DOCSLIB.ORG

Ref. 615.9 PAT 6Th Ed

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ref. 615.9 PAT 6Th Ed INDEX Absorbent sampling, gases and vapors, 415 Adjustment factor calculations, urine analysis, 492 Absorption. See also specific body systems, Administrative controls. nanomaterials. 395 e.g., Respiratory tract Adsorbents, odor measurement and control, 549-553 aerosol optical properties, 228-230 Adsorber sampling, gases and vapors, 415-419 biological variability. 470--473 Adsorption systems. odor measurement and chemicals, 44-47 control, 549-553 parenteral routes, 65-66 Aerodynamic diameter, defined, 190 Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion Aerosols: (ADME) modeling: Brownian motion and diffusion, 216-218 biological monitoring, organic compounds, 501-506 coagulation, 235-239 metabolic interactions, 507-508 condensation and evaporation, 218-221 toxicokinetics, 467-470 Cunningham correction factor, 201-203 Accelerated silicosis, 279 cyclones, 211-212 Acceptability criteria, lung function testing, 251 definitions, 189-190 Accreditation, laboratory accreditation, gases and vapors electrical properties, 221-227 sampling, 423-424 impactors, 208-21 t Activated carbon, odor measurement and particle bounce. 210 control, 549-553 Knudsen number, 199-200 Activated charcoal, gases and vapors adsorber optical properties, 227-235 sampling. 416-419 particle motion, 202-208 Active sampling. gases and vapors, 411-419 particle size, 191-192 Active transport: average diameters, 199 cell membranes, 49, 51 coagulation, 236-238 kidney-based xenohiotic elimination and distributions, 194-199 excretion, 82-83 impactors for small sizes, 210-211 Acute silicosis, 279 physical properties, 191-193 Adaptation, odor measurement and control, 531-532 respirable sampling, 212-216 Additive model, gases and vapors sampling, 408 respiratory tract penetration and absorption, 53-57 Additivity, biological monitoring, mixed Reynolds number, 20 I compounds, 506-507 shape, 193 Patty's industrial Hygiene, Sixth Edition, Edited by Vernon E. Rose and Barbara Cohrssen Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. 565 566 INDEX Aerosols: (Continued) research background, 427-429 Attenuation coefficient, aerosol optical properties, Stokes law, 200 sampling media classification, 449-451 228-230 surface properties, 193 selection criteria, 444-446 Attributable risk, associations, 95 toxicants as, 46-47 special handling protocols, 452 Atypical human responses, intentionalexclusionof, units, 190-191 spectrophotometric methods, 429-434 Agglomerates, defined, 190, 377 thermal optical analyzer, elemental/organic Bayesian Exposure Assessment Toolkit(BEAT),gas. Aggregates, defined, 377 carbon, 442-443 vapors sampling, 410 Airborne contaminants. See also Aerosols X-ray diffraction, 433 Bayesian statistics, p-values and, 140-141 odor measurement and control, 536-538 Angiosarcoma of liver, vinyl chloride and, 92 Beer's Law, spectrophotometry, 429-430 Air pollution studies, confounding and weak associa­ Angular scattering, aerosol optical properties, 231-233 Behavioral models, multiple chemical sensitivities, tions, 117-118 Anisokinetic sampling, aerosol particle motion, 207-208 Bentonite, lung disease and, 271-272 Air sampling: Antagonism, biological monitoring, mixed Benzene, skin absorption, 65 environmental exposure strategy, 457 compounds, 507 BeryIlium Blood Lymphocyte ProliferationTest(Bel man-made mineral fiber identification, 363-365 Arsenic, chemical speciation, biological monitoring, 499 biological monitoring, 463 Albumin, xenobiotic transport in, 68-69 Asbestiform crystalline habit, mineralogy, 259 Bias: Alcohol consumption, biological monitoring and, 508 Asbestos: case-control studies, 107-108 Alpha-l-antitrypsin deficiency, emphysema diseases and conditions from, 25S-26O hidden uncertainties, 145-151 susceptibility, 463 Helsinki Criterion, exposure-response analysis, odor measurement and control, 527-529 Alveolar air measurement, exposure assessment, 31 127-136 synergy of combined biases, 150-151 Alveolar deposition, respirable dust studies, 290-293 lung cancer hypothesis, study design Biliary tract, xenobiotic elimination and excretion; Alveoli, alveolar wall penetration, biological conse­ consistency, 137-138 Bimolecular structure, cell membranes. 47-49 quences, 5S-59 lung disease, 25S-268 Binding sites, competition for, 508 American Academy of Industrial Hygiene (AAIH): asbestosis, 264-266 Biochemical change biomarkers, biological educational programs, 36-37 lung cancer, 266-267 monitoring, 461 formation, 24-25 malignant mesothelioma, 267-268 Biofilter systems, odor measurement and control, American Board of Industrial Hygiene (ABIH), 24-25 pleural disease, 263-264 552-553 American Conference of Governmental Industrial mineralogy, 259-260 Biological Exposure Indices (BEls): Hygienists (ACGIH): occupational exposures and exposure limits, 261-262 BATs vs" 473-475 Biological Exposure indices, 30-31 physical properties, 261 BATs with, 481-482 biomarker reference values, 488-489 production and use, 259-261 compliance with, 456 educational programs, 36-37 respirable dust studies, 320-323 current list, 30-31 industrial hygiene history and, 5, S-9 toxicology studies, 42-43 reference values, 473-474, 488-489 particle size collection criteria, respirable dust Asbestosis: Biological gradient, causality and, 120-151 studies, 297-300 discovery of, 7-8 Biologically effective dose. biomarker studies, 114­ American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA): epidemiology and pathology, 264-266 460-461 accreditation program, 25 Asphalt fume exposure, shift studies, acute health Biological monitoring: Code of Ethics, 24-25 effects, 108-111 biomarker classification, 459-463 educational programs, 36-37 Association: biomarker selection criteria, 496-499 formation of, 5, 24 Bradford Hill epidemiology study, 116-117 blood samples, 492-493, 495-496 guidelines established by, 7-8 case-control studies, 103-104 exhaled air samples, 493-496 statistics: 6-8, 36 causality and strength of, 117-118 exposure to disease continuum, 459 Amine compounds, skin absorption, 65 consistency and, 136-138 future research issues, 508-510 Amphibole, mineralogy, 259 defined, 94 metals and inorganic compounds, 499-501 Analytical methods, industrial hygiene: difference-based, 95 mixtures exposures, 506-508 availability of, 498 hidden uncertainties in estimation of, 145-151 occupational exposure assessment, 457-463 chromatography, 434-439 ratio-based, 95 organic compounds, 501-506 electron microscopy, 440-441 Asthma, methacholine bronchial challenge test, 253-254 reference values, biological determinants, 473-4' gravimetric methods, 442 Atelectasis, rounded, asbestosis-related disease, 264 BATs vs. BEls, 475-480 ICP mass spectrometry, 432-433 Atmospheric dispersion models, odor measurement and carcinogenic susbtances/suspected carcino­ inductively coupled argon plasma control, 545-546 gens, 483-487 spectrophotometry, 431-432 Atmospheric pressure ionization (API), mass ethical issues, 490-491 industrial hygiene chemistry, future trends, 443-444 spectrometry, 438 European countries, 474,482,488 infrared spectrophotometry, 433-434 Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, industrial hygiene Germany, 474, 489 ion-selective electrodes, 441-442 analysis, 430-431 history, 473-488 metal compounds, biological monitoring, 499-500 Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), particle size Japan, 488, 490 mold analyses, 439-440 collection criteria, respirable dust United States, 473-474, 488-489 nanotechnology/nanomaterials, 441 studies, 295-297 research background, 455-457 optical microscopy, 439 Atomization techniques, atomic absorption sampling times, 495-496 performance evaluation, 447-449 spectrophotometry, 431 tissue matrices, 494-495 quantitative analysis, 429 Attapulgite, lung disease and, 26S-269 tcxicokinetics. 464-470 INDEX 567 Attenuation coefficient, aerosol optical properties, ADMET modeling, 467-470 228-230 clearance and volume of distribution, 465 Attributable risk, associations, 95 rate constant and half-life, 464-465 Atypical human responses, intentional exclusion of, 164 saturable kinetics, 465-467 urine samples, 491-492,495-496 Bayesian Exposure Assessment Toolkit (BEAT), gases and variability, sources of, 470--473 vapors sampling, 410 Biological plausibility, exposure-response Bayesian statistics, p-values and, 140--141 analyses, 138 Beer's Law, spectrophotometry, 429-430 Biological response mechanisms, environmental Behavioral models, multiple chemical sensitivities, 176 stresses, 18 Bentonite, lung disease and, 271-272 Biological theories, multiple chemical sensitivities, Benzene, skin absorption, 65 173-175 Beryllium Blood Lymphocyte Proliferation Test (BeLPT), Biologische Arbeitsstoff-Toleranz-Werte (BATs): biological monitoring, 463 BEls vs., 474-480 Bias: BEls with, 481-482 case-control studies, 107-108 defined, 489 hidden uncertainties, 145-151 Biomacromoleculeadducts, organic compounds, 504-505 odor measurement and control, 527-529 Biomarker studies: synergy of combined biases, 150--151 analytical method availability, 498 Biliary tract, xenobiotic elimination and excretion; 83 biologically effective dose, 460--461 Bimolecular structure, cell membranes, 47-49 effects biomarkers, 461-462 Binding sites, competition for, 508 exposure biomarkers, 459-46\ Biochemical change biomarkers, biological individual susceptibility biomarkers, 462-463 monitoring, 461 internal dose biomarkers, 460 Biofilter systems, odor measurement and control, occupational epidemiology. I 13-115 552-553 reference values/interpretation: Biological Exposure Indices (BEls): BATs vs. BEls, 475-480 BATs VS" 473-475 BATs with BEl, 481-482 BATs with,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Airborne Dust WHO/SDE/OEH/99.14 Chapter 1 - Dust: Definitions and Concepts
    Hazard Prevention and Control in the Work Environment: Airborne Dust WHO/SDE/OEH/99.14 Chapter 1 - Dust: Definitions and Concepts Airborne contaminants occur in the gaseous form (gases and vapours) or as aerosols. In scientific terminology, an aerosol is defined as a system of particles suspended in a gaseous medium, usually air in the context of occupational hygiene, is usually air. Aerosols may exist in the form of airborne dusts, sprays, mists, smokes and fumes. In the occupational setting, all these forms may be important because they relate to a wide range of occupational diseases. Airborne dusts are of particular concern because they are well known to be associated with classical widespread occupational lung diseases such as the pneumoconioses, as well as with systemic intoxications such as lead poisoning, especially at higher levels of exposure. But, in the modern era, there is also increasing interest in other dust-related diseases, such as cancer, asthma, allergic alveolitis, and irritation, as well as a whole range of non-respiratory illnesses, which may occur at much lower exposure levels. This document aims to help reduce the risk of these diseases by aiding better control of dust in the work environment. The first and fundamental step in the control of hazards is their recognition. The systematic approach to recognition is described in Chapter 4. But recognition requires a clear understanding of the nature, origin, mechanisms of generation and release and sources of the particles, as well as knowledge on the conditions of exposure and possible associated ill effects. This is essential to establish priorities for action and to select appropriate control strategies.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of a Digital Video-Based Occupational Risk Assessment Method
    COMMUNITY CASE STUDY published: 10 June 2021 doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.683850 Development of a Digital Video-Based Occupational Risk Assessment Method Nils Ove Beese 1*, Francisca S. Rodriguez 1, Jan Spilski 1 and Thomas Lachmann 1,2 1 Center for Cognitive Science, Department of Cognitive and Developmental Psychology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany, 2 Centro de Ciencia Cognitiva, Facultad de Lenguas y Educación, Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain The development and implementation of an observational video-based risk assessment is described. Occupational risk assessment is one of the most important yet also challenging tasks for employers. Most assessment tools to date use questionnaires, expert interviews, and similar tools. Video analysis is a promising tool for risk assessment, but it needs an objective basis. A video of a plastering worker was recorded using a 360◦ camera. The recording was then analyzed using the developed observational matrix concerning Work Characteristics, Work Activities as well as potential risks. Risk factors present during the video of the work included lifting, fall from ladder, hazardous substances as well as occasionally bad posture. The worker had no or just one risk factor present during most of the time of the video recording, while only 16 s with more Edited by: than one risk factor present according to the observational matrix. The paper presents Henri Heussen, a promising practical method to assess occupational risks on a case-by-case basis. Cosanta BV, Netherlands It can help with the risk assessment process in companies which is required by law in Reviewed by: Gunnar Rosén, some industrialized countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Hazard Prevention and Control in the Work Environment: Airborne Dust WHO, Geneva - WHO/SDE/OEH/99.14
    PREVENTION AND CONTROL EXCHANGE PACE HAZARD PREVENTION AND CONTROL IN THE WORK ENVIRONMENT: AIRBORNE DUST Occupational and Environmental Health Department of Protection of the Human Environment World Health Organization Geneva August 1999 Hazard Prevention and Control in the Work Environment: Airborne Dust WHO, Geneva - WHO/SDE/OEH/99.14 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................... 1 PREFACE.................................................................................................................................... 12 Acknowledgements..................................................................................................................... 17 Chapter 1 - Dust: Definitions and Concepts.............................................................................. 19 1.1 Dust as an occupational hazard ........................................................................................ 19 1.2 Penetration and deposition of particles in the human respiratory tract.......................... 21 1.3 Clearance of particles from the respiratory tract.............................................................. 23 1.3.1 Mucociliary clearance ................................................................................................ 23 1.3.2 Bronchiole movement................................................................................................ 24 1.3.3 Phagocytosis..............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • NEWSLETTER Contents Training Is Also a Key Issue
    November 2011 Vol 19 No 2 NEWSLETTER Contents Training is also a key issue. One problem in many countries is that 1 Letter from the Editor occupational hygiene is not officially recognized, therefore universities and other institutions do not receive enough support or 2 News from IOHA guidance to develop high level courses in this field, and quality of 4 The 9th IOHA International Scientific Conference training cannot be enforced. 5 News from Member Associations Just to give an example in one country: in Brazil, occupational medicine and safety engineering are officially recognized 8 News from WHO professions, requiring for their practice, besides the respective 10 News from WHO Colloborating Centers for university degrees, graduate courses ranging from 400 to over Ocupational Health 1,000 hours (plus considerable practice) for the former, and 650 to 11 News from the ILO 750 hours for the latter. As to occupational hygiene, although several universities have good courses at the graduate level (usually 12 News from ISSA/ILO around 400 - 450 hours), these are not enough and the result is that 13 News from the European Union some “occupational hygienists” are trained through a patchwork of short courses, whose relevance, within a comprehensive 14 Contributions from Readers framework of required knowledge, and quality control cannot be legally enforced, as for the other occupational health professions. Letter from the Editor Although some of theses short courses are very good, others leave much to be desired and there is no possibility to officially regulate Dear Colleagues, them. Similar situations occur in many other countries, where there It amazes me how often more importance is given to the are excellent occupational hygienists, but also poorly trained ones assessment of unhealthy working conditions and their and this jeopardizes the profession.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT . 13 RÉSUMÉ . .14 KURZREFERAT . 15 BACKGROUND . 16 FOREWORD . 19 ABBREVIATIONS . 21 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF ACOUSTICS (Colin H Hansen)...................23 1.1. PHYSICS OF SOUND ...........................................23 1.1.1. Amplitude, Frequency, Wavelength and Velocity ...............23 1.1.2. Sound Field Definitions ...................................27 1.1.2.1. Free field .......................................27 1.1.2.2. Near field .......................................27 1.1.2.3. Far field ........................................27 1.1.2.4. Direct field ......................................27 1.1.2.5. Reverberant field .................................27 1.1.3. Frequency Analysis .......................................27 1.1.3.1. A convenient property of the one-third octave band centre frequencies...................................28 1.2. QUANTIFICATION OF SOUND ...................................30 1.2.1. Sound Power (W) and Intensity (I) ...........................30 1.2.2. Sound Pressure Level .....................................30 1.2.3. Sound Intensity Level .....................................31 1.2.4. Sound Power Level .......................................32 1.2.5. Combining Sound Pressures ................................32 1.2.5.1. Addition of coherent sound pressures .................32 1.2.5.2. Addition of incoherent sound pressures (logarithmic addition)..............................34 1.2.5.3. Subtraction of sound pressure levels ..................35 1.2.5.4. Combining level reductions
    [Show full text]
  • Rapport Herivis Projektet 090401
    Strategies for the use of PIMEX and other video exposure monitoring methods. Final report from sub-project “implementation strategies” within the HERIVIS project Gunnar Rosén and Ing-Marie Andersson Högskolan Dalarna, Sweden Project financed by ZIT Zentrum für Innovation und Technologie GmbH Vienna, Austria Abstract Video exposure monitoring (VEM) is a group of methods used for occupational hygiene studies. The method is based on a combined use of video recordings with measurements taken with real-time monitoring instruments. A commonly used name for VEM is PIMEX. Since PIMEX initially was invented in the mid 1980’s have the method been implemented and developed in a number of countries. With the aim to give an updated picture of how VEM methods are used and to investigate needs for further development have a number of workshops been organised in Finland, UK, the Netherlands, Germany and Austria. Field studies have also been made with the aim to study to what extent the PIMEX method can improve workers motivation to actively take part in actions aimed at workplace improvements. The results from the workshops illustrates clearly that there is an impressive amount of experiences and ideas for the use of VEM within the network of the groups participating in the workshops. The sharing of these experiences between the groups, as well as dissemination of it to wider groups is, however, limited. The field studies made together with a number of welders indicate that their motivation to take part in workplace improvements is improved after the PIMEX intervention. The results are however not totally conclusive and further studies focusing on motivation are called for.
    [Show full text]
  • NEWSLETTER Contents Duty
    June Vol 19 No 1 NEWSLETTER Contents duty. Two of these heroes, workers of Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO), were only 21 and 24 years old. 1 Letter from the Editor 1 News from IOHA As you remember, in the last issue you were asked for ideas on how to promote our field to a higher level in international and 3 News from Member Associations national development and environmental agendas. Well, on this 5 News from ICOH issue I am presenting to you some ideas (under Contributions from Readers) and invite you to discuss them. An exchange in 7 News from WHO this respect would be most valuable to all of us, therefore, 8 News from WHO Collaborating Centers please, do send your comments even if short ones. 10 News from ILO If we speak about greater visibility for occupational hygiene, we 11 News from the European Union are speaking about the importance of primary prevention. One 12 International Actions noteworthy point in the contribution from Japan is the mention of how the focus went from a passive approach – treatment of 14 Contributions from Readers occupational diseases, to a proactive approach, emphasizing primary prevention, practiced under multidisciplinary teams. It Letter from the Editor was also very rewarding to see that the WHO Conference on Occupational and Environmental Cancer gave due emphasis to Dear Colleagues, the fundamental importance of primary prevention, as you may see in this issue. I would like to start this letter with a message to our colleagues in Japan, as we are all sad by the tragic events there, resulting On many occasions we have had articles about the PIMEX from the Tohoku Pacific Earthquake.
    [Show full text]
  • Conference Proceedings
    Australian Institute of Occupational Hygienists Inc 36th Annual Conference and Exhibition CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS https://www.aioh.org.au/aioh2018/ 36th Annual Conference & Exhibition of the Australian Institute of Occupational Hygienists Inc 1 – 5 December 2018 Crown Promenade Melbourne, Victoria 2018 CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS Editor Rob Golec www.aioh.org.au AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENISTS INC th 36 ANNUAL CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION DISCLAIMER AND COPYRIGHT The views expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of the AIOH. No part of this publication can be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without the written permission of the Institute and Authors except in the case of brief direct quotations in reviews for other relevant articles. The Australian Institute of Occupational Hygienists Inc. is a non-profit organisation dedicated to the advancement of occupational hygiene and to the improvement of the knowledge, competence and standing of its practitioners. It is affiliated with the International Occupational Hygiene Association. Copyright 2018 The Australian Institute of Occupational Hygienists Inc ABN: 50 423 289 752 ISBN: 978-0-9775920-9-8 For further information contact: Administration | Conference & Events Manager Australian Institute of Occupational Hygienists Office: Unit 2, 8-12 Butler Way Tullamarine Vic 3043 Postal: PO Box 1205 Tullamarine Vic 3043 Phone: +613 9338 1635 Email: [email protected] Web: www. aioh.org.au 2018 AIOH Conference Proceedings ii AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENISTS INC th 36 ANNUAL CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION A NOTE FROM THE 2018 AIOH PRESIDENT On behalf of the Australian Institute of Occupational Hygienists (AIOH) council and staff, it is my pleasure to welcome you to the 36th AIOH annual conference and exhibition.
    [Show full text]
  • The Global Occupational Health Network GOHNET
    The Global Occupational Health Network ISSUE No. 5SUMMER 2003 GOHNETGOHNET GOHNET NEWSLETTER The Occupational Health Dear GOHNET members and future members, Programme of WHO This is a special issue written to inform you about the ILO/WHO Joint Committee on Occupational Health, as well as some ongoing activities. Headquarters The Committee first met in 1950 and will meet again from 2-5 December Dr Gerry Eijkemans ([email protected]) in Geneva at the ILO headquarters office. Occupational Health Programme At the WHO 89th Session of the Executive Board in 1992, Dr Nakajima, WHO headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland then Director-General of WHO, underlined the fact that ‘over the years, Background WHO has given insufficient attention to the diseases affecting the entire spectrum of the working population‘– from working children, to Working conditions, for the majority of the three billion workers adolescents, adults and the working elderly’. worldwide, do not meet the minimum standards and guidelines In 1995, the ILO/WHO Joint Committee on Occupational Health met set by the World Health Organization and the International and developed a consensus statement on occupational health. It reads as Labour Organization (ILO) for occupational health, safety and follows: ‘The main focus in occupational health is on three different social protection. Throughout the world, poor occupational objectives: (i) the maintenance and promotion of workers’ health and health and safety leads to two million work-related deaths, 271 working capacity; (II) the improvement of working environment and work million injuries and 160 million occupational diseases per year1. to become conducive to safety and health; and (iii) the development of work organization and working cultures is intended in this context to mean The majority of the world’s workforce does not have access to a reflection of the essential value systems adopted by the undertaking occupational health services; only 10-15 % of the total global concerned.
    [Show full text]
  • 37Th R3-NORDIC. Contamination Control Symposium
    ESPOO 2006 VTT SYMPOSIUM 240 R3­Nordic, the Nordic Society of Cleanroom Technology, is a non­profit, VTT SYMPOSIUM 240 37 independent society with a well established network for research, education, product development and production in cleanroom technology and contamination control in the Nordic countries. The venue of the 37th annual symposium is Scandic Hotel Rosendahl in Tampere. The aim of this symposium is to provide knowledge of contamination control and clean room technology dealing with topics in the pharmaceutical, food, and electronics industries as well as hospitals. The topics at the th37 R3­Nordic Contamination Control Symposium are clean room technology and management, clean room clothing, contamination control and cleaning, strategies for process analytical technology, environmental th R 3 monitoring and risk management in production, process design and R 3 technology. We wish that this event will be fruitful in giving background ­NORDIC. Contamination Control Symposium information and new ideas to all participants in the symposium and exhibition as well as readers of the proceedings. 37th R3­NORDIC Contamination Control Symposium Tätä julkaisua myy Denna publikation säljs av This publication is available from VTT VTT VTT PL 1000 PB 1000 P.O. Box 1000 02044 VTT 02044 VTT FI•02044 VTT, Finland Puh. 020 722 4404 Tel. 020 722 4404 Phone internat. +358 20 722 4404 Faksi 020 722 4374 Fax 020 722 4374 Fax +358 20 722 4374 ISBN 951– 38– 6303– 4 (soft back ed.) ISBN 951– 38– 6304– 2 (URL: http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/) ISSN 0357–
    [Show full text]