !./%/0/%+*+-,!*(/4/$!4.$((,46 respond to Helios’s request.   * ,4%*"0((6+-#+ +2*"+-!1!-  /+(%#$//$! ! )!*%*/$!0* !-2+-( 97      Monitor Students’  ++'     ! !   Comprehension Guide the class in answering these  % !      #!  comprehension questions. #  & !  !  %    1. What does Calypso promise $  % ! # $! %# Odysseus if he stays with her?   #% % '  ## % [Calypso promises Odysseus  immortality.]  % !  ! ! !   # %  ! ' ! &!     2. How do Odysseus and his men  (!   & # escape from the Cyclops? [They       !    "!    blind him, tie themselves to the bellies %!  $   of his rams, and escape undetected.] 3. How is Odysseus able to withstand Circe’s magical powers? [He uses a magical plant given to him by Hermes.]                   4. Whom does Odysseus visit in     the Land of the Dead? [He visits                Teiresias.]

Universal Access California Standards, pp. 949–950 Struggling Writers O Reading Standard 1.1 Identify and use the Some students may need additional scaffolding to complete the literal and figurative meanings of words and Writing Skills Focus activity. Before writing their summaries, sug- understand word derivations. gest that students review their notes and categorize the informa- O Reading Standard 3.3 Analyze interactions tion in a two-column chart like the one shown to the right. While between main and subordinate characters in a literary text (e.g., internal and external conflicts, reading the Cyclops episode, for example, students may have motivations, relationships, influences) and explain noted that as a stranger Odysseus expected to be treated well, but the way those interactions affect the plot. the Cyclops’s rude and violent behavior showed that he did not O Reading Standard 3.12 Analyze the way practice or value hospitality. Help students categorize this in which a work of literature is related to the themes and issues of its historical period. (Historical approach)

948 Unit 5 • Chapter 9 Reading Standard 3.3 Analyze interactions between main and subordinate characters in a literary text (e.g., internal and externalexternal confl icts, motivations, relationships, infl uences) and explain the way those interactions aff ect the plot. Reading Standard 3.12 Analyze from the Odyssey, Part One the ways in which a work of literature is related Independent Practice to the themes and issues of its historical period. (Historical approach) Reading Skills Focus Literary Response and Analysis Answers: Reading Skills Focus 8. Literary Perspectives What roles do women 1. Odysseus has just fought the Quick Check play in this epic? What do you learn from these Trojan War. women characters about the ways women 1. What war has Odysseus just fought? might have been regarded in ancient Greece? 2. Athena helps Odysseus on his 2. What roles do the gods play in Odysseus’s journey home, and Poseidon struggle to get home? Literary Skills: Epic Heroes and Confl ict makes Odysseus’s journey difficult. 3. What does Odysseus learn about his destiny 9. Identify What qualities does Odysseus 3. He learns that Poseidon will cause from blind Teiresias in the Land of the Dead? embody? For example, is he wise, clever, or rough seas, he will lose his men, quick-tempered? List three qualities, and give he will be lost for years and return Read with a Purpose one example from the text that illustrates each. home to chaos, he will appease 4. Why did it take Odysseus ten years to get 10. Analyze Which characters are foils, contrast- Poseidon, and he will die at sea home? Which events were beyond his control? ing with Odysseus? How does the use of foils when he is old. Which were the result of his own mistakes in heighten Odysseus’s heroic character? judgment? 4. Odysseus has various adventures 11. Evaluate WhatWhat sortsort of internal confl ict does and is blown off course on his Reading Skills: Monitoring Your Odysseus undergo while he is with Calypso? journey home. Events involving Comprehension Does this conflconfl ict make him seem less heroic or his crew and his encounters with just more human? Explain. 5. Use the chart of questions you answered as Scylla and Charybdis are beyond you read toto help you summarize the confl ict Literary Skills Review: Symbols his control. His experiences with Odysseus faced in each of these adventures. 12. Interpret What do you think the land of the Calypso, Circe, and the Cyclops are Lotus Eaters might symbolize? Cite lines from the result of his own mistakes in Adventure the episode to support your interpretation. judgment. Calypso 5. Answers will vary. Lotus Eaters Writing Skills Focus Cyclops Literary Skills Focus Th ink as a Reader/Writer Possible responses: Sirens; Scylla and Use It in Your Writing Use your notes to write Charybdis 6. Physical beauty does not signify a brief summary of what you have learned so far inner virtue. about ancient Greek society—what it valued and 7. Greek gods were like humans in what it rejected. Literary Skills Focus many ways; the Greeks valued Literary Analysis hospitality and the home and 6. Draw Conclusions What conclusions about the family. deceptive nature of beauty can you draw from 8. The women (monsters, a sorcer- the Circe episode? How do you think Odysseus will change as a result of his ess, and goddesses) are powerful, 7. Literary Perspectives What have you learned suggesting that ancient Greeks about ancient Greek religion and values from journey? respected and feared them. reading Part One of the Odyssey? 9. Odysseus is wise, clever, and quick-tempered. Students should Applying Your Skills 949 What Do You Think Now? support qualities they name with text examples. In response to the question, have each stu- and other information about Greek values in their charts. 10. Odysseus’s crew members are foils; dent write a prediction in his or her Reader/ 0949_e0cas9_c09sel_01aTell students 949 to use the items listed in their charts as key 2/27/08 7:00:54 AM their foolishness highlights his Writer Notebooks and then share and com- points in their summaries. intelligence. pare it with a partner’s prediction. Valued Rejected 11. He longs for home; that conflict is common, so it makes him seem hospitality rudeness and more human. violence toward The episode might symbolize the strangers 12. dangers of forgetting home (line 210).

Applying Your Skills 949 Reading Standard 1.1 Identify and use the literal and fi gurative meanings of Independent Practice words and understand word derivations. Vocabulary Development from the Odyssey, Part One Vocabulary Check 1. T He and his crew face many hard- ships, and many crew members die. Vocabulary Development 2. F “Formidable in guile” means Vocabulary Check Epithets to be skilled in cunning and trickery. Answer true (T) or false (F) to the following items. An epithet (EP uh theht) is an adjective or phrase 3. F Profusion refers to great Be sure you can justify your answers. used to characterize someone. Catherine the Great amounts, not order. 1. Odysseus faces adversity at sea, which means and baby boomers are epithets used to characterize 4. T The Cyclops is Odysseus’s enemy. he faces hardships and misfortune. an empress and a generation. Homer uses epithets as formulas to characterize places, people, and 5. F Waves in tumult are chaotic. 2. Odysseus is formidable in guile, which means gods. Zeus is called “father of gods and men” to he hates trickery. Your Turn remind us of how powerful he is. The epithet “faith- 3. The dung in the Cyclops’s cave is piled in profu- ful Penelope” instantly tells us her outstanding trait. Possible responses: sion, which means it is piled neatly. 1. skilled at many things; crafty; 4. The Cyclops is Odysseus’s adversary, which A Famous Epithet Mystery a careful, organized planner; A Famous Epithet Mystery means they are enemies. One of Homer’s famous epithets is “the wine-dark unyielding 5. The waves are in tumult, which means they are sea.” Because wine is red or white or yellowish, and 2. The epithet helps me see the color calm. the sea is none of these hues, the description is and pattern of the light at sunrise. puzzling. Some people say that the ancient Greeks diluted their wine with water and that the alkali in English for Academic Success Related Words Earlier, you learned the water changed the color of the wine from red Language Coach that adverse, adversity, and adversary are to blue. Others think the sea was covered with red related words. Here are some more words algae. Robert Fitzgerald, the great translator of the Possible responses: mortality, immor- from the epic. Copy these words down Odyssey, was sailing on the Aegean Sea when he tal; customary, accustomed; magical, and list two related words for each. had this realization: magician; destroy, destructive; horror, The contrast of the bare arid baked land against • mortal (line 93) horrible the sea gave the sea such a richness of hue that • custom (line 258) I felt as though we were sailing through a bowl English for Academic Success • magic (line 578) of dye. The depth of hue of the water was like the • destruction (line 632) depth of hue of a good red wine. Academic Vocabulary • horrid (line 688) Possible response: Homer portrays Odysseus as an epic hero by describing Your Turn conflicts he encounters on his journey Academic Vocabulary Answer the following questions to test your knowl- home from the Trojan War and how edge of the italicized epithets. Odysseus uses heroic qualities to deal Write About . . . 1. Odysseus is called “versatile Odysseus,” “wily with these conflicts. The gods control his In a few paragraphs, outline the ways in Odysseus,” “the strategist,” and “the noble and destiny by helping him or making his which Homer portrays Odysseus as an enduring man.” What character traits does each journey difficult. epic hero. How do the gods control the epithet reveal about Odysseus? hero’s destiny? Use the Academic Vocab- 2. Dawn is described as “rosy-firosy-fi ngered.” What does ulary in your response. this epithet help you see?

950 Unit 5 • Chapter 9 Unit 5 Resources, Selection Universal Access: Vocabulary Development Standards Check, p. 10 English Learners they read the poem, students list interesting epithets ThinkCentral Online 0950_e0cas9_c09sel_01aEnglish for Academic 950 Success Have students work in in their Reader/Writer Notebooks. Students should 2/27/08 7:00:57 AM Assessment, Selection Standards pairs. Ask student pairs to scan Part One of the Odyssey also take notes on what the epithets reveal about the Check to find epithets that Homer uses to describe two of the characters they describe. following characters: Calypso, Cyclops, Circe, Scylla, Cha- ✔ See the Academic and Selection Vocabulary Skill rybdis, Athena, Poseidon, Zeus. Ask students to share Builder in UA: Differentiating Instruction. their findings. Discuss the meanings of the epithets and ThinkCentral Online what they reveal about each character. Suggest that as Remediation

950 Unit 5 • Chapter 9                              "&-!!$&-#'-"$! '"         Introducing Vocabulary Read aloud the Vocabulary words     and sample sentences. Then, use the activity below to check students’      $"'%*!!( (* # #)$ (()$'.)'$*) understanding of the words. *($% ( " !(!($!!$"' ( " !(     -)#   )&$#'(-&# #'' 1. Describe a situation in which can- $"%' ($#(),#($") #)))* ###$)+   !  !   (#1(*(.!!' #.((*(2("##$! #)" dor would be important.   #) '1#($") #$' #'.))).,$*!'$# /    ' )! '$&#)! 2. Mimic how a disdainful person )$#1(*(3('"#) #3(#$! # ) #) ' && #'$"$#'#($#'! acts.  !    ! #( 0  % ( " !((*()$#$+!%)* # 3. Show how someone glowered at )$#+ ( $#"$#()'$*(')*'(#(*%'#)*'!$'(*()  !  ! #  another person. $"%' ($#!)()''$##))")$ #$,#%'%) $#(# "$) $#(   )& !&'(& 4. Describe how you would feel if #& !-   ! someone lavished praise on you.      " !  5. Tell how an aloof person behaves.   $#) #*)$') (%      '( *#&$)'!-  ! "   %'%'( #(*""' / ###$) #*(#4)(#(('. English for Academic Success  " !   ( ##(,'&*() $#((*()()$ .$*' Language Coach  )  )#& #!-( ' *#'()# #$)(!) $#('$"'),$$)   Answer: (#  !"  Candor is derived from candere.           After they read the Language          Coach, ask students to identify the        adjective related to the noun candor.              [candid]              ( #*& "#'.($' #/ $"'($)'&$" Literary Skills Focus           ((+$&#$(+$&'$#(! '($* '& *&$" '+!! -$) As students read, have them identify      #0)&$)(+ +$& ( ' epic similes.        Reading Skills Focus    ' )$,# #.$*'     Give students a copy of the Reading    ,).$*!'#$*))+!*($)%$%!,$)$! Skills Focus graphic organizer before )(# #)()$' ( they read. (See Unit 5 Resources.)  (.$*'$#( '$,.((*(2(+#)*'(" ) Tell them to use their responses $'")( ($'$"%*)'" to answer the questions on the      Applying Your Skills page.      '$&(($,%!$&("# #$*$)!&-    (&"'( Writing Skills Focus  '-$)& ($$"%!((( * ( '$&(''!( $#'     In their Reader/Writer Notebooks, have students note what they learn Selection Resources about the values of the people who told these ancient stories. Students Unit 5 Resources, on-level practice and assessment, UA: Differentiating Instruction, graphic organizer, can use their notes to complete the

p. 13 p. 235 Writing Skills Focus activity. Teacher One Stop™, on-level lesson plans UA: Supporting Instruction in Spanish, selection

and all print resources summary Holt Audio Library ThinkCentral Online Assessment, Selection Holt Audio Library: Selections and Summaries Standards Check in Spanish ThinkCentral Online Remediation Learn It Online Send students to Word Watch for audio pronunciations, synonyms and antonyms, and brief histories of word origins. go.hrw.com H9-951 Go

Preparing to Read 951