INDEX

Absorbent sampling, gases and vapors, 415 Adjustment factor calculations, urine analysis, 492 Absorption. See also specific body systems, Administrative controls. nanomaterials. 395 e.g., Respiratory tract Adsorbents, odor measurement and control, 549-553 aerosol optical properties, 228-230 Adsorber sampling, gases and vapors, 415-419 biological variability. 470--473 Adsorption systems. odor measurement and chemicals, 44-47 control, 549-553 parenteral routes, 65-66 Aerodynamic diameter, defined, 190 Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion Aerosols: (ADME) modeling: Brownian motion and diffusion, 216-218 biological monitoring, organic compounds, 501-506 coagulation, 235-239 metabolic interactions, 507-508 condensation and evaporation, 218-221 toxicokinetics, 467-470 Cunningham correction factor, 201-203 Accelerated silicosis, 279 cyclones, 211-212 Acceptability criteria, lung function testing, 251 definitions, 189-190 Accreditation, laboratory accreditation, gases and vapors electrical properties, 221-227 sampling, 423-424 impactors, 208-21 t Activated carbon, odor measurement and particle bounce. 210 control, 549-553 Knudsen number, 199-200 Activated charcoal, gases and vapors adsorber optical properties, 227-235 sampling. 416-419 particle motion, 202-208 Active sampling. gases and vapors, 411-419 particle size, 191-192 Active transport: average diameters, 199 cell membranes, 49, 51 coagulation, 236-238 kidney-based xenohiotic elimination and distributions, 194-199 excretion, 82-83 impactors for small sizes, 210-211 Acute silicosis, 279 physical properties, 191-193 Adaptation, odor measurement and control, 531-532 respirable sampling, 212-216 Additive model, gases and vapors sampling, 408 respiratory tract penetration and absorption, 53-57 Additivity, biological monitoring, mixed Reynolds number, 20 I compounds, 506-507 shape, 193

Patty's industrial Hygiene, Sixth Edition, Edited by Vernon E. Rose and Barbara Cohrssen Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. 565 566 INDEX

Aerosols: (Continued) research background, 427-429 Attenuation coefficient, aerosol optical properties, Stokes law, 200 sampling media classification, 449-451 228-230 surface properties, 193 selection criteria, 444-446 Attributable risk, associations, 95 toxicants as, 46-47 special handling protocols, 452 Atypical human responses, intentionalexclusionof, units, 190-191 spectrophotometric methods, 429-434 Agglomerates, defined, 190, 377 thermal optical analyzer, elemental/organic Bayesian Exposure Assessment Toolkit(BEAT),gas. Aggregates, defined, 377 carbon, 442-443 vapors sampling, 410 Airborne contaminants. See also Aerosols X-ray diffraction, 433 Bayesian statistics, p-values and, 140-141 odor measurement and control, 536-538 Angiosarcoma of liver, vinyl chloride and, 92 Beer's Law, spectrophotometry, 429-430 Air pollution studies, confounding and weak associa­ Angular scattering, aerosol optical properties, 231-233 Behavioral models, multiple chemical sensitivities, tions, 117-118 Anisokinetic sampling, aerosol particle motion, 207-208 Bentonite, lung disease and, 271-272 Air sampling: Antagonism, biological monitoring, mixed Benzene, skin absorption, 65 environmental exposure strategy, 457 compounds, 507 BeryIlium Blood Lymphocyte ProliferationTest(Bel man-made mineral fiber identification, 363-365 Arsenic, chemical speciation, biological monitoring, 499 biological monitoring, 463 Albumin, xenobiotic transport in, 68-69 Asbestiform crystalline habit, mineralogy, 259 Bias: Alcohol consumption, biological monitoring and, 508 Asbestos: case-control studies, 107-108 Alpha-l-antitrypsin deficiency, emphysema diseases and conditions from, 25S-26O hidden uncertainties, 145-151 susceptibility, 463 Helsinki Criterion, exposure-response analysis, odor measurement and control, 527-529 Alveolar air measurement, exposure assessment, 31 127-136 synergy of combined biases, 150-151 Alveolar deposition, respirable dust studies, 290-293 lung cancer hypothesis, study design Biliary tract, xenobiotic elimination and excretion; Alveoli, alveolar wall penetration, biological conse­ consistency, 137-138 Bimolecular structure, cell membranes. 47-49 quences, 5S-59 lung disease, 25S-268 Binding sites, competition for, 508 American Academy of Industrial Hygiene (AAIH): asbestosis, 264-266 Biochemical change biomarkers, biological educational programs, 36-37 lung cancer, 266-267 monitoring, 461 formation, 24-25 malignant mesothelioma, 267-268 Biofilter systems, odor measurement and control, American Board of Industrial Hygiene (ABIH), 24-25 pleural disease, 263-264 552-553 American Conference of Governmental Industrial mineralogy, 259-260 Biological Exposure Indices (BEls): Hygienists (ACGIH): occupational exposures and exposure limits, 261-262 BATs vs" 473-475 Biological Exposure indices, 30-31 physical properties, 261 BATs with, 481-482 biomarker reference values, 488-489 production and use, 259-261 compliance with, 456 educational programs, 36-37 respirable dust studies, 320-323 current list, 30-31 industrial hygiene history and, 5, S-9 toxicology studies, 42-43 reference values, 473-474, 488-489 particle size collection criteria, respirable dust Asbestosis: Biological gradient, causality and, 120-151 studies, 297-300 discovery of, 7-8 Biologically effective dose. biomarker studies, 114­ American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA): epidemiology and pathology, 264-266 460-461 accreditation program, 25 Asphalt fume exposure, shift studies, acute health Biological monitoring: Code of Ethics, 24-25 effects, 108-111 biomarker classification, 459-463 educational programs, 36-37 Association: biomarker selection criteria, 496-499 formation of, 5, 24 Bradford Hill epidemiology study, 116-117 blood samples, 492-493, 495-496 guidelines established by, 7-8 case-control studies, 103-104 exhaled air samples, 493-496 statistics: 6-8, 36 causality and strength of, 117-118 exposure to disease continuum, 459 Amine compounds, skin absorption, 65 consistency and, 136-138 future research issues, 508-510 Amphibole, mineralogy, 259 defined, 94 metals and inorganic compounds, 499-501 Analytical methods, industrial hygiene: difference-based, 95 mixtures exposures, 506-508 availability of, 498 hidden uncertainties in estimation of, 145-151 occupational exposure assessment, 457-463 chromatography, 434-439 ratio-based, 95 organic compounds, 501-506 electron microscopy, 440-441 Asthma, methacholine bronchial challenge test, 253-254 reference values, biological determinants, 473-4' gravimetric methods, 442 Atelectasis, rounded, asbestosis-related disease, 264 BATs vs. BEls, 475-480 ICP mass spectrometry, 432-433 Atmospheric dispersion models, odor measurement and carcinogenic susbtances/suspected carcino­ inductively coupled argon plasma control, 545-546 gens, 483-487 spectrophotometry, 431-432 Atmospheric pressure ionization (API), mass ethical issues, 490-491 industrial hygiene chemistry, future trends, 443-444 spectrometry, 438 European countries, 474,482,488 infrared spectrophotometry, 433-434 Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, industrial hygiene Germany, 474, 489 ion-selective electrodes, 441-442 analysis, 430-431 history, 473-488 metal compounds, biological monitoring, 499-500 Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), particle size Japan, 488, 490 mold analyses, 439-440 collection criteria, respirable dust United States, 473-474, 488-489 nanotechnology/nanomaterials, 441 studies, 295-297 research background, 455-457 optical microscopy, 439 Atomization techniques, atomic absorption sampling times, 495-496 performance evaluation, 447-449 spectrophotometry, 431 tissue matrices, 494-495 quantitative analysis, 429 Attapulgite, lung disease and, 26S-269 tcxicokinetics. 464-470 INDEX 567

Attenuation coefficient, aerosol optical properties, ADMET modeling, 467-470 228-230 clearance and volume of distribution, 465 Attributable risk, associations, 95 rate constant and half-life, 464-465 Atypical human responses, intentional exclusion of, 164 saturable kinetics, 465-467 urine samples, 491-492,495-496 Bayesian Exposure Assessment Toolkit (BEAT), gases and variability, sources of, 470--473 vapors sampling, 410 Biological plausibility, exposure-response Bayesian statistics, p-values and, 140--141 analyses, 138 Beer's Law, spectrophotometry, 429-430 Biological response mechanisms, environmental Behavioral models, multiple chemical sensitivities, 176 stresses, 18 Bentonite, lung disease and, 271-272 Biological theories, multiple chemical sensitivities, Benzene, skin absorption, 65 173-175 Beryllium Blood Lymphocyte Proliferation Test (BeLPT), Biologische Arbeitsstoff-Toleranz-Werte (BATs): biological monitoring, 463 BEls vs., 474-480 Bias: BEls with, 481-482 case-control studies, 107-108 defined, 489 hidden uncertainties, 145-151 Biomacromoleculeadducts, organic compounds, 504-505 odor measurement and control, 527-529 Biomarker studies: synergy of combined biases, 150--151 analytical method availability, 498 Biliary tract, xenobiotic elimination and excretion; 83 biologically effective dose, 460--461 Bimolecular structure, cell membranes, 47-49 effects biomarkers, 461-462 Binding sites, competition for, 508 exposure biomarkers, 459-46\ Biochemical change biomarkers, biological individual susceptibility biomarkers, 462-463 monitoring, 461 internal dose biomarkers, 460 Biofilter systems, odor measurement and control, occupational epidemiology. I 13-115 552-553 reference values/interpretation: Biological Exposure Indices (BEls): BATs vs. BEls, 475-480 BATs VS" 473-475 BATs with BEl, 481-482 BATs with, 481-482 carcinogenic susbtances/suspected carcino­ compliance with, 456 gens, 483-487 current list, 30--31 ethical issues, 490-491 reference values, 473-474,488-489 European countries, 474,482 Biological gradient, causality and, 120--151 Germany, 474,489 Biologically effective dose, biomarker studies, 114-115, history, 473-488 460-461 Japan, 488, 490 Biological monitoring: United States, 473-474,488-489 biomarker classification, 459-463 selection criteria, 496-499 biomarker selection criteria, 496-499 sensitivity and background levels, 497-498 blood samples, 492-493, 495-496 specificity criteria, 496-497 exhaled air samples, 493-4% specimen stability, 498-499 exposure to disease continuum, 459 time representativity, 472-473 future research issues. 508-510 urine analysis, 491-492 metals and inorganic compounds, 499-501 Biopersistence, man-made mineral fibers. carcinogenic mixtures exposures, 506--508 potency, 349-352 occupational exposure assessment. 457-463 Biotransformation: organic compounds, 501-506 metabolic transformation of xenohiotics, 7~78 reference values, biological determinants, 473-491 toxicants and, 45 BATs vs, BEls, 475-480 organ/tissue distribution and deposition, 70--7\ carcinogenic susbtances/suspected carcino­ Blood: gens, 483-487 biomarker monitoring in, 492-493 ethical issues, 490-491 sampling limes for. 495 European countries, 474, 482, 488 toxic chemicals in. 45 Germany, 474,489 xenobiotic transport and distribution in, 67--{'9 history, 473-488 Blood-brain barrier, toxicant distribution and Japan, 488, 490 deposition. 7\ United States, 473-474, 488-489 Blood flow, toxicant distribution and deposition research background, 455-457 and, 70--71 sampling times, 495-496 Blowing/spinning, ceramic fiber production, 343 tissue matrices, 494-495 Body burden, biological monitoring, chemical expo­ toxicokinetics, 464-470 sure, 455-456 568 INDEX

Body fat, toxicant deposition and accumulation, 73 strength of association, 117-118 Citric acid, blood transport of xenobiotics, Body mass, toxicant distribution and deposition and, temporality, 118-120 Clearance mechanisms: 70-71 Cell membrane transit: nanomaterials, 385 Body protective mechanisms, environmental stres­ active transport, 49, 51 respiratory tract penetration and absorptioi ses, 18-19 carrier-mediated transport, 51-52 toxicokinetics, 465 Bone, toxicant deposition and accumulation, 73-75 endocytosis, 52 Clinicians in industrial hygiene: Bottom-up production, nanomaterials, 389 membrane structure, 47-49 lung function testing, clinical assessment, Bouger's law, aerosol optical properties, 228-230 passive transport. 49-51 multiple chemical sensitivities rnanagemer Bradford Hill criteria, causality and, 116-117 principles of, 47-52 diagnosis, 181 British Medical Research Council (BMRC), particle size col­ toxic interactions and, 52 treatment, 182-183 lection criteria, respirable dust studies, 294--295 Cellular inflammatory response, lungs, 257-258 Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), aerosol cc Bronchiolitis obliterans: Cement, asbestos, Helsinki criterion, asbestos exposure­ and evaporation, 219-220 occupational epidemiology studies of, 93 response analysis, 129-131 Coagulation, aerosols, 235-239 toxicology studies, 42-43 CENIISO/ACGIH particle size criteria, respirable dust external factors, 238-239 Bronchoconstriction, lung structure and function, 54-56 studies, 297-300 monodisperse spherical particles, 235-2~ Bronchodilator administration, lung function Central nervous system (CNS), toxicant deposition and particle size, 236-238 testing, 253 accumulation, 73 Coal dust, lung disease and, 273-276 Brownian motion, aerosol particles, 216-218 Ceramic fibers: silica dust vs., 280-281 Bubbler systems, gases and vapors sampling, 411-413 defined, 335 Coal workers pneumoconiosis (CWP): absorbent sampling, 415 production and use, 343 cross-sectional (prevalence) study design, BUildings, man-made mineral fiber identification in, 363 Certification guidelines, industrial hygiene history pathophysiology, 274-275 Bureau of Labor (U.S.), 5 and, 8-10, 24-25 Coaptation, health/environmental stresses, Bureau of Mines (U.S.), 5 Chance. SeeStatistical uncertainty Coarse mode panicles, respirable aerosol Charge equilibrium, aerosol particle, 223-224 particles, 214-216 Calcium ions, toxicant deposition and accumulation in Chemical composition, nanomaterials, 380-381 Coefficient of drag, aerosol particle motion, bone, 74-75 Chemical exposure, biological monitoring: Coberence, exposure-response analyses, 13! Carbon, nanomaterials, 382 biomarker selection criteria, 496-499 Cohort studies: Carbon disulfide, ischemic heart disease, intervention blood samples, 492-493, 495-496 design quality criteria, 96-SJ7 studies, 116 exhaled air samples, 493-496 diesel exhaust-lung cancer case study, 97­ Carbon monoxide, blood transport and distribution. 67 future research issues, 508-510 etiological studies. 92-93 Carcinogenic effects, man-made mineral fibers, 345-349 metals and inorganic compounds, 499-501 lung cancer exposure-response case study, Carcinogenicity evaluation, man-made mineral fi­ mixtures exposures, 506-508 occupational epidemiology, 96-101 bers, 356-359 occupational exposure assessment, 457-463 qualitative/quantitative exposure estimates, Carcinogenic substances, biomarkers for, 483-487 organic compounds, 501-506 Colloidal absorption, osteotrophic toxicant dep Carrier-mediated transport, cell membranes, 51-52 reference values, biological determinants, 473-491 accumulation. 75 Case-control (case-referent) study design, 101-108 research background, 455-457 Colloidal evaporation, ceramic fiber productio disadvantages, 102 sampling times, 495-496 Cornit" Europeen de Normalisation (CEN), pa Catalytic incineration, odor measurement and tissue matrices, 494-495 collection criteria, respirable dust control, 554 toxicokinetics, 464-470 studies, 298-300 Causality: urine samples, 491-492, 495-496 Community-based case-control study, 103-1 defined, 91 variability, sources of, 470-473 asbestos, Helsinki criterion, exposure-respoi diesel hypothesis in lung cancer, 104-105 Chemical speciation, metal compounds, biological analysis, 133-135 occupational epidemiology, 116-151 monitoring, 499 Complexity, of nanomaterials, 378-380 biological gradient/exposure-response, 120-151 Child labor, industrial hygiene history and, 4-5 Composite materials, nanomaterials, 382 asbestos and Helsinki criterion, 127-136 Chromatography, industrial hygiene analysis, 434-439 Computed tomography (Cf): biological plausibility, 138 gas chromatography, 435-436 asbestosis diagnosis, 265-266 coherence, 138 gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, 436 lung function testing, 255-256 consistency in, 136-138 high-pressure liquid chromatography, 436-437 Concentration: employment/exposure duration, 121-123 high-pressure liquid chromatography/mass spectrome­ case-control studies, 103-105 ever/never analyses, 120-121 try, 437-438 odor measurement and control, 542-543 hidden uncertainty (bias and confounding), ion chromatography, 438-439 Condensation, aerosols, 218-221 145-151 Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), multiple chemical drying times, 221 nonasbestiform amphiboles, talc exposure sensitivities and, 178-179 gas phase formation, 220 study, 126-127 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): heterogeneous nucleation, 219-220 qualitative/quantitative estimates, 124 coal dust, 276 homogeneous nucleation, 219 quantitative exposure effects, 123-124 silica exposure, 280 ion nucleation, 220 sampling methods, 124-126 Chronic silicosis, 278-279 Condensation nuclei (CN), aerosol condensatic semiquantitative exposure effects, 123 Chrysotile: evaporation, 219-220 statistical uncertainty (chance), 139-145 asbestos levels, exposure-response analysis, 121-123 Condensation panicle counter (CPC). nanomat Bradford Hill study, 116-117 mineralogy, 259 monitoring, 392-393 INDEX 569

Citric acid, blood transport of xenobiotics, 69 Condensed phase toxicants, basic properties, 46-47 Clearance mechanisms: Confidence. in case-control studies, 103-104 nanomaterials, 385 Confidence intervals. statistical uncertainty, 141-143 respiratory tract penetration and absorption, 59--6\ Confounding: toxicokinetics, 465 cohort studies, diesel exhaust-lung cancer case Clinicians in industrial hygiene: study, 100-101 lung function testing, clinical assessment, 251 hidden uncertainties, 145-151 multiple chemical sensitivities management: weak associations, particulate matter air pollution diagnosis, 181 studies, 117-118 treatment, 182-183 Consistency, exposure-response analyses, 136-138 Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), aerosol condensation Contrast. aerosol optical properties, 230-231 and evaporation, 219--220 Control banding (CB), gases and vapors sampling. 410 Coagulation, aerosols, 235-239 Control selection: external factors, 238-239 bias and, 149-150 monodisperse spherical particles, 235-236 man-made mineral fibers, 365-367 particle size, 236-238 nanomaterials regulations, 393-395 Coal dust, lung disease and, 273-276 Cough, as defense mechanism, 245 silica dust vs., 280--281 Counteraction, odor measurement and control, 557-558 Coal workers pneumoconiosis (CWP): Creatinine clearance, urine analysis, 492 cross-sectional (prevalence) study design, 111-112 Cross-sectional (prevalence) study design and pathophysiology, 274-275 surveillance, 111-112 Coaptation, health/environmental stresses, 19-20 Crumb rubber modified (CRM) asphalt exposure, Coarse mode particles, respirable aerosol 109-110 particles, 214-216 Cunningham correction factor, aerosol particles. 201-203 Coefficient of drag, aerosol particle motion, 204-206 Brownian motion and diffusion, 216-218 Coherence, exposure-response analyses, 138 coagulation, 236-238 Cohort studies: Cyclones: design quality criteria, 96-97 aerosol analysis, 211-212 diesel exhaust-lung cancer case study, 97-101 respirable dust studies, 308-310 etiological studies, 92-93 Cytochrome P450 enzymes: lung cancer exposure-response case study, 126-127 metabolic transfonnation of xenobiotics, 76-78 occupational epidemiology, 96-10 I susceptibility biomarkers, 463 qualitative/quantitative exposure estimates, 124 Cytotoxicity biomarkers, biological monitoring, 462 Colloidal absorption, osteotrophic toxicant deposition and accumulation. 75 Data evaluation, exposure measurements, 35-36 Colloidal evaporation, ceramic fiber production, 343 Dead space. exhaled air monitoring, 493-494 Comite Europeen de Normalisation (CEN), particle size Decision processes, odor measurement and collection criteria, respirable dust control, 527-529 studies, 298-300 Department of Labor (U.S.), 5 Community-based case-control study, 103-104 Deposition. nanomaterials, 383--385 asbestos, Helsinki criterion. exposure-response Derivatization, gases and vapors adsorber sam­ analysis, 133-135 pling, 417-419 Complexity. of nanomaterials, 378-380 Descriptive studies, occupational epidemiology, 91-92 Composite materials, nanomaterials, 382 Desorption, odor measurement and control, airborne Computed tomography (Cl'): particulates, 537 asbestosis diagnosis, 265-266 Detection theory.odor measurement and control, 527-529 lung function testing, 255-256 Deutsch equation, aerosol electrical properties, 227 Concentration: Diameters, aerosol particle size, definitions, 199 case-control studies, 103-105 Diatomaceous earth, lung disease and, 272 odor measurement and control, 542-543 Diesel hypothesis in lung cancer: Condensation, aerosols, 218-221 nested case-control studies and, 104-108 drying times, 221 temporality and causality and, 118-120 gas phase formation, 220 Diet, metal compounds. biological monitoring, 500-501 heterogeneous nucleation, 219-220 Diethanolamine, skin absorption, 65 homogeneous nucleation, 219 Difference-based association, 95 ion nucleation, 220 Diffusing capacity, lung function testing, 254-255 Condensation nuclei (CN), aerosol condensation and Diffusion: evaporation, 219-220 aerosol particles, 216-218 Condensation particle counter (CPO, nanomaterials bone toxicant deposition and accumulation, 74-75 monitoring, 392-393 particulate penetration and absorption in lung. 57--58 570 INDEX

Diffusion: (Continued) lung volume measurement, 254 Engineering controls: passive transport, 50 methacholine bronchial challenge test, 253-254 man-made mineral fibers, 366 pulmonary physiology, 247 physiology, 246-248 nanomaterials, 380, 388-396 unipolar charging, 224 pulmonary anatomy, 242-245 Entry portals, toxic chemicals, 44-47 Diffusive sampling, gases and vapors, 419-420 radiographic examination, 255-256 Environmental control: Digital radiography, lung function testing, 255-256 silicate minerals, 268-273 biological variability and, 471-473 Dilution sampling, odor measurement and control, 542, spirometry, 253 industrial hygiene programs, 35-36 548 testing standardization, 249-252 metal compounds, biological monitoring, 500 Dimensional parameters: respirable dust: Environmental exposure monitoring: alveolar deposition, experimental determina­ fiber counting rules, 322-323 benefits and limitations, 458 man-made mineral fibers, carcinogenic tion, 290-293 man-made mineral fiber identification, 365 potency, 349-350 asbestos and other fibers, 32(}-323 occupational exposure assessment. 457-459 Dimensionless field charging, aerosol particles, 225-226 future research issues, 323-325 quantification, 32-34 Direct exposure measurements, 3(}-31 particulate size criteria, 293-300 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), nanoma Direct-fired air heater, odor measurement and sampling instrumentation, 300-320 regulations, 388 control, 553-554 theoretical background, 289-290 Environment/health factors, industrial hygiene, Direct microscopic analysis, mold cultures, 440 toxicants as, 46-47 biological responses, 18 Direct reading instrumentation, respirable dust Dyspnea, asbestosis and, 265-266 body protective mechanisms, 18-19 studies, 314-320 coaptation of stresses, 19-20 Direct scaling, odor measurement and control, 529-530 Early childhood trauma, multiple chemical sensitivities lifestyle stresses, 16-17 Dispersal techniques, odor measurement and and, 176 macrocosmic sources, 14-15 control, 548 Ecologic study design, 112 microcosmic sources, 15-16 Disposal systems, man-made mineral fibers, 367 Economic effects, odor measurement and control, multiple chemical sensitivities, 169-170 Distribution: 546-547 off-the-job stresses, 17 biological variability, 470-473 Educational programs: workplace stresses, 17-18 defined, 44-47 industrial hygiene and, 36-37 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), ind DNA adducts, organic compounds, 504-505 man-made mineral fibers health and safety, 365-366 hygiene applications, 442-443 Dorr-Oliver Cyclone, respirable dust studies, 308-310 Effects biomarkers, biological monitoring, 461-462 Epidemiology. See also Occupational epidemiol~ Dose: Efficiency curve: causality guidelines, 116-151 defined, 44-47 aerosol impactors, 209-211 biological gradient/exposure-response, 12(}­ man-made mineral fibers, carcinogenic odor measurement and control, 558-559 asbestos and Helsinki criterion, 127-136 potency, 352-356 Efficiency factor, aerosol optical properties, 229-230 biological plausihility, 138 Dose-response analysis: Electrical drift velocity, aerosol motion, 226 coherence, 138 individual vs. population thresholds, 161-165 Electrical field, aerosol motion in, 226 consistency in, 136-138 occupational epidemiology studies, 94 Electrical properties of aerosols, 221-227 employment/exposure duration, 121-123 odor measurement and control, 559 charge equilibrium, 223-224 ever/never analyses, 12(}-121 Downey process, mineral wool production, 336, 341 diffusion charging, 224 hidden uncertainty (bias and confounding), Drop temperature, aerosol condensation and electrostatic precipitator efficiency, 227 145-151 evaporation, 221 field charging, 224-226 nonasbestiform amphiboles, talc exposure . Drying times, aerosol condensation and evaporation, 221 maximum charge, 222-223 study, 126-127 Dual-bed activated carbon adsorber, odor measurement motion in electric field, 226 qualitative/quantitative estimates, 124 and control, 551-553 unipolar charging, 224-226 quantitative exposure effects, 123-124 Durability, man-made mineral fibers, carcinogenic po­ Electronic noses, odor measurement and control, 534 sampling metbods, 124-126 tency, 35(}-352 Electron microscopy: semiquantitative exposure effects, 123 Duration of exposure/employment, exposure-response industrial hygiene applications, 44(}-441 statistical uncertainty (chance), 13~145 analysis, 121-123 nanomaterials, 377-378, 392 Bradford Hill study, 116-117 Duration of sampling, gases and vapors sampling, 413 Electrophilic metabolites, organic compounds, deactiva­ strength of association, 117-118 Dust. See also speci fie types of dust tion of, 503-504 temporality, I 18-120 defined, 189 Electrostatic precipitator, aerosol electrical defined, 89-90 pulmonary effects: properties, 227 difference-based associations, 95 asbestos, 258-268 Elemental carbon (Ce) markers: man-made mineral fiber carcinogenicity, 347-3-< bronchodilator administration, 253 in case-control studies, 105-108 multiple chemical sensitivities, 177-179 coal dust, 273-276 thermal optical analyzer, 441-442 nanomaterial toxicity, 386 Elimination: crystalline silica, 276-281 ratio-based associations. 95 diffusing capacity, 254-255 nanomaterials controls, 393-394 research overview, 94-95 ILO pneumoconiosis classification, 256-257 xenobiotics, 78-84 study designs, 95-116 inflammatory/fibrotic responses, 257-258 Endocytosis, cell membrane transport, 52 case-control (case-referent) studies, 101-108 lung defenses, 245-246 Endogenous chemicals, defined, 43 cohort studies, 96-101 lung function abnormalities, classification, 255 End-user exposures, man-made mineral fibers, carcino­ cross-sectional (prevalence) design and surveil­ lung function testing, 248 genic potency, 353-354 lance, 111-112 INDEX 571

Engineering controls: ecologic studies, 112 man-made mineral fibers, 366 intervention studies, 115-116 nanomaterials, 380, 388-396 molecular epidemiology/biomarker Entry portals, toxic chemicals, 44--47 studies, II 3-115 Environmental control: occupational disease surveillance, 113 biological variability and, 471--473 short-term prospective studies (shift studies), industrial hygiene programs, 35-36 108-111 metal compounds, biological monitoring, 500-50l Equipment performance criteria, lung function Environmental exposure monitoring: testing, 250 benefits and limitations, 458 Error rates: man-made mineral fiber identification, 365 odor measurement and control, 527-529 occupational exposure assessment. 457-459 statistical uncertainty, 139-141 quantification, 32-34 Estimation and assessment of substance exposure (EASE) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), nanomaterials expert system: regulations, 388 gases and vapors sampling, 410 Environmentlhealth factors, industrial hygiene, 12-20 respirable dust studies, 324-325 biological responses, 18 Ethical issues, biomarker reference values, 490--491 body protective mechanisms, 18-19 Ethyl alcohol, metabolic transformation, 75-78 coaptation of stresses, 19-20 Etiological studies, occupational epidemiology, 92-93 lifestyle stresses, 16-17 Etiology, defined, 92 macrocosmic sources, 14-15 European countries, biomarker reference values, 474, microcosmic sources, 15-16 482, 488-490 multiple chemical sensitivities, 169-170 Evaporation, aerosols, 218-221 off-the-job stresses, 17 drying times, 221 workplace stresses, 17-18 gas phase formation, 220 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), industrial heterogeneous nucleation, 219-220 hygiene applications, 442--443 homogeneous nucleation, 219 Epidemiology. See also Occupational epidemiology ion nucleation, 220 causality guidelines, 116-151 Ever/never analyses, exposure-response analysis, biological gradient/exposure-response, 120-151 120-121 asbestos and Helsinki criterion, 127-136 Exchange diffusion, cell membrane transport, 51-52 biological plausibiIity, 138 Excretion: coherence, I 38 biological variability, 471--473 consistency in, 136-138 organic compounds, metabolite monitoring, 503-506 employment/exposure duration, 121-123 xenobiotics, 78-84 ever/never analyses, 120-121 biliary tract, 83 hidden uncertainty (bias and confounding), gastrointestinal tract, 84 145-151 kidney, 81-83 nonasbestiform amphiboles, talc exposure kinetics, 78-81 study, 126-127 lungs, 83-84 qualitative/quantitative estimates, 124 in milk, 84 quantitative exposure effects, 123-124 perspiration and saliva, 84 sampling methods, 124-126 Exercise, pulmonary physiology and, 247-248 semiquantitative exposure effects. 123 Exhaled air: statistical uncertainty (chance), 139-145 biomarker monitoring and, 493--494 Bradford Hill study, 116-117 sampling times for, 495-496 strength of association, 117-118 Exhaled breath condensate, biological monitoring, 494 temporality, 118-120 Exogenous chemicals, defined, 43 defined, 89-90 Explosions, nanomaterials, 386 difference-based associations, 95 Exposure limits: man-made mineral fiber carcinogenicity, 347-349 asbestos, 261-262 multiple chemical sensitivities, 177-179 history of, 7-9 nanomaterial toxicity, 386 man-made mineral fibers, 360-362 ratio-based associations, 95 toxicology and, 41--43 research overview, 94-95 Exposure measurements, 30-32. See also Biological study designs, 95-116 monitoring, industrial chemical exposure case-control (case-referent) studies, IOJ-108 biomarkers of, 113-115 cohort studies, 96-101 data evaluation. 35-36 cross-sectional (prevalence) design and surveil­ defined, 44--47 lance, 111-112 direct measurements, 30-31 572 INDEX

Exposure measurements (Continued) surveys and inspections, 363-365 respiratory tract penetration and absorption,lun environmental exposure quantification, 32-34 terminology, 333-335 structure and function, 54-56 indirect measurements, 31-32 mineral sources, lung contamination and, 270-271 sampling and analysis: information bias, 150 respirable dust studies, 320-323 absorbent sampling, 415 long-term studies, 32-33 respiratory tract penetration and absorption, 53 active sampling, 414-419 nanomaterials, routes of, 383 Fibrosis: adsorber sampling, 415-419 in nested case-control study, 106-108 asbestosis and, 264-266 diffusive sampling, 419-420 spot sampling, 35 coal dust, progressive massive fibrosis, 275-276 duration of sampling/sampling rate, 413 standards compliance, 34-35 Fibrous glass: gas chromatography, 422-423 Exposure-response (E-R) analysis: carcinogenic effects, 345--348 instrumentation, 411-413 causality guidelines, occupational defined, 334-335 method validation, 423 epidemiology, 120-151 historical background, 335-336 qualitative survey, 409-410. 413-420 asbestos and Helsinki criterion, 127-136 production and use,336--342 quality assurance and laboratory accreditatior biological plausibility, 138 special-purpose fibers, 343 423-424 coherence, 138 synthetic fiber production, 344-345 quantitative survey, 410-411 consistency in, 136--138 Fibrous silicates, lung disease and, 268-270 research background, 405-408 employment/exposure duration, 121-123 Pick's law of diffusion, passive transport, 50 solvent desorption. 420-421 ever/never analyses, 120-121 Field charging, aerosol particles, 224-226 thermal desorption, 421-422 hidden uncertainty (bias and confounding), 145--151 Filamentous glass, carcinogenic effects, 347-348 whole-air sampling, 414-415 nonasbestiform amphiboles, talc exposure Filters and filtration: toxicants as. 46 study, 126--127 cell membrane transport, 51 Gas phase: qualitativelquantitative estimates, 124 gases and vapors adsorber sampling, 418-419 aerosol condensation and evaporation, 220 quantitative exposure effects, 123-124 kidney-based xenobiotic elimination and nanomaterials production, 389 sampling methods, 124-126 excretion, 81-83 Gastrointestinal absorption: semiquantitative exposure effects, 123 sampling media, 449-451 gastrointestinal tract structure and function, 61 statistical uncertainty (chance), 139-145 Fine mode particles, respirable aerosol toxicokinetics and, 61-63 cohort studies, diesel exhaust-lung cancer case particles, 214-216 Gastrointestinal tract: study, 99-101 Fine particle, defined, 377 structure and function, 61-62 confounding and, 145-151 Fires, nanomaterials, 386 xenobiotic elimination and excretion, 84 nested case-eontrol study, 106-108 First-order elimination, xenobiotics, 80 Genetic polymorphism, organic compounds,enzyn occupational epidemiology studies, 94 Fixed nanomaterials, 382 activity, 506 Exposure-to-disease continuum, biological monitoring, flame attenuation process, fibrous glass production, 342 Germany, biomarker reference values in, 474, 48 industrial chemical exposure, 459 flame ionization detector (flO), industrial hygiene G1ucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, oxi Extinction, aerosol optical properties, 228-230 analysis, 435-436 insult susceptibility, 463 Extrusion, fibrous glass production, 340 flocs, defined, 190 Glutaminic acid, blood transport of xenobiotics, I Fog: Glutathione conjugates, organic compounds, 504 Facilitated diffusion, cell membrane transport, 51-52 defined, 190 Glutathione S-transferase (GST): Factory Act (1833), 4-5 toxicants as, 47 lung cancer susceptibility, 463 False-negative errors, statistical uncertainty, 139-141 Forward scattering, aerosol optical properties, 23 I-233 toxicant metabolic transformation, 76 False-positive errors, statistical uncertainty, 139-141 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FfJR), respirable Grab sampling, odor measurement and control, 54 Feldspars, lung disease and, 273 dust studies, 325 Granular sorbents, gases and vapors adsorber sam­ Fibers: Free nanomaterials, 382 pling, 418-419 counting criteria, 439 Frequency of exposure, case-control studies, 103-105 Gravimetric analysis: man-made mineral fibers.. Fumes: industrial hygiene applications, 441 applications, 344-345 defined, 190 man-made mineral fiber identification, 363-36 ceramic fibers, 343 toxicants as, 46-47 control systems, 365-367 Hair analysis, biological monitoring, 495 fibrous glass, 336--342 Gamble et al. shift study, asphalt fume exposure, 109 Half-life: glass fibers, 343 Gamma-emitting radioisotopes, respirable dust studies, toxicokinetics, 464-467 health effects, 345-359 alveolar deposition, 292-293 xenobiotic elimination and excretion, 80 carcinogenetic effects, 346--349 y-glutamic acid, blood transport of xenobiotics, 69 Handling controls, nanomaterials production, 38\ carcinogenicity evaluation, 356--359 Gas chromatography (GC): Hazard analysis, occupational epidemiology, 93 dose and exposure, 352-356 gases and vapors sampling, 422-423 Hazard Communication Standard, industrial hygier durability and biopersistence, 350-352 industrial hygiene analysis, 435-436 history and. 9 nonmalignant respiratory diseases, 345 Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GClMS), Haze, defined, 190 historical data, 335--336 industrial hygiene analysis, 436 Health and safety training programs, man-mademi mineral wool, 336 Gases: fibers, 365-366 production, 336--344 biological monitoring, 501 Health hazard evaluation (HHE): regulations, guidelines, and classifications, 359-362 defined, 407-408 asphalt fume exposures, 109-110 secondary processes, 343-344 odorous gases,odor measurementandcontrol, 535-536 nanomaterials, 383-386 INDEX 573

respiratory tract penetration and absorption, lung odor measurement and control, 538-540 structure and function, 54-56 recognition, 29-30 sampling and analysis: Healthy worker effect (HWE): absorbent sampling, 415 bias in, 147 active sampling, 414-419 cohort studies, diesel exhaust-lung cancer case adsorber sampling, 415--419 study, 99-101 diffusive sampling, 419--420 Helsinki Criterion, asbestos exposure-response analy­ duration of sampling/sampling rate, 413 sis, 127-136 gas chromatography, 422--423 Henry's law, gases and vapors sampling, absorbent instrumentation, 411--413 sampling, 415 method validation, 423 Heterogeneous nucleation, aerosol condensation and qualitative survey, 409--410,413--420 evaporation. 218-221 quality assurance and laboratory accreditation, Hidden uncertainty: 423--424 associations estimations, 145-151 quantitative survey, 410--411 quantification, 147-151 research background, 405--408 High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), industrial solvent desorption, 420--421 hygiene analysis, 436--437 thermal desorption, 421--422 High-pressure liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, whole-air sampling, 414-415 industrial hygiene analysis, 437--438 toxicants as, 46 Hippocrates, industrial hygiene history and. 4 Gas phase: Histograms, aerosol particle size distribution, 196 aerosol condensation and evaporation, 220 Hollow-cathode lamp, atomic absorption spectrophotom­ nanomaterials production, 389 etry, 430-431 Gastrointestinal absorption: Homogeneous nucleation, aerosol condensation and gastrointestinal tract structure and function, 61--62 evaporation, 218-221 toxicokinetics and, 61--63 Horizontal elutriator, respirable dust studies, 307-308 Gastrointestinal tract: structure and function, 61--62 ICP mass spectrometry, industrial hygiene xenobiotic elimination and excretion, 84 analysis, 432--433 Genetic polymorphism, organic compounds, enzyme Ideal stirred settling, aerosol particle motion, 207 activity, 506 Immune hypothesis, multiple chemical sensitivi­ Germany, biomarker reference values in, 474, 489 ties, 173-174 GJucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, oxidative Impaction, particulate penetration and absorption in insult susceptibility, 463 lung, 57-58 Glutaminic acid, blood transport of xenobiorics, 69 Impactors: Glutathione conjugates, organic compounds, 504 aerosol particles, 208-211 Glutathione S-transferase (GST): respirable dust studies, 310--3II lung cancer susceptibility, 463 Impinger device: toxicant metabolic transformation, 76 exposure-response analysis, sampling methods, Grab sampling, odor measurement and control, 541-542 124-126 Granular sorbents, gases and vapors adsorber sam­ respirable dust studies, 303-304 pling, 418--419 sampling media, 449--451 Gravimetric analysis: Incorrect assumptions, case-control studies, 107 industrial hygiene applications, 441 Indirect exposure measurements, 31-32 man-made mineral fiber identification, 363-364 Individual susceptibility biomarkers, biological monitoring, 462--463 Hair analysis, biological monitoring, 495 Inductively coupled argon plasma spectrophotometry, Half-life: industrial hygiene analysis, 431--432 toxicokinetics, 464--467 Industrial expansion, industrial hygiene history xenobiotic elimination and excretion, 80 and, 4-5 Handling controls, nanomaterials production, 389-390 Industrial hygiene: Hazard analysis, occupational epidemiology, 93 data evaluation, 34-35 Hazard Communication Standard, industrial hygiene defined, 11-12, 25-27 history and, 9 demographics, 6-7 Haze, defined, 190 future trends and issues, 9-10 Health and safety training programs, man-made mineral historical perspective, 3-10 fibers, 365-366 practice rationale, 27-37 Health hazard evaluation (HHE): program elements, 28-29 asphalt fume exposures, 109-110 public health rationale, 11-12 nanomaterials, 383-386 scientific and professional research in, 21-25 574 INDEX

Industrial hygienist, multiple chemical sensitivities Ion mobility spectrometry (lMS), industrial hygiene Long-term exposure studies, 32-33 management: applications, 442-443 Losses, selection biases and, 149 diagnosis, 180-181 Ion nucleation, aerosol condensation and Lowest observable effect levels (LOELs), indi treatment, 181-182 evaporation, 220 population thresholds and, 162-16 Information bias: lon-selective electrodes, industrial hygiene analysis Low-level exposure settings: exposure measurement error, 150 applications, 441-442 assessment guidelines for worker complaints, hidden uncertainties, 146 Ion traps, mass spectrometry, 438 multiple chemical sensitivities: Informed consent, exposure assessment, 31 Ischemic heart disease, carbon disulfide, intervention biological theories, 173-177 Infrared spectrophotometry, industrial hygiene studies, 116 case examples, 165-167 analysis, 433-434 lsokinetic sampling, aerosol particle motion, 207-208 epidemiology, 177-179 Ingestion, nanomaterials, 385 Isolation, nanomaterials controls, 394 management guidelines, 179-183 Inhalation, nanomaterials, 383-385 Low molecular weight organic compounds: Injection, toxin penetration and absorption, 6~ Japan, biomarker reference values. 488, 490 lipid-rich organs and tissues deposition and Inorganic compounds, biological monitoring, 499-501 Job exposure matrix (JEM), asbestos, Helsinki criterion, accumulation, 73 Inspections, man-made mineral fiber identification exposure-response analysis, 135-136 skin absorption. 65 in, 363-365 Kaolin, lung disease and, 272-273 Lung cancer: Inspirable aerosol particles, defined, 213 Kelvin's equation. aerosol condensation and evapora­ asbestos/lung cancer hypothesis, 137-138 Instrumentation: tion, 218-221 diesel hypothesis: gases and vapors sampling, 411-413 Kidney: nested case-control studies and, 104-10 nanomaterials monitoring, 391-392 toxicant distribution and deposition, 72 temporality and causality and, II S-120 respirable dust studies, 300-320 xenobiotic elimination and excretion, 81-83 exposure-response analysis: cyclones, 308-310 Knudsen number, aerosol particle diameter, 199-200 cohort case study, 126-127 direct reading instruments, 314-317 Cunningham correction factor, 201-203 duration of exposure/employment, 121­ historical background, 300-302 Konimeter, respirable dust studies, 302-303 Helsinki criterion, asbestos exposure-respon horizontal elutriator, 307-308 Koschmieder theory, aerosol contrast, 231 analysis, 127-136 impactors, 310 silica. silicosis: particle counting, 302-306 Lab-on-a-chip (LOC), industrial hygiene applica­ pathophysiology, 280 performance evaluation, 317-320 tions, 442-443 study design consistency, 137 porous foam, 311-314 Laboratory accreditation, gases and vapors Lungs: virtual impactors, 310-311 sampling, 423-424 aerosol absorption in, 56-57 Insulation, asbestos, Helsinki criterion, exposure-response Lactic acid, blood transport of xenobiotics, 69 alveolar wall penetration, biological conse­ analysis, 131-133 Langmuir equation, aerosol condensation and quences, 58-59 Insulin-like growth factor-I (lGF-I), cellular inflammatory evaporation, 221 anatomy, 242-245 response in lungs, 258 Lead, elimination and excretion, 81 assessment of, 248-257 Integrated biopsychological theory, multiple chemical Lifestyle stresses, industrial hygiene and, 16-17 bronchodilator administration. 253 sensitivities, 176-177 Ligandin, liver/kidney toxicant distribution and diffusing capacity, 254-255 lnterleukins, cellular inflammatory response in deposition, 72 function abnormalities classification, 25 lungs, 258 Light scattering photometers: ILO pneumoconiosis classification, 256­ Internal dose biomarkers, biological monitoring, 460 aerosol optical properties, 233-235 lung function testing, 248 International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP), respirable dust studies, 315-316 lung volume measurement, 254 alveolar deposition studies, 290 Limit values, gases and vapors sampling, 408 lung volume subdivisions, 252 International Labour Organization (ILO), pneumoconiosis Lipid-rich organs and tissues, toxicant deposition and methacholine bronchial challenge test, classification, 256-257 accumulation, 73 radiographic examination, 255-256 International Standards Organization (ISO), particle Lipid solubility: spirometry, 253 size collection criteria, respirable dust passive transport, 50 testing standardization, 249-252 studies, 297-300 respiratory tract penetration and absorption, 53 cellular response of inflammation, 257-25: Interstitial fluid, bone toxicant deposition and toxicant deposition and accumulation, 73 defenses in, 245-246 accumulation, 74-75 Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LClMS), inflammatory/fibrotic responses, 257-258 Interstitial lung fibrosis, asbestosis and, 265-266 industrial hygiene analysis, 437-438 particle deposition in, 257 Interstitium, pulmonary, anatomy, 243-244 Liquid phase, nanomaterials production, 389 particulate penetration and absorption, 57­ Intervention studies, occupational Liquids, toxicants as, 46-47 physiology, 246-248 epidemiology, 115-116 Liquid scrubbing, odor measurement and structure and function, 53-56 Interviewer bias, 147 control, 554-556 volume measurement techniques, 252-254 Intramuscular injection, toxicokinetics, 66 Liver: xenobiotic elimination and excretion, 83-11 Intraperitoneal injection, toxicokinetics, 6~ toxicant distribution and deposition, 72 Lymphatic system: Intratracheal injection, toxicokinetics, 66 xenobiotic elimination and excretion, 83 particulate transport in, 61 Intravenous injection, toxicokinetics, 66 Log-normal size distribution, aerosol particles, 196-197 xenobiotic transport, 69 Inventories, odor measurement and control, 544-546 Log probability paper, aerosol particles, 197 Ion chromatography, industrial hygiene analysis, 438-439 Long running thermal precipitator (LRTP), respirable dust Macrocosmic environmental stresses, 14-15 Ionization, passive transport, 50-51 studies. 304 Macrophages: INDEX 575

Long-term exposure studies, 32-33 asbestosis-related disease, 262-263 Losses, selection biases and, 149 cellular inflammatory response, 257-258 Lowest observable effect levels (LOELs), individual vs. pulmonary defense and, 245-246 population thresholds and, 162-165 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), lung function Low-level exposure settings: testing, 256 assessment guidelines for worker complaints, 167-169 Malignant mesothelioma, asbestos and, 267-268 multiple chemical sensitivities: Manipulation controls, nanomaterials production, 390 biological theories, 173-177 Man-made mineral fibers (MMMFs): case examples, 165-167 applications, 344-345 epidemiology, 177-179 ceramic fibers, 343 management guidelines, 179-183 control systems, 365-367 Low molecular weight organic compounds: fibrous glass, 336-342 lipid-rich organs and tissues deposition and glass fibers, 343 accumulation, 73 health effects, 345-359 skin absorption, 65 carcinogenetic effects, 346-349 Lung cancer: carcinogenicity evaluation, 356-359 asbestosllung cancer hypothesis, 137-138,266-267 dose and exposure, 352-356 diesel hypothesis: durability and biopersistence, 350--352 nested case-control studies and, 104-108 nonmalignant respiratory diseases, 345 temporality and causality and, 118-120 historical data, 335-336 exposure-response analysis: mineral wool, 336 cohort case study, 126-127 production, 336-344 duration of exposure/employment, 121-123 regulations, guidelines, and classifications, 359-362 Helsinki criterion, asbestos exposure-response secondary processes, 343-344 analysis, 127-136 surveys and inspections, 363-365 silica, silicosis: tenninology, 333-335 pathophysiology, 280 Masking systems, odor measurement and control, 557 study design consistency, 137 Mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD): Lungs: aerosol particle size distribution, 198 aerosol absorption in, 56-57 respirable dust samplers, 318-320 alveolar wall penetration, biological conse­ Mass spectrometry (MS), inductively coupled quences, 58-59 plasma-MS, 432--433 anatomy, 242-245 Mastic asphalt, exposure studies with, II I assessment of, 248-257 Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS): bronchodilator administration, 253 gases and vapors sampling, 409--410 diffusing capacity, 254-255 industrial hygiene history and, 9 function abnormalities c1assification, 255 Maximum charge, aerosol particles, 222-223 ILO pneumoconiosis classification, 256-257 Mean, aerosol particle size distribution, 194, 198 lung function testing, 248 Measurement procedures, lung function testing, lung volume measurement, 254 250--251 lung volume subdivisions, 252 Mechanical noses, odor measurement and control, 534 methacholine bronchial challenge test, 253-254 Median diameter, aerosol particle size distribution, radiographic examination, 255-256 194,198 spirometry, 253 Medical monitoring: testing standardization, 249-252 man-made mineral fibers, 367 cellular response of inflammation, 257-258 nanomaterials, 393 defenses in, 245-246 Medications, biological monitoring and, 508 inflammatory/fibrotic responses, 257-258 Membrane filter device, exposure-response analysis, particle deposition in, 257 sampling methods, 124-126 particulate penetration and absorption, 57-58 Mercury, chemical speciation, biological physiology, 246-248 monitoring, 499 structure and function, 53-56 Mesothelioma: volume measurement techniques, 252-254 asbestos and, 267-268 xenobiotic elimination and excretion, 83-84 asbestos exposure and, 7-8 Lymphatic system: Metabolism: particulate transport in, 61 biological monitoring, metabolic interactions, xenobiotic transport, 69 507-508 biological variability, 470--473 Macrocosmic environmental stresses, 14-15 transport mechanisms and, 45--47 Macrophages: of xenobiotics, 75-78 576 INDEX

Metabolites: Monodisperse aerosols: Nemst equation, ion-selective electrodes, 441--4 biological monitoring, organic compounds, 503-506 coagulation, 235-236 Nerve agents, skin absorption, 65 metabolic transformation of xenobiotics, 77-78 defined, 190 Nested case-control studies: Metallic compounds: Mucociliary escalator, as defense mechanism, 245 asbestos, Helsinki criterion, exposure-response biological monitoring, 499-501 Multi-Chamber Concentration and Exposure Model analysis, 135-136 gastrointestinal absorption, 62 (MCCEM), gases and vapors sampling, 410 defined, 102-108 liver/kidney toxicant distribution and deposition, 72 Multicompartrnent analysis, xenohiotic elimination, diesel exhaust-lung cancer case study, 97-10' nanomaterials, 382 8G-8I talc exposure, cohort-based exposure-response plasma protein transport, 6~9 Multiple chemical sensitivities (MCS): analysis, 126-127 Metallothionine, liver/kidney distribution and biological theories, 173-175 Neurogenic inflammation, multiple chemical sens deposition, 72 case examples, 165-167 ties, 174-175 Metal ore deposits, lung disease and, 271 defined, 165,17G-173 Neurointoxication, multiple chemical sensitivities Methacholine bronchial challenge test, 253-254 diagnosis, 18G-181 Nonasbestiform amphiboles, cohort-based exposu Methanol, metabolic transformation, 76-78 epidemiology, 177-179 response analysis case study, 126-127 Method detection limit (MOL), calculation of, 446 historical background, 169- I70 Nonfibrous silicates, lung disease and, 271-273 Methylene chloride, exposure limits, 42-43 integrated biopsychological theory, 176- I77 Nonmalignant respiratory disease (NMRD), man-i Mica, lung disease and, 272 low-level exposure settings, 168- I69 mineral fihers, 345 Michaelis-Menten equation, toxicokinetics, 467 management, 179-183 Nonoccupational exposures, man-made mineral fil Microcosmic environmental stresses, 15-16 pathogenesis, theories regarding, 173-177 carcinogenic potency, 354-356 Micronuclei, cytotoxicity markers, 462 psychological theories, 175-176 Nonrespondent bias, hidden uncertainties, 147, I Microscopic analysis, man-made mineral fiber treatment, 181-183 No ohservahle effect levels (NOELs), individual' identification, 364 Muscles, respiratory, anatomy, 244-245 ulation thresholds and, 162-165 Mie theory, aerosol optical properties, 227-235 Normal temperature and pressure (NTP), gases and Milk, xenobiotic elimination and excretion, 84 N-acetyl transferase enzymes, amine susceptihility, 463 sampling, 408 Mineral dust-induced lung disease, 258-281 Nanomaterials: Norseth et al. shift study, asphalt fume exposure, 11 asbestos, 258-268 anticipation and recognition, 389-391 Nucleation, aerosolcondensation andevaporation, 2 coal dust, 273-276 basic principles, 376-378 Null hypothesis,p-values and, 14G-141 crystalline silica, 276-281 hulk composition and structure, 38 1-382 silicate minerals, 268-273 classification, 381-382 Obstructive ventilatory defect, defined, 255 Mineral wool: complexity, 378-380 Occupational epidemiology: carcinogenic effects, 347-348 control systems, 393-395 defined, 9G-9 I defined, 335 evaluation, 39 I-393 dose-response/exposure-response analysis, 94 production and use, 336 future research issues, 396-397 etiology identification applications, 92-93 Misclassification of exposure, in nested case-control health effects, 383-386 hazard discovery and evaluation, 93 studies, 107 history of industrial hygiene and, 9-I0 prevention applications, 91-92 Mist: industrial hygiene analysis methods, 44 I surveillance, 94 defined, 190 life cycle risk assessment, 373-375 Occupational exposure limits (OELs): toxicants as, 47 origins, 381 asbestos, 261-262 Mixed compounds, biological monitoring, 506-508 particles not otherwise regulated, 387-388 biological monitoring, 457-463 Mold analyses, industrial hygiene applications, 439-440 poorly soluble, low toxicity, 385-386 nanomaterials, 374-375 Molecular epidemiology, study design, I13- I 15 properties, 38G-38 I respirable aerosol particles, 214-216 Monitoring systems: regulation, 386-388 respirahle dusts, 287-289 biological monitoring, industrial chemical exposure: research hackground, 373-376 Occupational Safety and Health Act (1970), 8 biomarker selection criteria, 496-499 risk management, 375, 396 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (0 blood samples, 492-493,495-496 safety hazards, fires, and explosions, 386 analytical methods: exhaled air samples, 493-496 Nanoparticle, defined, 377 selection criteria, 444-446 future research issues, 508-510 Nanoscale, defined, 377 validation process, 448-449 metals and inorganic compounds, 499-501 Nanoscience, defined, 377 industrial hygiene history and, 6-9, 25, 36-37 mixtures exposures, 506-508 Nanotechnology, defined, 377 methylene chloride exposure limit, 42-43 occupational exposure assessment, 457-463 Nasopharynx, clearance mechanisms in, 59 Odds ratio, case-control (case-referent) study de­ organic compounds, 501-506 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health sign, 101-108 reference values, hiological (NIOSH), 8 Odorant-receptor binding, odor measurement and I determinants, 473-491 analytical methods accuracy criteria, 447-448 trol, 532-534 research background, 455-457 analytical methods selection criteria, 444-446 Odor intensity/odor concentration factors, odor me sampling times, 495-496 nanomaterials regulations, 387-388 ment and control, 529-530 tissue matrices, 494-495 monitoring guidelines, 393 Odor measurement and control: toxicokinetics, 464-470 occupational epidemiology studies hy, 93 adsorption systems, 549-553 urine samples. 491-492, 495-496 respirable dust studies, 32G-323 air oxidation and temperature elevation, 553-5 variability, sources of, 470-473 Negative feedback, odor measurement and control, dispersal and diffusion techniques, 548 nanomaterials, 391-393 533-534 economic effects, 546-547 INDEX 577

Nemst equation, ion-selective electrodes, 441-442 future research issues, 558-559 Nerve agents, skin absorption, 65 inventories and surveys, 544-546 Nested case-control studies: liquid scrubbing, 554-555 asbestos. Helsinki criterion, exposure-response masking and counteraction, 557-558 analysis, 135-136 odorous substances. 534-540 defined, 102-108 olfactory perception, 524-534 diesel exhaust-lung cancer case study, 97-101 adaptation mechanisms, 531-532 talc exposure, cohort-based exposure-response anatomy, 524-525 analysis, 126-127 decision processes and thresholds, 527-529 Neurogenic inflammation, multiple chemical sensitivi­ mechanical/electronic noses, 534 ties, 174-175 odorant concentration and odor intensity, 529-530 Neurointoxication, multiple chemical sensitivities, 174 psychophysics and perception measurement, 526-527 Nonasbestiform amphiboles, cohort-based exposure­ pure/impure perceptions, 530-531 response analysis case study, 126-127 sensory characteristics of odors, 525-526 Nonfibrous silicates, lung disease and, 271-273 theoretical background. 532-534 Nonmalignant respiratory disease (NMRD), man-made ozonation, 555-556 mineral fibers, 345 process change and product modification, 547-548 Nonoccupational exposures, man-made mineral fibers, research background, 523-524 carcinogenic potency. 354-356 sampling methods, 541-543 Nonrespondent bias. hidden uncertainties, 147. 149 sensory evaluation, 543-544 No observable effect levels (NOELs), individual vs. pop­ sensory/physicochemical measurements, 54a-541 ulation thresholds and, 162-165 social effects, 546 Normal temperature and pressure (NTP), gases and vapors Odorous substances: sampling, 408 airbone particulates, 536-538 Norseth et al. shift study, asphalt fume exposure, 108-109 gases and vapors, 535-536 Nucleation,aerosolcondensation andevaporation, 219-220 health effects, 538-540 Null hypothesis, p-values and. 14a-141 sources, 534-535 Odor threshold concept, odor measurement and con­ Obstructive ventilatory defect, defined, 255 trol, 537-538 Occupational epidemiology: Off-the-job stresses, industrial hygiene and, 17 defined, 9a-91 Olfactory adaptation, odor measurement and con­ dose-response/exposure-response analysis, 94 trol, 531-532 etiology identification applications, 92-93 Olfactory-limbic model, multiple chemical sensitivi­ hazard discovery and evaluation, 93 ties. 176-177 prevention applications, 91-92 Olfactory perception, odor measurement and con­ surveillance. 94 trol, 524-534 Occupational exposure limits (OELs): adaptation mechanisms, 531-532 asbestos. 261-262 anatomy, 524-525 biological monitoring, 457-463 decision processes and thresholds, 527-529 nanomaterials, 374-375 mechanical/electronic noses, 534 respirable aerosol particles, 214-216 odorant concentration and odor intensity, 529-530 respirable dusts, 287-289 psychophysics and perception measurement. 526-527 Occupational Safety and Health Act (1970), 8 pure/impure perceptions, 53a-53 I Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA): sensory characteristics of odors, 525-526 analytical methods: theoretical background, 532-534 selection criteria, 444--446 One-compartment ADME model, toxicokinetics, validation process, 448--449 467-470 industrial hygiene history and, 6-9, 25. 36-37 Open cell polyurethane foam, respirable dust methylene chloride exposure limit, 42-43 studies, 311-314 Odds ratio, case-control (case-referent) study de­ Optical instruments: sign, 101-108 aerosol optical properties, 233-234 Odorant-receptor binding. odor measurement and con­ microscopy, 439 trol, 532-534 nanomaterials monitoring, 392-393 Odor intensity/odor concentration factors, odor measure­ thermal optical analyzer, 441-442 ment and control, 529-530 Optical properties of aerosols, 227-235 Odor measurement and control: angular scattering, 231-233 adsorption systems, 549-553 contrast. 23a-23 I air oxidation and temperature elevation, 553-554 extinction, scattering, and absorption, 228-230 dispersal and diffusion techniques, 548 instrumentation for, 233-235 economic effects, 546-547 refractive indices, 227-228 578 INDEX

Organic acids, blood transport of xenobiotics, 69 Passive transport, cell membranes, 49-51 Popcorn workers lung, occupational epidemiolog Organic carbon (Of'), thermal optical analyzer, 441-442 Penetration: study, 93 Organic compounds, biological monitoring for, 501-506 parenteral routes, 65-66 Population-based case-control study, 102-108 Organ systems, toxicantdistribution and deposition, 6~75 skin structure and function, 64-65 Pore diameter, passive transport, 5{}-51 blood-brain barrier, 71 Perception theories, odor measurement and control, Porous foam device, respirable dust studies, 31 body mass and blood now factors, 7{}-71 532-534 Post hoc power estimates, fallacy of, 143-144 bone deposition, 73-75 Performance evaluation: Powell process, mineral wool production, 336, lipid-rich systems, 73 analytical methods, 447-448 Prevalence studies: liver and kidney, 72 nanomaterials, 391-393 cross-sectional design, 111-112 placental barrier, 71-72 respirable dust samplers, 317-320 multiple chemical sensitivities, 178-179 xenobiotics redistribution, 72 Peristalsis, gastrointestinal absorption, 62 Prevention, occupational epidemiology, 91-92 OSHAVersatile Sampler(OVS), gases and vapors adsorber Permissible exposure limits (PELs), 8-9 Privacy issues. exposure assessment, 31 sampling, 418-419 nanomaterials, 386-388 Process controls: Outdoor dispersion models, odor measurement and Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), organ/tissue distri­ nanomaterials, 389 control, 548 bution and deposition, 7{}-71 odor measurement and control, 547-548 Oxidation, odor measurement and control, 553-554 Personal monitoring devices, respirable dust stud­ Production controls: Oxygen, blood transport and distribution, 67 ies, 323-325 nanornaterials, 389 Ozonation, odor measurement and control, 555-556 Personal protective equipment: odor measurement and control, 547-548 man-made mineral fibers, 367 Professional industrial hygienist, defined, 25-21 Pachypleuritis, asbestosis-related disease, 264 nanomaterials. 395 Professionalization of industrial hygiene: Parathion, metabolic transformation, 76 Perspiration, xenobiotic elimination and education and training, 36-37 Parent compounds, biological monitoring, organic com­ excretion, 84 scientific principles and, 21-25 pounds, 503-506 Phagocytosis: Progressive massive fibrosis, coal dust, 275-27l Parenteral routes, toxin penetration and absorption, 65--66 cell membrane transport, 52 Progressive systemic sclerosis, si lica exposure, Particle bounce, aerosol impactors, 210 respiratory tract clearance and, 60 Proteins: Particle counting techniques, respirable dust stud­ Phase-contrast microscopy (PCM), industrial hygiene adducts, organic compounds, 505 ies, 302-306 analysis, 439 bimolecular structure, 47-49 Particle deposition, in lungs, 257 Phospholipids, molecular structure, 47-48 Proximal toxicants, metabolic transformation of Particle motion, aerosols, 202-208 pH partition theory, passive transport, 50 xenobiotics, 77-78 electrical field, 226 Physicochemical measurements, odor measurement and Psychological theories, multiple chemical ideal stirred settling, 207 control, 54{}-54I sensitivities, 175-176 isokinetic sampling, 207-208 Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling, Psychophysics, odor measurement and outside Stokes region, 204-206 toxicokinetics, 469-470 control, 526-530 relaxation time, 202-203 Pinocytosis, cell membrane transport, 52 Public health, industrial hygiene and, 11-12 stop distance, 204 Placental barrier, toxicant distribution and deposi­ Pulmonary alveoli, 54-56 terminal settling velocity, 202 tion, 71-72 Pulmonary parenchyma, 243-244 Particle size: Plaque formation, pleural, asbestosis-related dis­ Pulmonary vascular bed, 244 aerosols, 191-192 ease, 263-264 Pump systems, gases and vapors sampling, 412 average diameters, 199 Plasma, xenobiotic transport, elimination and excre­ "Pure"/"impure" odor perceptions, odor measurem coagulation, 236-238 tion, 67-68, 79-80 control, 53{}-53I distributions, 194-199 Plasma proteins, xenobiotic transport in, 68-69 p-values: impactors for small sizes, 21{}-211 Platelet-derived growth factor, cellular inflammatory confidence interval and, 141-143 respirable sampling, 212-216 response in lungs, 258 statistical uncertainty, 139-141 respirable dust studies criteria, 293-300 Pleural surfaces: Atomic Energy Commission criteria, 295-297 anatomy, 244 Quadrupole instrumentation, mass spectrometry, British Medical Research Council criteria, 294-295 asbestosis-related disease, 263-264 Qualitative analysis, gases and vapors CENIISO/ACGIH criteria, 297-299 Pneumoconiosis: sampling, 409-410 legal status issues, 2~300 coal dust, pathophysiology, 274-275 Qualitative Occupational Exposure Assessment « respiratory tract penetration and absorption, 53-54 cross-sectional (prevalence) study design, 111-112 respirable dust studies, 323-324 Particulate mailer (PM): ILO classification, 256-257 Quality control: gastrointestinal absorption, 61-62 Polarized light microscopy (PLM), industrial hygiene gases and vapors sampling, 423-424 intratracheal injection, 66 analysis, 439 lung function testing, 25{}-252 lymphatic system transport, 61 Polar materials, passive transport, 50 Quantification techniques: odor measurement and control, 536-538 Pollutants, metabolic interactions, 507-508 environmental exposure, 32-34 respirable aerosol particles, 214-216 Polydisperse aerosol: hidden uncertainties. 147-151 respirable dusts, defined, 287-289 concentration and effects of, 198 Quantitative analysis: respiratory tract penetration and absorption, 57-58 defined, 190 cohort studies, diesel exhaust-lung cancer case weak associations, particulate mailer air pollution Polymers: study, 100-101 studies, 117-118 nanornaterials, 382 exposure-response analysis, 123-124 Passive sampling, gases and vapors sampling, 411-413 whole-air sampling, gases and vapors, 414-415 gases and vapors sampling, 411-420 INDEX 579

Popcorn workers lung, occupational epidemiology industrial hygiene applications, 429 study, 93 nested case-control study, 106-108 Population-based case-control study, 102-108 Quantum dots, chemical composition, 380-381 Pore diameter, passive transport, 50-51 Questionnaires, odor measurement and control, 544-546 Porous foam device, respirable dust studies, 311-314 Post hoc power estimates, fallacy of, 143-144 Radiographic examination: Powell process, mineral wool production, 336, 340 asbestosis, 265-266 Prevalence studies: lung function testing, 255-256 cross-sectional design, 111-112 Rales, asbestosis and, 265-266 multiple chemical sensitivities, 178-179 Randomized clinical trials, causality and, 115-116 Prevention, occupational epidemiology, 91-92 Rate constant, toxicokinetics, 464-465 Privacy issues, exposure assessment, 31 Rate measurement: Process controls: defined, 94 nanomaterials, 389 gases and vapors sampling, 412-413 odor measurement and control, 547-548 Ratio-based association, 95 Production controls: Ratio of upper to lower confidence interval (CLR), nanomaterials, 389 statistical uncertainty, 141-143 odor measurement and control, 547-548 Raulf-Heimsoth et al. shift study, asphalt fume Professional industrial hygienist, defined, 25-26 exposure, I 10-111 Professionalization of industrial hygiene: Rayleigh limit, aerosol particle, maximum electrical education and training, 36-37 charge, 223 scientific principles and, 21-25 Rayleigh scattering, aerosol optical properties, 229-230 Progressive massive fibrosis, coal dust, 275-276 angular scattering, 232-233 Progressive systemic sclerosis, silica exposure, 280 Reactive airway dysfunction syndrome (RADS), low-level Proteins: exposure settings, 168-169 adducts, organic compounds, 505 Reanalysis procedures, cohort studies, diesel exhaust-lung, bimolecular structure, 47-49 cancer case study, 98-10 I Proximal toxicants, metabolic transformation of Recall bias-hidden uncertainties, 146 xenobiotics, 77-78 Red blood cells, xenobiotic transport and distribution Psychological theories, multiple chemical in, 67 sensitivities, 175-176 Redistribution of xenobiotics, organ/tissue distribution and Psychophysics, odor measurement and deposition, 72 control, 526-530 Reference value/interpretation: Public health, industrial hygiene and, 11-12 biological determinants: Pulmonary alveoli, 54-56 BATs .s. BEls, 475-480 Pulmonary parenchyma, 243-244 BATs with BEl, 481-482 Pulmonary vascular bed, 244 carcinogenic susbtances/suspected carcino­ Pump systems, gases and vapors sampling, 412 gens, 483-487 "Pure"l"impure" odor perceptions, odor measurement and ethical issues, 490-491 control, 530-531 European countries, 474,482 p-values: German~ 474,489 confidence interval and, 141-143 history, 473-488 statistical uncertainty, 139-141 Japan, 488, 490 metal compounds, biological monitoring, 501 Quadrupole instrumentation, mass spectrometry, 438 United States, 473-474, 488-489 Qualitative analysis, gases and vapors lung function testing, 251 sampling, 409-410 odor measurement and control, 527-530 Qualitative Occupational Exposure Assessment (QLEA), Refractive indices, aerosol optical properties, 227-228 respirable dust studies, 323-324 Refractory fibers: Quality control: carcinogenic effects, 347, 349 gases and vapors sampling, 423-424 defined, 335 lung function testing, 250-252 Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Quantification techniques: Chemicals (REACH) program, gases and vapors environmental exposure, 32-34 sampling, 410 hidden uncertainties, 147-151 Registry design, occupational surveillance Quantitative analysis: studies, 113 cohort studies, diesel exhaust-lung cancer case Regulatory issues and guidelines: study, 100-101 industrial hygiene history and, 8-10 exposure-response analysis, 123-124 man-made mineral fibers, 359-362 gases and vapors sampling, 411-420 nanornaterials, 386-388 580 INDEX

Relative risk (RR), lung structure and function, 53-56 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), industrialhygielll asphalt fume exposure case study, 109 nasopharyngeal clearance, 59 applications, 441 associations, 95, 117-118 particulate absorption and penetration in lung, Scattering functions,aerosolopticalproperties, 227-23 confounding and, 117-118 57-58 Science: carbon disulfide and ischemic heart disease case particulate transport to lymphatics, 61 industrial hygiene as, 21-25 study, 116 phagocytic clearance, 60 nanoscience, 377 cohort mortality studies, 97-10 I tracheobronchial tract clearance, 59 Secondary processes,man-mademineral fibers, 343-3­ ever/never analyses, 12(),-121 Response matrix, odor measurement and control, Sedgewick Rafter Counting Cell, respirable dust exposure-response analysis, 125 527-529 studies, 30I Helsinki criterion, 128-136 Restrictive ventilatory defect, defined, 255 Sedimentation: hidden uncertainties in, 145-151 Retroactive demarcation of exposure, hias and aerosol particle motion, ideal stirred settling. 207 p-value methodology, 141-143 confounding with, 147 diameter, defined, 190 statistically significant negative/positive RR, 142-143 Reynolds number, aerosol particles, 201 particulate penetration and absorption in lung, 57­ statistical power and, 143-144 coefficient of drag, 204-206 Selection biases, hidden uncertainties, 149-151 Relaxation time (r), aerosol particle motion, 202-203 Risk factors, association and, 94 "Self-preserving" aerosol particle size distribution, Renal clearance, biological monitoring and, 491-492 Risk management, nanomaterials controls, 396 coagulation and, 238 Replication, consistency and, 136 Rotary process, fibrous glass production, 341-342 Semiconductors, nanomaterials, 382 Reproducihility criteria, lung function testing, 251 Rounded atelectasis, asbestosis-related disease, 264 Semiquantitative analysis, exposure-response Residual volume, lung function testing, 252 analysis, 123 Respirahle dust, exposure assessment: Safety guidelines and standards: Sensory evaluation, odor measurement and control, alveolar deposition, experimental detennina­ man-made fibers, 365-366 525-526 tion, 29(),-293 nanomaterials, 386 general conditions, 543 asbestos and other fibers, 32()'-323 Saliva: judge selection and training, 543-544 future research issues, 323-325 biological monitoring, 494-495 physicochemical measurements, 54()'-54 I particulate size criteria, 293-300 xenobtotic elimination and excretion, 84 Sepiolite, lung disease and, 268-269 sampling instrumentation, 30(),-320 Sampling media, industrial hygiene analysis, 449-451 Shape, aerosol particles, 193 theoretical background, 289-290 Sampling methods: Shift studies, acute health effects, 108-111 Respirable sampling: exposure-response analysis, 124-126 Short-term prospective studies, design of, lOS-Ill aerosols, 212-216 gases and vapors: Silica: threshold limit values, 287-288 absorbent sampling, 415 crystalline: Respiratory tract. See a/so Lungs active sampling, 414-419 infrared spectrophotometry, 434 aerosols, respirable sampling, 212-216 adsorber sampling, 415-419 lung disease and, 276-281 asbestosis-related disease, 262-268 diffusive sampling, 419-420 lung disease and, 268 inhaled mineral dusts in' duration of sampling/sampling rate, 413 Silica gel, gases and vapors adsorber sampling, 41M asbestos, 258-268 gas chromatography, 422-423 Silicate minerals, lung disease and, 268-273 bronchodilator administration, 253 instrumentation, 411-413 Silicosis, 277-279 coal dust, 273-276 method validation, 423 Silicotuherculosis, 279-280 crystalline silica, 276-281 qualitative survey, 409-410 Single-particle counters, aerosol optical properties, diffusing capacity, 254-255 quality assurance and laboratory accredita­ 233-235 ILO pneumoconiosis classification, 256-257 tion, 423-424 Sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), cytotoxicity inflammatory/fibrotic responses, 257-258 quantitative survey, 41(),-420 markers, 462 lung defenses, 245-246 research background, 405-408 Skin absorption and penetration: lung function ahnonnalities, classification, 255 solvent desorption, 42(),-421 environmental exposure strategy, 457-458 lung function testing, 248 thermal desorption, 421-422 exposure-response analysis, sampling methods, lung volume measurement, 254 whole-air sampling, 414-415 124-126 methacholine hronchial challenge test, 253-254 odor measurement and control, 541-543 nanornaterials, 385 physiology, 246-248 respirable dust studies, 30(),-320 skin structure and function, 64--{)5 pulmonary anatomy, 242-245 cyclones, 308-310 toxic chemicals, 44-45, 64~5 radiographic examination, 255-256 direct reading instruments, 314-317 Smog, silicate minerals, 268-273 historical background, 30(),-302 defined, 190 spirometry, 253 horizontal elutriator, 307-308 toxicants as, 47 testing standardization, 249-252 impactors, 310 Smoke: man-made mineral fibers, health effects, nonmalignant particle counting, 302-306 defined, 190 disease, 345 performance evaluation. 317-320 toxicants as, 47 multiple chemical sensitivities, 174-175 porous foam, 311-314 Smoking: toxic penetration and absorption, 53-61 virtual impactors, 31(),-31 I asbestosis and, 265-266 aerosol absorption in lung, 56-57 Saturable kinetics, hiological monitoring, 465-467 cohort studies, diesel exhaust-lung cancer case alveolar wall penetration, 58-59 Saturation, study, 98-101 clearance mechanisms, 59-{i() aerosol condensation and evaporation, 218-221 toxicology studies, 42-43 gas/vapor absorption in lung, 56 xenobiotic elimination, 80 Social effects, odor measurement and control, 546 INDEX 581

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), industrial hygiene Social Security Act, industrial hygiene history and, 5,25 applications, 441 Solids: Scattering functions, aerosol optical properties, 227-235 gases and vapors adsorber sampling, 415--419 Science: toxicants as, 46-47 industrial hygiene as, 21-25 Solvent desorption, gases and vapors sampling, 420--421 nanoscience, 377 Solvent drag effect, cell membrane transport, 51 Secondary processes, man-made mineral fibers, 343-344 Somatoform illness, multiple chemical sensitivi­ Sedgewick Rafter Counting Cell, respirable dust ties, 175-176 studies, 30 I Sorbent materials: Sedimentation: gases and vapors adsorber sampling, 417--419 aerosol particle motion, ideal stirred settling, 207 sampling media, 449--451 diameter, defined, 190 Special handling protocols, industrial hygiene particulate penetration and absorption in lung, 57-58 analysis, 450--451 Selection biases, hidden uncertainties, 149-151 Spectrophotometry: "Self-preserving" aerosol particle size distribution, industrial hygiene analysis, 429--434 coagulation and, 238 reaction chemistries, 430 Semiconductors, nanomaterials, 382 Spirometry: Semiquantitative analysis, exposure-response lung function testing, 253 analysis, 123 standardization, 249-252 Sensory evaluation, odor measurement and control, Spot sampling. exposure measurements, 35 525-526 Standard deviation, aerosol particle size distribu­ general conditions, 543 tion, 194-195 judge selection and training, 543-544 Standardized mortality ratio (SMR): physicochemical measurements, 540-541 cohort studies, 96-97 Sepiolite, lung disease and, 268-269 ecologic study design, 112 Shape, aerosol particles, 193 occupational epidemiology, 95 Shift studies, acute health effects, 108-111 occupational surveillance studies, 113 Short-term prospective studies, design of, 108-111 Standards and standardization: Silica: exposure measurements, compliance with, 34-35 crystalline: lung function testing, 249-252 infrared spectrophotometry, 434 Statistical power, causality and, 143-144 lung disease and, 276-281 Statistical uncertainty: lung disease and, 268 confidence intervals, 141-143 Silica gel, gases and vapors adsorber sampling, 416-419 exposure-response analyses, 139-145 Silicate minerals, lung disease and, 268-273 p-values, 139-141 Silicosis, 277-279 statistical power and, 143-144 Silicotuberculosis, 279-280 Steady-state diffusion, aerosol particles, 216-218 Single-particle counters, aerosol optical properties, Steam jet process, mineral wool production, 336, 340 233-235 Steen/and et a/. nested case-control study, 106 Sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), cytotoxicity Stokes diameter, defined, 190 markers, 462 Stokes law: Skin absorption and penetration: aerosol particles, 200-206 environmental exposure strategy, 457--458 particulate penetration and absorption in lung, 57-58 exposure-response analysis, sampling methods, Stokes number, aerosol impactors, 209-211 124-126 Stop distance. aerosol particle motion, 204-206 nanomaterials, 385 Study designs, epidemiology, 95-116 skin structure and function, 64-65 case-control (case-referent) studies, 101-108 toxic chemicals, 44--45, 64-65 cohort studies, 96-10 I Smog: cross-sectional (prevalence) design and surveil­ defined, 190 lance, 111-112 toxicants as, 47 ecologic studies, 112 Smoke: intervention studies, 115-116 defined, 190 molecular epidemiologylbiomarker toxicants as, 47 studies, 113-115 Smoking: occupational disease surveillance. 113 asbestosis and, 265-266 short-term prospective studies (shift studies), 108-111 cohort studies, diesel exhaust-lung cancer case Subcutaneous injection, toxicokinetics, 66 study, 98-101 SUbject/patient maneuvers, lung function testing, 250 toxicology studies, 42--43 Suhstitution, nanomaterials controls, 393-394 Social effects, odor measurement and control, 546 Sugar tube technique, respirable dust studies, 301 582 INDEX

Surface properties: Toxicants. See also specific toxicants, e.g., Xenobiotics 1 Urine: aerosol particles, 193 cellular entry of, 47-66 biological monitoring with, 491-492 environmental exposure strategy, 457-458 defined, 43 r sampling times for, 495 nanomaterials, 380-381 entry portals and absorption mechanisms, 44-47 Surveillance: metabolic transformation, 75-78 Validity: cross-sectional (prevalence) study design, I I 1-112 organ/tissue distribution and deposition, 69-75 analytical methods, 448-449 nanornaterials, 393 physical properties, 45-47 exposure estimates, case-control studies, occupational epidemiology studies, 94, 113 Toxicokinetics: gases and vapors sampling, 423 Surveys, odor measurement and control, 544--546 biological monitoring, industrial chemical lung function testing, 250 Survivability, consistency and, 136 exposure, 464-470 van der Waals forces, gases and vapors adsorb Synergism, biological monitoring, mixed ADMET modeling, 467-470 sampling, 416-419 compounds, 507 clearance and volume of distribution, 465 Vapor-phase deposition, ceramic fiber producti mixed compounds, 506-508 Vapors: Talc: . rate constant and half-life, 464-465 defined, 407-408 cohort-based exposure-response analysis, 126-127 saturable kinetics, 465-467 odorous vapors, odor measurement and lung disease and, 270-271 defined, 42-43 control, 535-536 Tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEO~), membrane interactions, 52 respiratory tract penetration and absorption, respirable dust studies, 317 Toxicology: structure and function, 54-56 Technological advances, industrial hygiene, 20-21 defined, 41-43 sampling and analysis: Temporality, causality in epidemiology and, 118-120 nanornaterials, 385-386 absorbent sampling, 415 Tepperetal. shift study, asphallfumeexposure, 109-110 Tracheobronchial tract: active sampling, 414-419 Terminal settling velocity, aerosol particle anatomy, 243 adsorber sampling, 415-419 motion, 202 clearance mechanisms iii, 59-60 diffusive sampling, 419-420 Textiles, asbestos, Helsinki criterion, asbestos Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-P), duration of sampling/sampling rate. 413 exposure-response analysis, 128-129 cellular inflammatory response in gas chromatography, 422-423 Thermal desorption, gases and vapors sampling, lungs, 258 instrumentation, 411-413 421-422 Translocation, nanornaterials, 385 I method validation, 423 Thermal incineration, odor measurement and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), industrial qualitative survey, 409-410, 413-420 control, 553-554 hygiene applications, 440-441 quality assurance and laboratory accredita­ Thermal optical analyzer, industrial hygiene applica­ Transport mechanisms, metabolism and, 45-47 tion, 423-424 tions, 441-442 Tuberculosis, silicotuberculosis, 279-280 quantitative survey, 410-411 Thermal precipitators, respirable dust studies, 303 Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), cellular inflamma­ research background, 405-408 Thin-bed activated carbon unit, odor measurement and tory response in lungs, 258 solvent desorption. 420-421 control, 550-553 2x2 table, case-control (case-referent) study thermal desorption, 421-422 Thoracic aerosol particles, defined, 213 design, 101-108 whole-air sampling, 414-415 Threshold limit values (TLVs): Two-compartment ADME model, toxicokinelics, toxicants as, 46 history of, 7-9 468-470 Variability in biological monitoring, 470-473 individual vs. population thresholds, 161-165 Type I enzymes, metabolic transformation of Ventilation: odor measurement and control, 538-540 xenobiotics, 76-78 nanomaterials controls, 394-395 reference values, 473-474,488-489 Type I errors. See False-positive errors odor measurement and control, 548 sensitivity and background levels, 497-498 Type II enzymes, metabolic transformation of pulmonary physiology, 246 Thresholds of odor perception, odor measurement and xenobiotics, 76-78 Ventilation/perfusion relalionships, pulmonary control, 527-529 Type II errors. See False-negative errors physiology, 247 Tidal volume, lung function testing, 252 Vermiculite, lung disease and, 270 Time-of-flight instruments, aerosol optical UItrafine particle, defined, 377 Vibratory mass detectors, respirable dust studies, properties, 233-235 Ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometer: 316-317 Time representativity, of biomarkers, 472-473 high-pressure liquid chromatography, 437 Video exposure monitoring (VEM), respirable du Time-series studies, confounding and weak industrial hygiene analysis, 428-430 studies, 314-315 associations, 117-1l8 Uncertainty: Time weighted average (TWA), nanomaterials cohort studies, diesel exhaust-lung cancer case regulations, 387-388 study, 99-101 Tissue: hidden uncertainties, 145-151 biological monitoring, 494 statistical uncertainty, 139-145 dynamics of, 43 Unipolar charging, aerosol particle, 224-226 metal compounds, biological monitoring, 500--501 United States, reference values for biomarkers toxicant distribution and deposition, 69-75 in, 473-474, 488-489 Titanium dioxide, nanornaterials regulations, 387-388 Units, systems of, aerosols, 190- I91 Tool selection criteria, man-made mineral fibers, 366 Upper respiratory tract, multiple chemical sensitivi­ Top-down production, nanornaterials, 389 ties, 174-175 Total lung capacity (TLC), lung function testing, 252 Uptake, defined, 44-47 INDEX 583

Urine: Vinyl chloride, liver angiosarcoma and, 92 biological monitoring with, 491-492 Virtual impactors, respirable dust studies, 310--311 sampling times for, 495 Vital capacity (VC), lung function testing, 252 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), exhaled air Validity: monitoring, 493-494 analytical methods, 448-449 Volatile particles, odor measurement and control. exposure estimates, case-control studies, 107 536-537 gases and vapors sampling, 423 Volcanic ash, lung disease and, 273 lung function testing, 250 Volume of distribution, toxicokinetics, 465 van der Waals forces, gases and vapors adsorber sampling, 416-419 Walsh-Healy Act of 1936, 25 Vapor-phase deposition, ceramic fiber production, 343 Water molecules, gases and vapors adsorber Vapors: sampling, 416-419 defined, 407-408 Water-soluble gases, respiratory tract penetration and odorous vapors, odor measurement and absorption, 53 control, 535-536 Whole-air sampling, gases and vapors, 414-415 respiratory tract penetration and absorption, lung Wipe tests, environmental exposure strategy, 458 structure and function, 54-56 Wollastonite, lung disease and, 269 sampling and analysis: Work demographics, individual vs. population thresholds absorbent sampling, 415 and, 162-165 active sampling, 414-419 Workmens' compensation, historical perspective, 4-5 adsorber sampling, 415-419 Workplace practices: diffusive sampling, 419-420 man-made mineral fibers, carcinogenic duration of sampling/sampling rate, 413 potency, 352-353, 366 gas chromatography, 422-423 nanomaterials production, 390-391 instrumentation, 411-4 I3 stresses, industrial hygiene and, 17-18 method validation, 423 qualitative survey, 409-410, 413-420 Xenobiotics: quality assurance and laboratory accredita­ defined, 43 tion, 423-424 elimination and excretion, 78-84 quantitative survey, 410-411 endocytosis, 52 research background, 405-408 gastrointestinal tract penetration and absorption, solvent desorption, 420-421 61-{)2 thermal desorption, 421-422 lipid-rich systems, deposition and accumulation in, 73 whole-air sampling, 414-415 metabolic transformation, 75-78 toxicants as, 46 organ/tissue distribution and deposition, 69-75 Variability in biological monitoring, 470-473 osteotrophic, 73-75 Ventilation: rate constant and half-life, 464-465 nanomaterials controls, 394-395 respiratory tract penetration and absorption, lung odor measurement and control, 548 structure and function, 54-56 pulmonary physiology, 246 transport and distribution, 66-{)9 Ventilation/perfusion relationships, pulmonary blood elements, 67-{)9 physiology, 247 lymphatic system, 69 Vermiculite, lung disease and, 270 X-ray diffraction, industrial bygiene analysis, 433 Vihratory mass detectors, respirable dust studies. 316-317 Zeolites, lung disease and, 269-270 Video exposure monitoring (VEM), respirable dust Zero-order kinetics. xenobiotic eliminationand studies, 314-315 excretion, 81 INDEX

Absorption. See also specific body systems, Advanced Exposure Gamma Instrument System (AEGIS), e.g., Respiratory tract video exposure monitoring, radiation exposure chemicals, pharmacokinetics models, 961-962 case study, 61 1-613 percentage, dermal occupational exposure Advection, mathematical modeling, indoor air limits, 907-909 contaminants, turbulent eddy diffusion. 666-667, spectrum, open-path Fourier transform infrared 689-692 spectrometry, 648-650 Aerodynamic diameter, defined, 1171 Acceptable daily intake (ADO, occupational exposure Aerosols. See also Bioaerosol limits and, 874-877 pharmacokinetics modeling, unusual work Acceptable exposure test, 850-857 shifts, 1021 Acceptance testing, ventilation systems, 1141 respiratory protective equipment, 1182-1190, Accommodation, odor management and control, 1199-1202, 1210-1211 occupational exposure limits, 891-892 video exposure monitoring, measurement Accounting records, emission estimates and, 1063 instrumentation, 591 Accumulation of chemicals, pharmacokinetics Agent identification, emission inventory, 1050 modeling, 974-976 Agglomeration, mathematical modeling, indoor air Acute exposure guidelines levels (AEGLsl, risk contaminants, well-mixed room, particle size assessment and, 723-724 distribution, 672 Additive mixtures, occupational exposure Airborne contaminants. See also Aerosols limits, 902-905 dilution ventilation control, 1137-1138 Adjustment factor, pharmacokinetics modeling, unusual engineering controls: work shifts: ancillary equipment, 1096 Hickey and Reist model, 1003-1008 classification, 1074-1081 mixtures, 1022-1024 diagnostic air sampling, 1092-1095 model comparisons, 1014-1015 equipment, 1096-1098 moonlighting and overtime work, 1033-1036 facilitylayoutandequipmentplacemen~ 1101-1107 Administrative controls, occupational safety and health isolation and enclosure, 1076 management systems, I 155-1167 material transport, 1102

Patty's Industrial Hygiene, Sixth Edition, Edited by Vernon E. Rose and Barbara Cohrssen Copyright © 20 II John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

1323 1324 INDEX

Airborne contaminants (Continued) American Conference of Governmental Industrial Bernoulli's equation, velocity pressure, ventilati operations segregation, 1106 Hygienists (ACGIH): systems, 1113-1114 processes, 1098-1100 control banding task force, 1292-1293 Beryllium, occupational exposure limits, 894­ scope, 1077-1081 future TLV research and initiatives, 939--942 Bias: service and maintenance protocols, 1104-1105 hazard identification guidelines, 706 exposure distributions, risk assessment standards and guidelines, 1107-1108 history and evolution of, 699-703 using, 738-739 substitution and elimination, 1075-1076 noise level guidelines, unusual work schedule quantitative fit testing, respiratory protective toxic materials, 1081-1092 adjustments, 979-980 equipment, 1185-1190 ventilation systems, 1106 occupational exposure limits and, 865-869 Bioaerosol, defined, 1172 workstation design, 1100-1101, 1103-1107 risk assessment, 71~718 Biological agents, respiratory protective exposure limits, unusual work schedule American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA): equipment, 1215-1216 adjustments, 980-981 emergence response planning guidelines, 723-724 Biological exposure indices (BEls): job analysis for exposure limitation, 115~1157 exposure risk model, 734-744 risk assessment, 71~718 local exhaust ventilation, capture of, 1125 risk assessment resources, 783-821 sensory irritants, 883-888 mathematical modeling, indoor concentrations: American National Standards Institute (ANSI): Biologically-based cancer models, risk assessme chemical emission rates, 662-{j64 respiratory protective equipment, workplace protection Biological monitoring: constant emission rate, 667-{j70 factors, 118~ II90 health hazard analysis, 7~767 dispersion patterns/worker location, 664-{j67 Z9 standards, ventilation systems, 1136 unusual shifts, exposure limits, 1036-1037 exponentially decreasing emission rate, 672-{j74, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Biologic half-life, pharmacokineticsmodels,unus 676-{i78 chemical protective clothing selection: shift adjustments, 962-963 hemispherical turbulent eddy diffusion, 678-{j81 ASTM FIOOI Standard, 1244 determination of. 1009-1011 Markov chain model, 685-{j89 ASTM FI186 Standard, 1244-1246 limitations of, 1019-1020 NF/FF constant emissions, 674-676 overview, 1246,1249-1252 physiologically-based pharmacokinetic particle size distribution, 671-{j72 Analytical methods, industrial hygiene, risk assessment: modeling, 1024-1028 research background, 661-{j62 history and evolution, 702-703 Blood lymphocyte proliferation test (BLPT), turbulent eddy diffusion and advection, 689-692 integrated design. 715 occupational exposure limits, respiratory WMR reversible sink model, 682-{j85 Animal studies: sensitizers, 895-896 respiratory hazards, 1214-1215 occupational exposure limits. 873-877 Body burden: video exposure monitoring, 599-{j()() respiratory sensitizers. 893-896 occupational exposure limits, 893-894,918­ Air cleaners, local exhaust ventilation, 1117 risk assessment history and evolution, 701-703 pharmacokinetics modeling, 918-920, 968 Airflow rate: Anthropometric parameters. quantitative fit testing. unusual work shifts, ~1015, 1019-1020 dilution ventilation, 1139-1140 respiratory protective equipment, 1189-1190 Booth-type hoods. local exhaust ventilation, II ventilation systems, 1112-1113, 1120-1122, 1124, Applied dose, risk assessment and, 761-764 Bradford Hill criteria, risk assessment, 757 1142-1143 Area under curve (AUC) measurement, pharmacokinetics Brazil, occupational exposure limits, 929 Air inlet systems, dilution ventilation, 1140 modeling, 1019-1020 Breathing air quality, respiratory protective Airline respirator. See Supplied-air respirator Argentina, occupational exposure limits. 924 equipment, 122~1227 Air pollution studies: Assessment strategy, video exposure Breathing zone, local exhaust ventilation, contaIr computed tomography, 626-{i27 monitoring. 589-590 containment, 1125 emission sources characterization, 1049-1070 Assigned protection factor (APF), respiratory protective Brief and Scala model: Air-purifying element, defined, 1172 equipment, 1172, 1178-1179. 118~1191 comparison with other models, 1014-1015 Air-purifying respirator (APR): Association, risk assessment, 755-757 occupational exposure limits, 917-920 classification and certification, 1198-1207 Atmosphere-supplying respirator, 1172.1208-1211 unusual work schedule adjustments. 982-98~ workplace testing, 1191-1192 Australia, occupational exposure limits. 928 Air sampling, computed tomography, research Austria, occupational exposure limits, 928-929 Canada, occupational exposure limits, 929-930 background, 622-{j27 Authoritative exposure limits. risk assessment, 730-731 Cancer, risk assessment, 700-703,769-770. Se. Air supply requirements, ventilation systems, 1148-1149 Automation, airborne contaminants control, 1100-1101 Carcinogens Air/water partition coefficients, chemicals, Average daily dose (ADD), risk assessment Capture/control velocities, local exhaust pharmacokinetics models, 959-960 and, 760--761 ventilation, 1120 Algebraic reconstruction techniques (ART), computed Capture/exterior hoods, local exhaust tomography, industrial hygiene Background comparison sources, risk assessment, 765 ventilation, 1119-1121 applications, 634-{j36 Barometric pressure, ventilation systems Carbon monoxide: Algorithms, computed tomography, industrial hygiene airflow, 1112-1113 gas and vapor respirators, 1207 applications, 633-{j38 Barrier banding, development of, 1302 occupational exposure limits for, 8~9 Allergens: Barrier materials, chemical protective clothing respiratory protective equipment, breathingair occupational exposure limits, 893-896 selection, 1238-1244 quality, 122~1227 pharmacokinetics modeling, unusual work Baseline risk assessment, cost-benefit Carbon tetrachloride, pharmacokineticsmodeling, shifts, 1022 analysis, 750,751 work shifts, 1023-1024 Alternative materials, airborne contaminants Belgium: Carcinogens: control, 1082-1088 control banding strategies in, 1300 occupational exposure limits, 8~902 American Cancer Society (ACS), risk assessment, 716 occupational exposure limits, 929 INDEX 1325

Bernoulli's equation, velocity pressure, ventilation pharmacokinetics modeling, unusual work systems, 1113-1114 shifts, 1028-1032 Beryllium, occupational exposure limits, 894-896 risk assessment, history and evolution of, 7~703 Bias: Case-control (case-referent) study design, occupational exposure distributions, risk assessment exposure limits, 732 using, 738-739 Causality, risk assessment, 755-757 quantitative fit testing, respiratory protective Ceiling occupational exposure limit (C-OEL): equipment, 1185-1190 risk assessment and, 729-731 Bioaerosol, defined, 1172 sensory irritants, 882-888 Biological agents, respiratory protective unusual work schedule adjustments, 1024-1028 equipment, 1215-1216 Certification guidelines, respiratory protective Biological exposure indices (BEIs): equipment, 1195-1212 risk assessment, 716-718 Chamher studies, computed tomography sensory irritants, 883-888 geometries, 642--M4 Biologically-based cancer models, risk assessment, 703 Chance. See Statistical uncertainty Biological monitoring: Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear (CBRN) health hazard analysis, 766-767 hazards, respiratory protective unusual shifts, exposure limits, 1036-1037 equipment, 1172,1211 Biologic half-life, pharmacokinetics models, unusual work Chemical accumulation, pharmacokinetics shift adjustments, 962-963 modeling, 974-976, 102~1O21 determination of, 1009-10 II Chemical cartridge respirators, 1203-1207 limitations of, 1019-1020 Chemical composition, chemical protective clothing physiologically-based pharmacokinetic selection, 1244, 1253-1255 modeling, 1024-1028 Chemical emission rate functions, mathematical modeling, Blood lymphocyte proliferation test (BLPT), indoor air contaminants, 662--664 occupational exposure limits, respiratory Chemical protective clothing (CPC): sensitizers, 895--896 barrier materials, 1244 Body burden: checklist for. 1234 occupational exposure limits, 893-894, 918-920 chemical classification, 1244-1246, 1253-1255 pharmacokinetics modeling, 918-920, 968 performance evaluation. 1244 unusual work shifts, 996-10 15, 1019-1020 permeation, penetration, and degradation, 1236-1238 Booth-type hoods, local exhaust ventilation, 1119 research background, 1235 Bradford Hill criteria, risk assessment, 757 selection criteria, 1235-1244 Brazil, occupational exposure limits, 929 standards, 1246-1256 Breathing air quality, respiratory protective terminology, 1256-1262 equipment, 1226-1227 Chemical-specific toxicity values, risk assessment, 766 Breathing zone, local exhaust ventilation, contaminant Chemisorption, gas and vapor respirators, 1202-1203 containment, 1125 Chile, occupational exposure limits, 930--931 Brief and Scala model: Chronic disease, risk assessment, 756-757 comparison with other models, 1014-1015 Classical least squares (CLS), quantitative analysis, occupational exposure limits, 917-920 open-path Fourier transform infrared (OP-FfIR) unusual work schedule adjustments, 982-985 spectrometry, 651-652 Closed-circuit self-contained breathing Canada, occupational exposure limits, 929-930 apparatus, 1209 Cancer, risk assessment, 7~703, 769-770. See also Coefficient of entry, local exhaust ventilation, hood-related Carcinogens equations, 1123 Capture/control velocities, local exhaust Cold temperatures, respiratory protective equipment ventilation, 1120 and, 1227 Capture/exterior hoods, local exhaust Communications problems, respiratory protective ventilation, I 119-1 121 equipment and, 1228 Carbon monoxide: Compliance testing: gas and vapor respirators, 1207 occupational exposure limits, 828, 845-847 occupational exposure limits for, 866-869 overexposure probability and, 85~852 respiratory protective equipment, breathing air Comprehension testing, employee information and quality, 1226-1227 training, 1164 Carbon tetrachloride, pharmacokinetics modeling, unusual Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation work shifts, 1023-1024 and Liability Act (CERCLA), risk assessment Carcinogens: guidelines, 719-720 occupational exposure limits, 896-902 Compressed-breathing gas, defined, 1172 1326 INDEX

Computed tomography (Cf): exposure assessment vs, exposure control, 1306--1307 overexposure and, 847-848, 853-854 algorithms, 633--638 exposure predictions, 1307-1308 risk assessment and, 721-724 background optical remote sensing future research and recommendations, 1308-1310 Curve-fitting computer programs, two-compartna instrumentation, 646--Q51 hazard + exposure-srisk-scontrot strategy, pharmacokinetics modeling, 969-970 chamber studies, 642--645 1273-1274 Cyclohexane, body burden, unusual work shifts, design criteria, 627--630 hazard predictions, 1308 occupational exposure limits, 997-998 field studies, 645--646 historical evolution, 1263-1264, 1269-1281 future applications and research, 651--654 ICCf as alternative to, 1281-1282, 1304 Dashboard indicators, risk assessment, 749 historical background, 624--Q27 international response to, 1268, 1295-1301 Data analysis software, video exposure monitoring image quality parameters, 631--633 nanotechnology, 1302-1303 602--Q04 iterative methods, 633--637 occupational exposure bands, 1272-1274 Data communications equipment (DeE), video e: ORS geometries, 638--645 occupational exposure limits, 731-732,937-938 monitoring, 592 research background, 621--627 comparisons, 1266-1267,1304-1305 Data evaluation: simulation studies, 640--642 professional development issues, 1305-1306 emission estimates and, 1064-1066 smooth basic function minimization, 637--638 safety (barrier banding), 1302 occupational exposure limits, 732-733,913-' test concentration maps, 630-631 scope and objectives, 1265-1266 video exposure monitoring, 596-598 Computer simulations: silica materials, 1301-1302 Data terminal equipment (DTE), video exposure computed tomography design, 630-633 terminology, 1265 monitoring, 592 risk assessment history and evolution, 702-703 toxicity measurements, 1269 Day-to-day increases, pharmacokinetics models, Concentration mapping, 622--633 toxicological data-control level continuum, 1272-1273 accumulation of chemicals, 975-976 Conceptual modeling, risk assessment design, 715 training programs, 1308 Decay equation, mathematical modeling, indoor t Condensation, mathematical modeling, indoor air validation and verification, 1281-1293, 1307 contaminants, well-mixed room, 668-{ji contaminants, well-mixed room, particle size Controlled negative pressure (CNP), quantitative fit testing, Decision processes: distribution, 672 respiratory protective equipment, 1184 respiratory protective equipment, exposure leve Condensation nucleus counter (CNC) technology, Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH): selection criteria, 1220-1223 quantitative fit testing, respiratory protective control banding and, 1264, 1304 risk assessment, history and evolution, 697-7 equipment, 1183-1184,1188-1190 essentials strategy, 1264--1265,1274-1281 Degradation, chemical protective clothing, 123/ Conditional probability, mathematical modeling, differences, 1304 Demand respirator, 1172,1208-1211 indoorair contaminants, Markov chain international response to, 1268, 1295-130 I Denmark, occupational exposure limits, 931 method, 686--Q89 international agenda, 1295-1296 Density correction, ventilation systems, air at non Conditions of use, respiratory protective equipment, fit standards, 1264-1268 STP, 1113 testing, 1182-1190 United Kingdom response to, 1267-1268 Dental offices, nitrous oxide exposure, video expe Consensus standards, risk assessment, 789-790 validation studies, 1290-1293 monitoring case study, 604-606 Consequence rating, risk assessment and, 722-724, Corporate exposure limits, 731, 913-916 Derived no-effect levels (DNELs), REACH 772-775 Corporate toxic use reduction program, airborne initiative, 938-939 Conservative risk assessment, cost-benefit contaminants control, 1085-1088 Dermal occupational exposure limits (OOELs), analysis, 750-751 Corrective action completion measures, risk establishment of, 905-909 Constant emission rate, mathematical modeling, indoor air assessment, 747 Deterministic models, risk assessment, AIHAexp contaminants: Corrective lenses, respiratory protective equipment assessment model, 742-743 functions, 662--663 and, 1227-1228 Developmental toxicants, occupational exposure hemispheric turbulent eddy diffusion, no Correlation, occupational exposure limits, 733 limits, 888-889 advection, 678--681 Cost-benefit analysis (CBA), risk assessment Diagnostic air sampling, airborne contaminants NF/FF parameters, 674--Q76 and, 749-755,777-778 control, 1092-1096 well-mixed room, 668--670 Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA), risk assessment, 751, Diffusion, Chemicals, pharmacokinetics Construction toolbox, control banding, 1303 755 models, 959-960 Contaminant generation, release, and exposure model, Cost of injury (COl), health hazard evaluation, cost-benefit Digital video cameras, video exposure monitoriag airborne contaminants, 1073-1074 analysis, 754 studies, 607--611 Continuous exposure monitoring, pharmacokinetics Count median aerodynamic diameter (CMAD), Dilution ventilation, 1136-1141 modeling, 963-967 mathematical modeling, indoor air contaminants, Dimethylaminothioacetamide hydrochloride (DM Continuous flow supplied-air respirator, 1211 well-mixed room, particle size video exposure monitoring, 599--QOO Control banding (CB): distribution, 671--672 Dioctylphthalate (OOP), quantitative fittesting,reS( ACGIH exposure/control banding task Cultural metrics, ris~ assessment, 748 protective equipment, 1182-1184 force, 1292-1293 Cumulation, pharmacokinetics modeling, 974-976 Dioxin, See Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin construction toolbox, 1303 Cumulative dose studies: Direct cost of illness, health hazard evaluation, 7 control recommendations, 1308 occupational exposure limits, Haber's law Direct-reading instrumentation, video exposure COSHH essentials strategy, 1274-1281 model, 921-922 monitoring, 591-592 international response to, 1295-130 I radiation exposure case study, video exposure Discounting parameters, health hazard evaluation, COSHH standards, 1264-' 268 monitoring, 613--Q17 cost-benefit analysis, 754-755 ergonomics issues, 1302 Cumulative risk: Disperson patterns, mathematical modeling, index expert opinions, 1293 classification, 712 contaminants, 664--Q67 INDEX 1327

overexposure and, 847-848, 853-854 Disposable respirator, defined, 1172 risk assessment and, 721-724 Dissociation constant, occupational exposure limits, Curve-fitting computer programs, two-compartment sensory irritants, 886-888 pharmacokinetics modeling, 969-970 Dose, risk assessment and, 7~761 Cyclohexane, body burden, unusual work shifts, Dose-dependent change, nonlinear pharmacokinetics occupational exposure limits, 997-998 models, 977-978 Dose-response analysis: Dashboard indicators, risk assessment, 749 occupational exposure limits, carcinogens, 9OG-902 Data analysis software, video exposure monitoring, 596, risk assessment, 707,751-755 602-004 Ductwork, local exhaust ventilation, 1117 Data communications equipment (DCE), video exposure Dust. See also specific types of dust monitoring, 592 airborne contaminants control, 1088-1089 Data evaluation: control banding assignment criteria, 1274 emission estimates and, 1064-1066 defined, 1172 occupational exposure limits, 732-733,913-916 diagnostic air sampling, 1092-1096 video exposure monitoring, 596-598 Dynamic geometry, computed tomography Data terminal equipment (DTE), video exposure design, 653--{i54 monitoring, 592 Day-to-day increases, pharmacokinetics models, Ecological benchmarks, risk assessment, 765, 767-768 accumulation of chemicals, 975-976 Economic feasibility. See also Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) Decay equation, mathematical modeling, indoor air risk assessment and management, 728, 776-778 contaminants, well-mixed room, 668--{i70 Ecuador, occupational exposure limits, 931 Decision processes: Eddy diffusion. See Turbulent eddy diffusion respiratory protective equipment, exposure levels and Educational programs. See also Training programs selection criteria, 122G-1223 employee information and training risk assessment, history and evolution, 697-703 programs, 1157-1165 Degradation, chemical protective clothing, 1236-1238 risk assessment, 813-821 Demand respirator, 1172, 1208-1211 video exposure monitoring, 591 Denmark, occupational exposure limits, 931 Effectiveness measurement: Density correction, ventilation systems, air at 000­ employee information and training, 1164 STP, 1113 respiratory protective equipment, 1225 Dental offices, nitrous oxide exposure, video exposure risk assessment, 744-749 monitoring case study, 604-606 Efficacy assessment, threshold limit values, 909-913 Derived no-effect levels (DNELs), REACH Efficiency parameters, risk assessment and, 714-715 initiative, 938-939 Elastomeric facepiece, defined, 1172 Dermal occupational exposure limits (DOELs), Elimination, airborne contaminants control, 1075-1076, establishment of, 905-909 1081-1082 Deterministic models, risk assessment, AIHA exposure Emergency, defined, 1172 assessment model, 742-743 Emission factors: Developmental toxicants, occupational exposure air pollution studies, 1053-1058 limits, 888-889 ventilation systems, 1125 Diagnostic air sampling, airborne contaminants Emission inventories: control, 1092-1096 agent identification, 1050 Diffusion, chemicals, pharmacokinetics air contaminant characterization, research models, 959-960 background, 1049-1051 Digital video cameras, video exposure monitoring case study and sample calculations, 1066-1070 studies, 607--{i11 plant/company records and reports, 1059-1066 Dilution ventilation, 1136-1141 quantification techniques, 1051-1059 Dimethylaminothioacetamide hydrochloride (DMATA), site identification, 105G-1051 video exposure monitoring, 599--600 time factors, 1051 Dioctylphthalate (DOP), quantitative fittesting, respiratory Emission rates; protective equipment, 1182-1184 determi nation, 1067 Dioxin. See Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin mathematical modeling, indoor air contaminants: Direct cost of illness, health hazard evaluation, 753-754 chemical emission rate, 662--{)64 Direct-reading instrumentation, video exposure constant emission rate, 662--{i63, 668--{i70, monitoring, 591-592 674--{)76, 678--{i81 Discounting parameters, health hazard evaluation, exponentially decreasing emission rate, 663--{)64, cost-benefit analysis, 754-755 672--{i74, 676--{i78 Disperson patterns, mathematical modeling, indoor air Markov chain method, ongoing contaminants, 664--{i67 emissions, 688--{i89 1328 INDEX

Employee information and training programs, diffusion, no advection and constant emission Exposure prediction, control banding, 1307-130 management of, 1157-1165 rate, 679-681 Exposure ratings, AIHA exposure assessment Enclosure hoods, local exhaust ventilation, 1118, Errors: model, 741-743 1124-1125 computed tomography, 631-633 Exposure reconstruction of total exposure, risk Enclosure systems, airborne contaminants control, 1076 quantitative fit testing, respiratory protective assessment, 763-764 End-of-service-Iife indicator (ESLl), gas and vapor equipment, 1186-11<;() Eye protection: respirators, 1172, 1204-1206 Escape-only respirator, 1172, 1212-1213 corrective lenses and, 1227-1228 respiratory protective equipment, 1222-1223 Endpoint analysis: European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), risk assessment integrated risk assessment, 715 initiatives, 720-721 Facepieces, respiratory protective equipment. See occupational exposure limits, 733 European countries: Engineering controls, airborne contaminants: occupational exposure limits, 931-932 Masks classification, 1074-1081 risk assessment initiatives, 720-721 certification guidelines, 1195-1212 diagnostic air sampling, 1092-1095 Exceedance estimation: definitions, 1172-1175 equipment, 1096-1098 acceptable exceedance, 856-857 filtering facepiece respirators, 1216 facility layout and equipment placement, 1101-1107 acceptable exposure test, 850-852 fit testing, 1179-1190 isolation and enclosure, 1076 overexposure probability, 849-850 full facepieces, 1192-1194 material transport, 1102 Executive Order 12291 (1981), risk assessment history and halffacepieces, 1191-1192 operations segregation, 1106 evolution, 701-703 loose-fitting facepieces, 1193-1194 processes, 1098-1100 Exhalation valves, respirator facepieces, 1198 quarter facepieces, 1191 research background, 1073-1074 Exhaust air recirculation, ventilation supplied-air respirators, 1210-1211 scope, 1077-1081 systems, 1149-1151 valves, 1198 service and maintenance protocols, 1104-1105 Exhaust hoods: workplace testing, 1191-1192 standards and guidelines, 1107-1108 dilution ventilation, 1140-1141 Face seal, respiratory protective equipment. quanti substitution and elimination, 1075-1076 fugitive emissions, 1058 testing, 1188-1190 toxic materials, 1081-1092 local exhaust ventilation, low volume high velocity Facial hair, respiratory protective equipment and, ventilation systems, 1106 exhaust systems, 1125-1126 Facility layout and design, airborne contaminants workstation design, 1100-1101, 1103-1104, Exhaust-rate standards, 1120 control, 1077-1081 1106-1107 Expert opinions: equipment placement and, 1101-1107 Environmental exposure monitoring: on control banding, 1292 material transport, 1102 airborne contaminants control, 1082-1088 professional judgment vs., 743 operations segregation, 1106 risk assessment and, 723-724 Exponentially decreasing emission rate, mathematical service and maintenance, 1104-1105 unusual shifts, occupational exposure limit adjustments modeling, indoor air contaminants, 663-664 worker isolation, 1106 for, 1033-1036 NFIFF zones, 676-678 workstations, 1103-1104 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): well-mixed room construct, 672-674 Failure analysis, risk assessment, reactive acute exposure guidelines levels, 723-724 Exponential purging, mathematical modeling, indoor air metrics, 747-748 Fanning friction factor, ventilation systems, II history and evolution, risk assessment, 698-703 contaminants, well-mixed room, 668-670 occupational exposure limits and, uncertainty Exposure control, exposure assessment vs., 1306-1307 Fans, local exhaust ventilation, 1117-1118 Far field (FF) zone, mathematical modeling, indl factors, 877-880 Exposure distributions: risk assessment guidelines, 718-719,764-766 analysis of variance table, 844-845 contaminants: Environmentlhealth factors, industrial hygiene: basic principles, 835-845 constant emission rate, 674-676 665~ interdependent risks, 713-714 job analysis for limitation of, 1156-1157 disperson patterns/worker location, exponentially decreasing emission rate, 676­ risk assessment, history and evolution, 697-703 limit of detection, 837-838 hemispheric turbulent eddy diffusion, no adve Epidemiology. See also Occupational epidemiology log-normal distributions, 836-839, 842-843 constant emission rate, 679-681 defined, 697 one-way random effects model, 841-845 risk assessment, 755-757 probability and, 848-849 Markov chain method, 688-689 Fast sinks, mathematical modeling, indoor air Episodic risk scenario, risk assessment using, 721-724 random processes, 835~36 contaminants, Markov chain method, 6 Equal angle projection geometry, computed tomography risk assessment, 735-739 Feasibility, OSHA permissible exposure history and, 626-627 worker variations, 839-845 Equipment demonstrations, employee information and Exposure measurements. See also specific exposure limits, 831-832 Federal Insecticides, Fungicide, and Rodenticide training, 1163-1164 measurements, e.g., Occupational exposure limits Equipment specifications: control banding strategies, 1290 (FlFRA), 698-699 airborne contaminants control, 1096-1098,1101-1107 exposure control vs., 1306-1307 Federal regulations, risk assessment, 783-786 Female reproductive function, occupational expo emission estimates and, 1062 interpretation guidelines, 827-828 limits, reproductive toxicants, 890 Ergonomics analysis: occupational exposure levels, comparisons, 845-854 control banding and, 1302 risk assessment, 707-708,726-728,751-755 FE See Far field zone management policies and, 1166 sample size and, 855 Field studies, computed tomography radiation exposure case study, video exposure testing methods, 857 applications, 645-646 monitoring, 614-617 time trends and, 855-856 Film badges, radiation exposure, video exposure monitoring studies case study, 610-61, Error function, mathematical modeling, indoor air Exposure monitoring. See also Biological monitoring, contaminants, hemispheric turbulent eddy industrial chemical exposure INDEX 1329

Exposure prediction, control banding, 1307-1308 Filtering facepiece respirator (FFR), 1172, 1216 Exposure ratings, AIHA exposure assessment Filters and filtration: model, 741-743 high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter, Exposure reconstruction of total exposure, risk defined, 1173 assessment, 763-764 respiratory protective equipment, particulate Eye protection: respirators, 1198-1202 corrective lenses and, 1227-1228 Finland, occupational exposure limits, 928 respiratory protective equipment, 1222-1223 Fires, fugitive emissions, 1058 First-order kinetics, 960-961,977-978 Facepieces, respiratory protective equipment. See also First-order loss rates, mathematical modeling, indoor air Masks contaminants: certification guidelines, 1195-1212 Markov chain method, 685-689 definitions, 1172-1175 reversible sink (well-mixed room), 682-685 filtering facepiece respirators, 1216 turbulent eddy diffusion and advection, 689-692 fit testing, 1179-1 190 well-mixed room,· 669-670 full facepieces, 1192-1194 First-pass effects, systemic toxicants, occupational half facepieces, 1191-1 192 exposure limits, 881-882 loose-fitting facepieces, 1193-1194 Fit factor, defined, 1172 quarter facepieces, 1191 Fit test, respiratory protective equipment. 1172, supplied-air respirators, 1210-1211 1179-1190,1224 valves, 1198 flame ionization detector (flO), video exposure workplace testing, 1191-1192 monitoring, airborne particulates case Face seal. respiratory protective equipment, quantitative fit study, 601-600 testing, 1188-1190 flanging, ventilation systems, 1123-1124 Facial hair, respiratory protective equipment and, 1227 Flir Systems camera equipment, video exposure Facility layout and design, airborne contaminants monitoring studies, 607-610 control, 1077-1081 flowchart analysis, emission estimates and, 1061 equipment placement and, 1101-1107 flux-based techniques, dermal occupational exposure material transport, 1102 limits, 907-909 operations segregation, 1106 Food Additive Amendment (1958), 699-703 service and maintenance, 1104-1105 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), risk assessment, worker isolation, 1106 history and evolution of, 700-703 workstations, 1103-11 04 Formulations documentation,emission estimates Failure analysis. risk assessment. reactive and, 1059 metrics, 747-748 France, control banding strategies in, 1300 Fanning friction factor, ventilation systems, 1115 Free surface area (FSA), mathematical modeling, indoor Fans, local exhaust ventilation, 1117-1118 air contaminants, hemispherical near field Far field (FF) zone, mathematical modeling, indoor air zone, 66~6 contaminants: Frictional losses, ventilation systems, 1115 constant emission rate, 674-676 FSA. See Free surface area disperson patterns/worker location, 665~6 Fugitive sources, emission inventories, 1054, 1058-1059 exponentially decreasing emission rate, 676-(,78 Fume, defined, 1173 hemispheric turbulent eddy diffusion, no advection and constant emission rate, 679-681 Gases: Markov chain method, 688-689 defined, 1173 Fast sinks, mathematical modeling, indoor air pharmacokinetics modeling, unusual work contaminants, Markov chain method, 688-689 shifts, 1022 Feasibility, OSHA permissible exposure respiratory protective equipment, 1202-1207, limits, 831-832 1216-1217 Federal Insecticides, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act video exposure monitoring, 604-606 (FIFRA), 698-699 Gas masks, classification and certification. 1203-1204 Federal regulations, risk assessment, 783-786 Generally recognized as safe (GRAS) standard, history and Female reproductive function, occupational exposure evolution, 699 limits. reproductive toxicants, 890 Geometric mean, exposure distributions, 735-739 FE See Far field zone Geometric standard deviation (GSD): Field studies, computed tomography exposure distributions, 735-739 applications, 645-646 mathematical modeling, indoor air contaminants, Film hadges, radiation exposure, video exposure well-mixed mom, particle size monitoring studies case study, 610-613 distribution, 671-672 1330 INDEX

Geometries, computed tomography design, 627~33 Health effect rating, risk assessment, occupational Ideal gas law, mathematical modeling, indoor aU chamber studies, 642~4 exposure limits, 72&-728 contaminants, 663-664 dynamic geometry, 653~54 Health hazard evaluation: Image quality, computed tomography design, ~ optical remote sensing, 638~5 cost-benefit analysis, 753-755 Immediately dangerous to life orhealth(ILDH) co simulation studies, 640-642 exposure effects, 589 defined, 1173 Germany: physiological/psychological basis of risk, 780--783 gas and vapor respirators, contraindications, control banding strategies in, 1299 resources for, 783-821 oxygen deficiency, 1214 occupational exposure limits, 932 risk assessment: powered air-purifying respirator, limitations, Globally Harmonized System (GHS): AIHA exposure risk model, 734-744 respiratory protective equipment, exposure lei control banding and, 1281 analytical methods and tools, 757-766 selection criteria, 1218-1223 employee information regarding, 1158-1159 basic definitions, 69~97 self-contained breathing apparatus, 1208-12 occupational exposure limits, 93&-937 biornonitoring, 76&-767 Incidental exposure, 588 Graphic summation principle, pharmacokinetics cost benefit analysis integration, 749-755 Independence, exposure measurements, 855-8 modeling, 965-967 dose-response assessment, 707 Indirect exposure pathways, risk assessment, 7 Gravitational force, mathematical modeling, indoor air ecological risk assessment, 767-768 Indoor airborne particulates, mathematical mode contaminants, well-mixed room, particle size effectiveness measurement, 744-749 chemical emission rates, 662-664 distribution, 672 epidemiology, association-causation constant emission rate, 667~70 Grid translation (GT), computed tomography, continuum, 755-757 dispersion patterns/worker location, 664-{i6' maximum likelihood expectation episodic and cumulative risk methods, 721-724 exponentially decreasing emission rate, 672· maximization, 63~37 exposure assessment, 707-708 67~78 Grid translation-multigrid (GT-MG) method, computed hazard identification, 706 hemispherical turbulent eddy diffusion, 678­ tomography, maximum likelihood expectation history and evolution, 697-703 Markov chain model, 685~9 maximization, 63~37 modern procedures, 703-705 NF/FF constant emissions, 67~76 Groundwater regulations, risk assessment, 766 network theory, 768 particle size distribution, 671~72 Group mean test, acceptable exposure, 852-853 nonoccupational assessment, 768-770 research background, 661~2 Guinea pig sensitization test, occupational exposure limits, occupational exposure limits, 724-734 turbulent eddy diffusion and advection, 689­ respiratory sensitizers, 895-896 quantitative analysis, strengths and WMR reversible sink model, 682~5 weaknesses, 709-711 Industrial engineering records, emission estiman Haber's law model, occupational exposure regulatory and legal issues, 71&-721 and, 1062-1063 limits, 91&-918, 1000-1008 research background, 695 Industrial hygiene: Half-life. See also Biologic half-life resources for, 783-821 control banding and, 1304-1306 occupational exposure limits, 919-924 risk characterization, 708 COSHH essentials strategy and, 1278-1279 pharmacokinetics models, 962-963, 975-976, risk profiling, 771-775 risk assessment classifications in, 722-728 982-985, 999-10 II unitary vs. integrated risk, 711-716 Industry-based programs, airborne contaminants Half-mask supplied-air respirator (SAR), workplace risk management, 775-780 control, 1085-1088 testing, 1193 threshold limit values, 830 In-facepiece sampling techniques, respiratory pr, Hands-on training, employee information and Heat stress, job analysis for exposure reduction, 1157 equipment, 1184-1190 training, 1163-1164 Helmet, respiratory protective equipment, 1173, Infectious disease, risk assessment, 755-756 Hazard, defined, 696 1192-1194 Information requirements, risk assessment, 74~ Hazard analysis: Hemispherical near field zone, mathematical modeling, Infrared camera, video exposure monitoring management policies and, 1165-1166 indoor air contaminants, dispersion studies, 607~ 10 respiratory hazards, 1214-1217 patterns/worker location, 665~ Inhalation: risk assessment, 755-770 Hemispheric turbulent eddy diffusion, mathematical chambers, risk assessment history and Hazard bands, COSHH essentials strategy modeling, indoor air contaminants, no advection evolution, 702-703 and, 1277-1278 and constant emission rate, 67~81 model, risk assessment, 762-764 Hazard communication information and Henle-Koch's postulates, risk assessment, infectious valves, respirator facepieces, 1198 training, 1I62-11 63 disease, 755-756 Instantaneous dose rate, radiation exposure case Hazard identification, risk assessment, 706,751-755 Hickey and Reist model, unusual work shifts, occupational video exposure monitoring, 61~17 Hazard index (HI), risk assessment and exposure limits, 997-1008, 1011-1015 Insurance issues, risk management, 775-776 characterization, 708 High efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter: Integrated control systems, airborne contaminan Hazardous atmosphere, defined, 1173 powered air-purifying respirator, 1207 control, 1080--1081 Hazard prediction, control banding, 1308 respiratory protective equipment, quantitative fit Integrated risk: Haz-Dust II real-time personal dust monitor, video testing. 1173, 1I88,119O classification, 711-715 exposure monitoring, airborne particulates case Hoods: cost-benefit analysis, 749-755 study, 601~ local exhaust ventilation, 1117-1123 Interdependent risks, defined, 713-714 Health and Safety Executive (HSE) (United Kingdom): respiratory protective equipment, 1173, 1192-1194 International Chemical Control Toolkit (ICCT): control banding development and, 1264, 1274 Hose masks, powered and unpowered, respiratory control banding and, 1281-1282, 1304 COSHH regulations and, 1267-1268 protective equipment, 1210 COSSH validation and, 1291-1292 international agenda, 1295-1296 Hypersensitivity reactions, occupational exposure International standards: Health-based exposure limits, risk assessment, 730--731 limits, 893-896 control banding and, 1268 INDEX 1331

Ideal gas law, mathematical modeling, indoor air Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) contaminants, 663--&;4 strategy and, 1266 Image quality, computed tomography design, 631--633 COSHH essentials, 1295-130 I Immediately dangerous to life or health (ILDH) conditions: occupational exposure limits, 921-931 defined, 1173 simplified risk reduction solutions, 1293-1295 gas and vapor respirators, contraindications, 1203 International Standards Organization (ISO): oxygen deficiency, 1214 chemical protective clothing standards, 1256 powered air-purifying respirator, limitations, 1207 risk management standards, 779-780 respiratory protective equipment, exposure levels and Investigation timelines, risk assessment, 747 selection criteria., 1218-1223 In vitro techniques: self-contained breathing apparatus, 1208-1211 occupational exposure limits, respiratory Incidental exposure, 588 sensitizers, 895-896 Independence, exposure measurements, 855-856 quantitative risk assessment and, 710--711 Indirect exposure pathways, risk assessment, 703 In vivo techniques, occupational exposure limits, Indoor airborne particulates, mathematical modeling: respiratory sensitizers, 895-896 chemical emission rates, 662--&;4 ISCST dispersion model, computed tomography constant emission rate, 667--670 geometries, field studies, 645--646 dispersion patterns/worker location, 664--667 Isoamyl alcohol, pharmacokinetics modeling, unusual exponentially decreasing emission rate, 672--674, work shifts, 1023-1024 676--678 Isolation, airborne contaminants control, 1076 hemispherical turbulent eddy diffusion, 678--681 worker isolation, 1106 Markov chain model, 685--689 Iterative algorithms, computed tomography, industrial NF/FF constant emissions, 674--676 hygiene applications, 633--637 particle size distribution, 671--672 luliucci model, occupational exposure limits, unusual work research background, 661--662 schedule, 996 turbulent eddy diffusion and advection, 689--692 WMR reversible sink model, 682--685 Japan, occupational exposure limits, 932-933 Industrial engineering records, emission estimates Job analysis: and, 1062-1063 airborne contaminants control, 1077-1081, Industrial hygiene: 1100--1101 control banding and, 1304-1306 chemical protective clothing selection, 1238-1244 COSHH essentials strategy and, 1278-1279 emission estimates and, 1062 risk assessment classifications in, 722-728 exposure limitation through, 1156--1157 Industry-based programs, airborne contaminants management policies and, 1165-1166 control, 1085-1088 In-facepiece sampling techniques, respiratory protective Korea: equipment, 1184-1190 control banding strategies in, 1301 Infectious disease, risk assessment, 755-756 occupational exposure limits, 933 Information requirements, risk assessment, 745-746 Infrared camera, video exposure monitoring Laboratories, records, emission estimates based studies, 607--610 on, 1059-1061 Inhalation: Layout and design records, emission estimates chambers, risk assessment history and and, 1061-1062 evolution, 702-703 Leading indicators, risk assessment using, 746--747 model, risk assessment, 762-764 Leaks, fugitive emissions, 1059 valves, respirator facepieces, 1198 Legal issues. See also Regulatory issues and guidelines Instantaneous dose rate, radiation exposure case study, risk assessment and management, 716--721,775-776 video exposure monitoring, 614--617 Light scattering, video exposure monitoring, aerosol Insurance issues, risk management. 775-776 measurement instrumentation, 591 Integrated control systems, airborne contaminants Linear least squares regression, occupational exposure control, 1080--1081 limits, sensory irritants, 884-888 Integrated risk: Literature sources, risk assessment, 799-821 classification, 711-715 Local exhaust ventilation (LEV), 1116--1136 cost-benefit analysis, 749-755 air cleaners, 1117 Interdependent risks, defined, 713-714 air distribution, 1124 International Chemical Control Toolkit (ICCf): airflow characteristics, 1120--1122 control banding and, 1281-1282, 1304 capture/control velocities, 1120 COSSH validation and, 1291-1292 components, 1116--1118 International standards: contaminant capture, 1125 control banding and, 1268 design criteria, 1127-1136 1332 INDEX

Local exhaust ventilation (LEV) (Continued) Material safety data sheets (MSOS), employee information Military regulations and guidelines, risk ductwork, 1117 regarding, 1160-1162 assessment, 786-787 emission enclosure, 1125 Materials balance, emission inventories, 1053 MiniRAE"", video exposure monitoring, 592 fans, 1117-1118 records and reports, 1062 Miran SapphiRe Ambient Air Analyzer,nitrous fianging effects, 1123-1124 Materials distribution, emission estimates and, 1063 video exposure monitoring studies, 60 hood-related equations, 1122-1123 Material spills, fugitive emissions, 1058-1059 Mixing software/instrumentation, video exposu hoods, 1117-1119 Materials replacement, airborne contaminants monitoring, 593-596 low volume high velocity systems, 1125-1 126 control, 1082-1088 Modifying factor (MF), occupational exposure makeup air provision, 1125 Material transport, airborne contaminants and, 877-880 performance factors, 1119-1127 control, 1102-1103 Moisture content, dust control and, 1088-IOS regulations and standards, 1134-1136 Mathematical modeling: Molecular diffusion, mathematical modeling,IT stacks, 1118 airborne particulates, indoor concentrations: contaminants, 663-664 transport velocities, 1126-1127 chemical emission rates, 662-664 Molecular number concentration, mathematical Logit modeling, occupational exposure limits, constant emission rate, 667-670 indoor air contaminants, Markovchain carcinogens, 9()(}-902 dispersion patterns/worker location, 664-667 method, 687-689 Log-normal distribution, exposure distributions, risk exponentially decreasing emission rate, 672-674, Monitoring systems: assessment using, 736-739 676-678 risk assessment, biological monitoring, 761: Long-term average (LTA), occupational exposure hemispherical turbulent eddy diffusion, 678-681 ventilation systems, 1141-1146 limit, 729-731 Markov chain model, 685-689 video exposure monitoring, 587-618 Loose-fitting facepiece, defined, 1173 NFlFF constant emissions, 674-676 Monomers, as polymer residuals, airbornecont Loss factors, local exhaust ventilation: particle size distribution, 671-672 control, 1090-1091 design criteria, 1127-1136 research background, 661-662 Moolgavkar-Knudson-Venzon (MKV) modelim hood-related equations, 1122-1123 turbulent eddy diffusion and advection, 689-692 assessment history and evolution, 702­ Low-dose extrapolation, occupational exposure WMR reversible sink model, 682-685 Moonlighting, occupational exposure limit adju limits, 733 occupational exposure limits: for, 1033-1036 carcinogens, 9()(}-902 adjustment models, 917-925 Mouthpiece and nose-damp assembly,defined, Low volume high velocity exhaust systems, local exhaust carcinogens, 897-902 Multigrid reconstruction: ventilation, 1125-1126 sensory irritants, 886-888 algorithm development, 652-653 risk assessment, 702-703,742-743 computed tomography, maximum likelihood Maintenance procedures: Maximum allowable concentration (MAC), historical expectation maximization, 636-637 airborne contaminants control, 1104-1105 evolution of, 867-869 Multihit modeling, risk assessment historyand respiratory protective equipment, 1225-1226 Maximum flux, dermal occupational exposure evolution, 702-703 ventilation systems testing, 1146 limits, 908-909 Multiple-dosing curves, pharmacokinetics Makeup air: Maximum likelihood expectation maximization (MLEM) modeling, 965-967 local exhaust ventilation, 1125 algorithm, computed tomography, industrial Multiplicative algebraic reconstruction techniqi ventilation systems requirements, 1146-1148 hygiene applications, 635-637 (MARn, computed tomography,indust Management policies: Maximum tolerated dose (MTO), nonlinear hygiene applications, 635 corporate occupational exposure limits, 913-916 pharmacokinetics models, 977-978 Multistage modeling: employee information and training, 1157-1165 Maximum use concentration (MUC), gas and vapor occupational exposure limits, carcinogens, job analysis for exposure limitations, 1156-1157 respirators, 1173, 1204-1206 risk assessment history and evolution, 702­ occupational safety and health management Maximum work rate (MWR), respiratory protective MVTA software system, video exposure systems, 1166-1167 equipment, classification and certification, 1197 monitoring, 595-596 research background, 1155-1156 Mechanically controlled ventilation, 1137 risk assessment and management, 748-749,778-780 Medical evaluation, respiratory protective Nanomaterials: work practices and procedures, 1165-1166 equipment, 1223 control banding, 1302-1303 Markov chain method, mathematical modeling, indoor air Mercury, occupational exposure limits, OSHA quantitative risk assessment of, 711 contaminants, 685-689 model, 995-996 respiratory protective equipment, 1216 turbulent eddy diffusion and advection, 689-692 Metabolites, pharmacokinetics models, unusual work National Academy of Sciences (NAS),risk llSS4 Masks, respiratory protective equipment. See also shifts, half-life determination, 1009-1011 history and evolution, 702-703,713 Facepieces [4,4'-Methylene dianiline] (MOA), dermal occupational National Agri-Environmental Standards Initiati gas masks, 1203-1204 exposure limits, 907-909 (NAESI) (Canada), ecological risk hose masks, powered and nonpowered, 1210 Methylene chloride, video exposure assessment, 767-768 Mason and Oershin model, unusual work shifts, monitoring, 599-600 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), C occupational exposure limits, 997 Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), reference concentration protective clothing standards, 1255 Mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAO), for, 878-880 National Institute for Occupational Safety and mathematical modeling, indoor air contaminants, Metrics-base measurements, risk assessment, 746-747 (NIOSH): well-mixed room, particle size Michaelis-Menten equation, nonlinear pharmacokinetics dermal exposure limits, 906-909 distribution, 671-672 models, 977-978 overlay technique, video exposure monitorin Mass transfer phenomena, Hickey and Reist model, Michelson interferometer, open-path Fourier transform respiratory protective equipment occupational exposure limits, 1000-1008 infrared spectrometry, 650 development, I I7G-I 171 INDEX 1333

Military regulations and guidelines, risk 42 CFR 84 adoption, 1175-1176 assessment, 786-787 approval numbers, 1176 MiniRAE"", video exposure monitoring, 592 certification guidelines, 1195-1212 Miran SapphiRe Ambient Air Analyzer, nitrous oxide, facepiece valves, 1198 video exposure monitoring studies, 606--607 filter classification, 12~1202 Mixing software/instrumentation, video exposure filtering facepiece respirator, 1216 monitoring, 593-596 fit testing, 1179-1190 Modifying factor (MFl, occupational exposure limits gas and vapor respirators, 1203-1207 and, 877-880 oxygen deficiency definitions, 1214 Moisture content, dust control and, 1088-1089 performance evaluation, I 176-1177 Molecular diffusion, mathematical modeling, indoor air powered air-purifying respirator, 1207 contami nants, 663--664 selection criteria, 1219-1223 Molecular number concentration, mathematical modeling, self-contained breathing apparatus, 1194-1195 indoorair contaminants, Markovchain supplied-air respirators, 1193-1195, method, 687-689 1209-1211 Monitoring systems: workplace protection factors, 1186-1190 risk assessment, biological monitoring, 766-767 workplace testing, 1190- I 195 ventilation systems, 1141-1146 National Safety Council, risk assessment, 716 video exposure monitoring, 587-618 National Toxicology Program (NTP), 702 Monomers, as polymer residuals, aitborne contaminants Natural disasters, risk management, 711-712 control, 109G--1091 Natural ventilation, 1136-1137 Moolgavkar-Knudson- Venzon (MKV) modeling, risk Near field (NF) zone, mathematical modeling, indoor air assessment history and evolution, 702-703 contaminants: Moonlighting, occupational exposure limit adjustments constant emission rate, 674-676 for, 1033-1036 disperson patterns/worker location, 665-666 Mouthpiece and nose-clamp assembly, defined, 1173 exponentially decreasing emission rate, 676-678 Multigrid reconstruction: hemispheric turbulent eddy diffusion, no advection and algorithm development, 652-653 constant emission rate, 679-681 computed tomography, maximum likelihood Markov chain method, 688-689 expectation maximization, 636-637 Nearness parameter, computed tomography Multihit modeling, risk assessment history and design, 631-632 evolution, 702-703 Negative pressure respirator, 1173,1188-1190 Multiple-dosing curves, pharmacokinetics Netherlands: modeling, 965-967 control banding strategies in, 1298-1299 Multiplicative algebraic reconstruction technique occupational exposure limits, 933-934 (MART), computed tomography, industrial Network theory, risk assessment, 768 hygiene applications, 635 Neurophysiology, risk assessment and, 78~783 Multistage modeling: New chemical manufacture, airborne contaminants occupational exposure limits, carcinogens, 900-902 control, 1077-1081 risk assessment history and evolution, 702-703 NF. See Near field zone MVTA software system, video exposure Night shifts. See Shift studies monitoring, 595-596 95th percentile estimation, exposure distributions, risk assessment using, 736-739 Nanomaterials: Noise level limits: control banding, 1302-1303 job analysis for exposure reduction, 1157 quantitative risk assessment of, 711 unusual work schedule adjustments, 979-980 respiratory protective equipment, 1216 Noncancer effects, risk assessment, nonoccupational National Academy of Sciences (NAS), risk assessment exposures, 769-770 history and evolution, 702-703, 713 Nonlinear pharmacokinetics models, shift National Agri-Environmental Standards Initiative studies, 976-978 (NAESI) (Canada), ecological risk Nonoccupational exposures, risk assessment assessment, 767-768 and, 768-770 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), chemical No observable adverse effect level (NOAEL), history and protective clothing standards, 1255 evolution, 699-703 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health No observable effect levels (NOELs): (NIOSH): history and evolution, 699-703 dermal exposure limits, 906-909 occupational exposure limits and, 877-891 overlay technique, video exposure monitoring, 593 risk assessment, dose-response analysis, 707 respiratory protective equipment Not immediately dangerous to life or health (non-IDLH) development, 117~ 117I condition, defined, 1173 1334 INDEX

Nuclear pharmacy, radiation exposure, video exposure video exposure monitoring, 590-591 Organic acids, occupational exposure limits, se monitoring studies case study, 610-{)13 worker protection effectiveness, 909-913 irritants, 886-888 Occupational hazards, risk assessment, history and Organic compounds, occupational exposurelimi' Observational analysis: evolution, 698-703 irritants, 886-888 occupational exposure, 832-833 Occupational health, risk assessment, 759-764 Outlet systems, dilution ventilation, 1140-11· risk assessment, history and evolution, 697-703 Occupational Risk Management Toolbox, control Overexposure: Occupational exposure: banding, 1303 acceptable exceedance, 856-857 agents, 588 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA): exceedance estimation, 849-850 compliance testing and, 845-847 Hazard Communication Standard, 717-718 probability, acceptable exposure test and, health effects, 589 history and evolution, 699-703 risk assessment, 847-848 observational groups, 832-833 occupational exposure standards, 831-832, 883-888, Overlay technique, video exposure monitoring, sampling methods, 832-835, 855 916-918 Overtime work, occupational exposure limit ad, types of, 588 overexposure studies, 847-848 for, 1033-1036 variability, 589 respiratory protective equipment development; 1171 Oxygen-deficient atmosphere, 1173, 1214 video exposure monitoring, 589-591 air-purifying respirators, 1191-1192 Occupational exposure bands, development of, 1272, assigned protection factors, 1178-1179 Partial immersion in liquid, risk assessment 1274 gas and vapor respirators, 1203-1207 and, 761-764 Occupational exposure limits (OELs). See also Permissible oxygen deficiency definitions, 1214 Particle motion, mathematical modeling, indoo exposure limits; Threshold limit values (TLVs) quantitative fit testing, 1184-1190 contaminants, settling model, 691--@: adjustment models, 917-925 respirator program guidelines, 1217-1227 Particle size: basic principles, 828-832 selection criteria, 1218-1223 airborne contaminants control, 1089-1090 carcinogens, 896-902 self-contained breathing apparatus, 1194-1195 distributions, mathematical modeling, indoot characterization and development, 729-734 Standard 1910.134 revisions, 1175 contaminants, well-mixed room constru compliance testing and. 845-847 supplied-air respirators, 1193-1195 671-{'72 control banding, 731-732,937-938,1266-1267, workplace testing, 1190-1195 respiratory protective equipment, 1190,11' 1304-1305 risk assessment guidelines, 717-718 Particulate matter: corporate OELs, 913-916 substance toxicity table, 988 pharmacokinetics models, unusual work shit dermal occupational exposure limits, 905-909 unusual work schedule adjustments models: 1020-1021 developmental toxicants, 888-889 classification and examples, 985-996 respiratory protective equipment, 1214-12 exposure level comparisons, 845-854 comparison with other models, 1014-1015 video exposure monitoring, aerosol measure, future research issues, 935-942 occupational exposure limits, 981-1015 instrumentation, 591 Globally Harmonized System, 936-937 work schedule categories, 986-987 Particulate respirators, classification and historical evolution, 865-869 ventilation systems regulations, 1134-1136 certification, 1195-1198 intended use, 869-871 Occupational safety and health management systems Pathway analysis, risk assessment, 750 international standards, 925-935 (OSHMS), 1166-1167 Peak exposure assessment, 856 management, 833 Odor management and control, occupational exposure Peak exposurelheight error, 632, 1092-1096 methodology, 873-909 limits, 891-892 Peak location error, computed tomography desi mixtures, 902-905 Off-the-job stresses, pharmacokinetics modeling, unusual 631-{'32 neurotoxic agents, 890-891 work shifts, moonlighting and overtime Penetration, chemical protective clothing, 12: odor management and control, 891-892 work, 1033-1036 Percentiles, exposure distributions, risk assessn OSHA standards, 831-832 One-compaltment pharmacokinetics modeling, 965-969, using, 736-739 performance evaluation, 909-913 1000-1008 Performance evaluation: persistent chemicals, 892-893 One-hit modeling, 702-703, 900-902 local exhaust ventilation, 1119-1127 reproductive toxicants, 889-890 Ongoing emission rates, mathematical modeling, respiratory protective equipment, 1176-11' respiratory sensitizers, 893-896 indoor air contaminants, Markov chain risk assessment, 745 risk assessment and, 723-739 method, 68S--689 threshold limit values, 909-913 sensory irritants, 882-888 Open-circuit self-contained breathing apparatus, ventilation systems, 1144-1146 systemic toxicants, 880-882 1208-1209 Permeation, chemical protective clothing, 12: theoretical background, 871-872 Open-path Fourier transform infrared (OP-FTIR) Permissible exposure limits (PELs): threshold limit values, 871-872 spectrometry: Brief and Scala model, 917-920 uncertainty factors, 877-880 air sampling applications, 622-{'27 defined, 1173 in United States, 872-873 computed tomography geometries, 642-{,46 Haber's law model, 921-922 unusual work schedule adjustments: design criteria, 627-{'33, 64~7 Hickey and Reist model, 1003-1008 carcinogens, 1030-1032 quantitative analysis, 651-{'52 interpretation guidelines, 832 models, 981-1015 Operating conditions, emission estimates and, 1061 OSHA standards, 831-832 moonlighting, overtime and environmental Optical remote sensing (ORS): sensory irntants, 883-888 exposures, 1033-1036 air sampling applications, 622-{'27 skin absorption time, 908-909 physiologically-based pharmacokinetic background instrumentation, 64~51 unusual work schedule adjustments to, 981 modeling, 1024-1028 computed tomography, 627-{'33, 638-{,45 Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), occupatio rationale, 978-981 Oral dose model, risk assessment, 762-764 exposure limits. 892-893 INDEX 1335

Organic acids, occupational exposure limits, sensory Personal monitoring devices, video exposure monitoring, irritants, 886-888 airborne particulates case study, 601--{j()() Organic compounds, occupational exposure limits, sensory Personal protective equipment: irritants, 886-888 chemical protective clothing, 1235-1262 Outlet systems, dilution ventilation, 1140-1141 respiratory equipment, 1169-1217 Overexposure: air-purifying respirators, 1191-1193, 1198-1202, acceptable exceedance, 856-857 1207 exceedance estimation, 849-850 atmosphere supply systems, 1208-1209 probability, acceptable exposure test and, 853-854 breathing air quality, 1226-1227 risk assessment, 847-848 chemical cartridge respirators, 1203-1207 Overlay technique, video exposure monitoring, 593 classification and certification, 1195-1212 Overtime work, occupational exposure limit adjustments cold temperatures, 1227 for, 1033-1036 communication problems, 1228 Oxygen-deficient atmosphere, 1173, 1214 correcti ve lenses, 1127-1128 definitions, 1171-1175 Partial immersion in liquid, risk assessment escape respirators, 1212 and, 761-764 facial hair interference, 1227 Particle motion, mathematical modeling, indoor air fit testing, 1179-1190,1224 contaminants, settling model, 691--{j92 gas mask, 1203-J2()4 Particle size: historical review, 1169-1171 airborne contaminants control, 1089--1090 maintenance and care guidelines, 1225-1226 distributions, mathematical modeling, indoor air medical evaluation, 1223-1224 contaminants, well-mixed room construct, oxygen deficiency, 1214 671--{j72 performance evaluation, 1176-1195, 1225 respiratory protective equipment, 1190, 1199-1202 protection factors, I 177-1179 Particulate mailer: regulatory guidelines, 1175-1176 pharmacokinetics models, unusual work shifts, respirator program, 1217-1223 1020-1021 selection and use, 1212-1228 respiratory protective equipment, 1214-1215 self-contained breathing apparatus, 1194-1195, video exposure monitoring, aerosol measurement 1208-1209 instrumentation, 591 supplied-air respirators, 1193-1194, 1209-1211 Particulate respirators, classification and supplied-air suits, 1212 certification, 1195-1198 training, 1224-1225 Pathway analysis, risk assessment, 750 workplace testing, 1190-1195 Peak exposure assessment, 856 video exposure monitoring, airborne particulates case Peak exposure/height error, 632, 1092-1096 study, 60 1--{i04 Peak location error, computed tomography design, Personnel records, emission estimates and, 1063-1064 631--{j32 Pharmacokinetic models: Penetration, chemical protective clothing, 1236-1238 occupational exposure limits, 922-924 Percentiles, exposure distributions, risk assessment unusual work shifts: using, 736-739 air contaminant exposure limits, 980-981 Performance evaluation: biologic studies, 1036-1037 local exhaust ventilation, 1119--1127 Brief and Scala model, 982-985 respiratory protective equipment, 1176-1195,1225 carcinogen exposure limits adjustments, 1028-1032 risk assessment, 745 chemical absorption, 960-962 threshold limit values, 909-913 chemical accumulation in body, 974-976 ventilation systems, 1144-1146 exposure limits adjustments, 978-981 Permeation, chemical protective clothing, 1236-1238 gases and vapors, 1022 Permissible exposure limits (PELs): half-life values, 962-963, 1009-1011 Brief and Scala model, 917-920 Hickey and Reist model, 997-1008, 1011-1015 defined, 1173 luliucci model, 9% Haber's law model, 921-922 Mason and Dershin model, 997 Hickey and Reist model, 1003-1008 mixtures, 1022-1024 interpretation guidelines, 832 model comparisons, 1011-1015 OSHA standards, 831-832 noise exposure limits, 879-880 sensory irritants, 883-888 nonlinear models, 976-978 skin absorption time, 908-909 one-compartment model, 968-%9 unusual work schedule adjustments to, 988-997 OSHA model, 985-996 Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), occupational overtime and moonlighting, 1033-1036 exposure limits, 892-893 particulates, 1020-1021 ] 1336 INDEX

Pharmacokinetic models (Continued) Probability: unusual work schedules, pharmacokinetics physiologically-based pharmacokinetic exposure distribution, 848--849 modeling, 1019-1020 approach, 1024-1028 mathematical modeling, indoor air contaminants: ventilation systems testing, 1145-1146 quantitative techniques, 1019-1020 Markov chain method, 685-689 .Quantitative fit factor (QNFF): research background, 957-959 turbulent eddy diffusion and advection, 690-692 defined, 1174 Roach model, 1008-1009 overexposure, acceptable exposure respiratory protective equipment: seasonal occupations, 1036 test and, 853-854 classification and certification, 1197 short-term exposure limits, 1015-1019 risk assessment and, 696-697,723-724,773-775 in-facepiece sampling, fit testing, 1186 spreadsheet approach, 1024 Probability vs. consequence matrix, risk assessment protection factor, 1178--1179 steady-state concept, 963-967 and, 721-724 Quantitative fit test (QNFf): toxicological response uncertainty, 1037-1039 Probit modeling: defined, 1174 two-compartment model, 971-974 occupational e'posure limits, carcinogens, ~902 respiratory protective equipment, 1178--1 Philippines, occupational exposure risk assessment history and evolution, 702-703 1182-1190, 1224 limits, 930 Process controls, airborne contaminants, 1096-1100 Quantitative risk assessment (QRA): Photoionization detector, video exposure Process leaks, fugitive emissions, 1059 cost-benefit analysis, 751 monitoring, 591 Process records, emission estimates and, 1061-1062 history and evolution, 703 Physician/other licensed health care professional Process safety guidelines, risk assessment and, strengths and weaknesses, 709-711 (PLHCP): 723-724 defined, 1173-1174 Production records, emission estimates and, 1061 Radial distance, mathematical modeling, indo respiratory protective equipment selection and Product specifications, emission estimates and, contaminants, turbulent eddy diffusion, evaluation, 1223-1225 1059 Radiation exposure. See also Ionizing radialio Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Professional judgment vs. expert opinion, 743 Nonionizing radiation modeling: Projection data distance, computed tomography video e'posure monitoring studies case occupational exposure limits, 874-877,892-893, design, 632 study, 610-613 924-925, 1024-1028 Project records, emission estimates and, 1062 Radionuclides, risk assessment, soil screening persistent chemicals, 892-893 Proportionality, mathematical modeling, indoor air guidelines, 765 unusual work shift adjustments, 1024-1028 contaminants, well-mixed room,constantemission Radio telemetry, video exposure monitoring, risk assessment, 703, 759 rate, 670 Random sampling, occupational exposure, 8 Physiological reaction to risk, 780--783 Prospective rnetrics, risk assessment, 746-747 Raoult's law, risk assessment, 760 Picture Mix Exposure (PIMEX) software system, video Protection factor (PF), respiratory protective Ratio method, video e'posure monitoring, 5 exposure monitoring, 593-595 equipment, 1177-1179 Raw materials analysis, emission estimates an Pitot tube, ventilation systems testing and Provisional/working occupational exposure Reactive metrics, risk assessment, 747-748 monitoring, 1142-1143 limits, 731-732 Real-time exposure assessment: Plant/company records and reports, emission Psychological reaction to risk, 780--783 historical development, 587-588 est; mates, 1059-1066 Purchasing records, emission estimates and, 1063 video e'posure monitoring, 597-598,610 Point sample mapping, computed tomography Receiving hoods, local exhaust ventilation, I geometries, 642--&14 Qualitative analysis: Recirculation, exhaust air, ventilation Poisons, pharmacokinetics modeling, unusual work AIHA exposure assessment model, screening process, systems, 1149-1151 shifts, 1022 exposure ratings, 741-743 Recordable events ratio, risk assessment, 74' Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), occupational exposure risk assessment, 758-759 Records management, emission estimates limits, unusual work schedule adjustments ventilation systems testing, 1144 and, 1064-1066 to, 994-995 Qualitative fit factor (QLFF), defined, 1174 Red Book (National Academy of Sciences), ri: Polymers, airborne contaminants control, residual Qualitative fit test (QLFf): assessment history and evolution, 70: monomers in, 1090-1091 defined, 1174 Reduction and replacement strategies, airliom. PORTER scavenging system, nitrous oxide exposure respiratory protective equipment, 1182, 1224 contaminantscontrol, historical toxic monitoring, 605-606 Quality adjusted life years (QALYs), health hazard chemicals, 1082-1088 Positive pressure respirator, 1174, 1196-1197 evaluation, cost-benefit analysis, 754 Reference concentrations (RICs), occupational Powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR): Quality controls: limits, 877-882 classification and certification, 11%-1197, 1207 records management, emission estimates and, 1065 Reference doses (RIDs), occupational exposer defined, 1174 respiratory protective equipment, 1226-1227 and, 877-880 workplace testing, 1192-1193 risk assessment and, 714 Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Re "Practical threshold" concept, occupational exposure Quantification techniques: Chemicals (REACH): limits, carcinogens, 896-899 emission inventories, 1051-1059 control banding and, 1266-1267 Pragmatic Exposure Control Concentrations (PECCs), risk assessment, history and evolution, 698--703 COSHH strategy and, 1296-1297 control banding, 1269 Quantitative analysis: no-effect levels, 938--939 Preconstruction evaluation. ventilation systems AIHA e'posure assessment model, 742-743 risk assessment initiatives, 720--721 testing, 1142 dermal occupational exposure limits, 906-909 Regression functions, video exposure Preliminary remediation goals (PRG), risk assessment open-path Fourier transform infrared monitoring, 597-598 guidelines, 764-765 spectrometry, 648--&19 Regulatory issues and guidelines. See also SlaJ Pressure demand respirator, 1174,1208-1211 risk assessment, 759 standardization INDEX 1337

unusual work schedules, pharmacokinetics airborne contaminants control, 1107-1108 modeling, 1019-1020 COSHH essentials strategy and, 1279-1280 ventilation systems testing, 1145-1146 emission estimates and, 1064, 1067 Quantitative fit factor (QNFFl: history and evolution of, 699-703 defined, 1174 occupational exposure limits, 731 respiratory protective equipment: respiratory protective equipment, 1175-1176 classification and certification, 1197 risk assessment, 716-721 in-facepiece sampling, fit testing, 1186-1190 ventilation systems, 1134-1136 protection factor, 1178-1179 Relative exposure dosellevel, video exposure Quantitative fit test (QNFf): monitoring, 596-597 defined, 1174 Replacement technologies, airborne contaminants respiratory protective equipment, 1178-1179, control, corporate toxic use reduction 1182-1190,1224 program, 1085-1088 Quantitative risk assessment (QRA): Reproductive toxicants, occupational exposure cost-benefit analysis, 751 limits, 889-890 history and evolution, 703 Reputational controls, risk management, 711-712 strengths and weaknesses, 709-711 Research and development records, emission estimates and, 1059-1060 Radial distance, mathematical modeling, indoor air Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), risk contaminants, turbulent eddy diffusion, 666-667 assessment guidelines, 719 Radiation exposure. See also Ionizing radiation; Respirator, defined, 1174 Nonionizing radiation Respiratory inlet covering, defined, 1174 video exposure monitoring studies case Respiratory protective equipment (RPE): study, 61()....613 airborne contaminants, 1214-1215 Radionuclides, risk assessment, soil screening air-purifying respirators, 1191-1193, 1198--1202, 1207 guidelines, 765 atmosphere supply systems, 1208--1209 Radio telemetry, video exposure monitoring, 592 breathing air quality, 1226-1227 Random sampling, occupational exposure, 834 chemical cartridge respirators, 1203-1207 Raoult's Jaw, risk assessment, 760 classification and certification, 1195-1212 Ratio method, video exposure monitoring, 596--597 cold temperatures, 1227 Raw materials analysis, emission estimates and, 1059 communication problems, 1228 Reactive rnetrics, risk assessment, 747-748 corrective lenses, 1127-1128 Real-time exposure assessment: definitions, 1171-1175 historical development, 587-588 escape respirators, 1212 video exposure monitoring, 597-598,61()....613 facial hair interference, 1227 Receiving hoods, local exhaust ventilation, 1119 fit testing, 1179-1190, 1224 Recirculation, exhaust air, ventilation gas mask, 1203-1204 systems, 1149-1151 historical review, I 169-1171 Recordable events ratio, risk assessment, 747 maintenance and care guidelines, 1225-1226 Records management. emission estimates medical evaluation, 1223-1224 and, 1064-1066 oxygen deficiency, 1214 Red Book (National Academy of Sciences), risk performance evaluation, 1176-1195, 1225 assessment history and evolution, 702-703, 713 protection factors, 1177-1179 Reduction and replacement strategies, airborne regulatory guidelines, 1175-1176 contaminants control, historical toxic respirator program, 1217-1223 chemicals, 1082-1088 selection and use, 1212-1228 Reference concentrations (RfCs), occupational exposure self-contained breathing apparatus, 1194-1195, limits, 877--882 1208--1209 Reference doses (RIDs), occupational exposure limits supplied-air respirators, 1193-1194, 1209-1211 and, 877--880 supplied-air suits, 1212 Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of training, 1224-1225 Chemicals (REACH): workplace testing, 1190--1195 control banding and, 1266-1267 Respiratory rate decrease (RD50), occupational exposure COSHH strategy and, 1296-1297 limits, sensory irritants, 886-888 no-effect levels, 938-939 Respiratory sensitizers, occupational exposure risk assessment initiatives, 720-721 limits, 893--896 Regression functions, video exposure Response delay, direct-reading instruments, video monitoring, 597-598 exposure monitoring, 591-592 Regulatory issues and guidelines. See also Standards and Retention guidelines. records retention, emissions standardization estimates and, 1065-1066 1338 INDEX

Reversible sink, mathematical modeling, indoor air "Safe" levels: noise exposure limits, 879-880 contaminants: occupational exposure limits, carcinogens, 900-902 nonlinear models, 976--978 Markov chain method, 685~89 risk assessment, 698-703, 709 one-compartment model, 968-969 well-mixed room construct, 682~85 Safe Sedate Dental Nasal Mask, nitrous oxide exposure OSHA model, 985-996 Risk assessment: monitoring, 605-{j06 overtime and moonlighting, 1033-1036 COSHH strategy and, 1296--1297 Safety factor methods, occupational exposure limits, particulates, 1020-1021 defined, 696 developmental toxicants, 889 physiologically-based pharmacokinetic framework for, 712-713 Safety guidelines and standards: approach, 1024-1028 handbooks, textbooks, and review articles, 799-809 control banding and, 1302 quantitative techniques, 1019-1020 health hazards: exhaust air recirculation, ventilation research background, 957-959 AIHA exposure risk model, 734-744 systems, 1150-1151 Roach model, 1008-1009 analytical methods and tools, 757-766 occupational exposure limits, 733 seasonal occupations, 1036 basic definitions, 69~97 risk assessment and, 722-724 short-term exposure limits, 1015-1019 biomonitoring, 766-767 Sampling methods: spreadsheet approach, 1024 cost benefit analysis integration, 749-755 emission inventories, source sampling, 1052-1053 steady-state concept, 963-967 dose-response assessment, 707 exposure distributions, risk assessment toxicological response uncertainty, 1037-IC ecological risk assessment, 767-768 using, 737-739 two-compartment model. 971-974 effectiveness measurement, 744-749 occupational exposure, 832-835, 855 Short-term exposure limit (STEL): epidemiology, association-causation SATEL-3ASd instrumentation, video exposure defined, 829-831 continuum, 755-756 monitoring, 592 occupational exposure limits and, 729-731 episodic and cumulative risk methods, 721-724 Scale-up, airborne contaminants control, 1077-1081 sensory irritants, 882-888 exposure assessment, 707-708,727-728 Scheduling data, emission estimates and, 1061 unusual work schedule adjustments, 1015-1 hazard identification, 706 Seasonal work schedules, occupational exposure Silica, control banding of. 1301-1302 history and evolution, 697-703 limits, 995, 1036 Similar exposure group (SEG) concept, AIHAe modern procedures, 703-705 Secondary data and records, emission estimates assessment model, 740-743 network theory, 768 and, 1065 Simulated workplace protection factor (SWPF), nonoccupational assessment, 768-770 Self-assessment, occupational exposure, 834-835 respiratory protective equipment testing, occupational exposure limits, 724-734 Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA): 1190-1195 quantitative analysis, strengths and classification and certification, 1174, 1196--1197, Simulation studies: weaknesses, 709-711 1208-1211 optical remote sensing geometries, 640-64, regulatory and legal issues, 716--721 oxygen deficiency conditions, 1214 reconstruction algorithms, computed research background, 695 quantitative fit testing, 1183-1184 tomography, 637~38 resources for, 783-821 workplace testing, 1194-1195 Simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique risk characterization, 708 Self-contained self-rescuer, 1209 computed tomography, industrial hygien risk profiling, 771-775 Self-paced instruction, employee information and applications, 635 unitary vs. integrated risk, 712-716 training, 1160 Simultaneous iterativereconstructionalgorithm,( matrix for management of, 778-780 Semiquantitative analysis, ventilation systems tomography. industrialhygiene applicatio OSHA permissible exposure limits, 831-832 testing, 1144-1145 Singapore, control banding strategies in, !3oo overexposure studies, 847-848 Semiquantitative risk assessment (SQRA), 1300 Single-step intake, risk assessment, 762-764 results expression and interpretation, 713 Sensory irritants, occupational exposure limits, 882-888, Single-step transition probability,mathematicalI risk management vs., 7W-711 1022 indoor air contaminants, Markov chain Risk characterization: Sentinel organisms, risk assessment and, 714 method, 68~89 cost-benefit analysis, 752-753 Service of equipment, airborne contaminants Sinks, mathematical modeling, indoor air ecological risk assessment, 767-768 control, 1104-1105 contaminants, 682~89 Risk management: Shift studies, pharmacokinetic models, unusual work Site identification, emission inventory, 1050-1 defined, 696 shifts: Skewness, exposure distributions, risk assessme economic issues, 776--778 air contaminant exposure limits, 980-981 using, 737-739 insurance and legal issues, 775-776 biologic studies, 1036--1037 Skin absorption and penetration. SeealsoDermal integrated system of, 716 Brief and Scala model, 982-985 limits risk assessment vs., 710-711 carcinogen exposure limits adjustments, 1028-1032 dose model for entry route, risk assessment standards for, 778-780 chemical absorption, 960-962 and, 761-764 Risk profiling, 771-775 chemical accumulation in body, 974-976 occupational exposure limits, 895-896, 905 Risk ranking matrix, risk profiling and, 771-772 exposure limits adjustments, 978-981 Slow sinks, mathematical modeling, indoorair Roach model, pharmacokinetics, usual work gases and vapors, 1022 contaminants, Markov chain method, ( shifts, 1008-1009 half-life values, 962-963, 1009-1011 Slurry form, airborne contaminants control, I( Robotics, airborne contaminants control, llDo-llOI Hickey and Reist model, 997-1008,1011-1015 Small data sets, exposure distributions, risk asse Root mean square (RMS) techniques, peak location, luliucci model, 996 using, 737-739 computed tomography design, 631~32 Mason and Dershin model, 997 Small group sessions, employee informationan R-phrases, COSHH essentials strategy and, 1276--1278 mixtures, 1022-1024 training, 1163 Russia, occupational exposure limits, 934-935 model comparisons, 1011-1015 SMART process, risk assessment, 749 INDEX 1339

noise exposure limits, 879-880 Smoke, defined, 1174 nonlinear models, 97&-978 Smooth basic function minimization (SBFM), computed one-compartment model, 968-969 tomography, 637 OSHA model, 985-996 Sodium bicarbonate, video exposure overtime and moonlighting, 1033-1036 monitoring, 599-600 particulates, 1020-1021 Soil screening levels, risk assessment, 765 physiologically-based pharmacokinetic Solvent characteristics, airborne contaminants approach, 1024-1028 control, 1088-1089, 1091-1092 quantitative techniques, 1019-1020 Sorbent properties, gas and vapor respirators, 1202-1203 research background, 957-959 Source-pathway-receptor model, risk Roach model, 1008-1009 assessment, 757-759 seasonal occupations, 1036 Source sampling, emission inventories, 1052-1053 short-term exposure limits, 1015-1019 Spills, fugitive emissions. 1058-1059 spreadsheet approach, 1024 Sporadic peak exposures. unusual work schedule steady-state concept, 963-967 adjustments, .1015-1019 toxicological response uncertainty, 1037-1039 Spreadsheet analysis, pharmacokinetics modeling, unusual two-compartment model, 971-974 work shifts, 1024 Short-term exposure limit (STEL): Stacks, local exhaust ventilation, 1118 defined, 829-831 Standard operating procedures (SOPs), emission estimates occupational exposure limits and, 729-731 and, 1059 sensory irritants, 882-888 Standards and standardization. See also Regulatory issues unusual work schedule adjustments, 1015-1019 and guidelines Silica, control banding of, 1301-1302 airborne contaminants control, 1107-1108 Similar exposure group (SEG) concept, AIHA exposure chemical protective clothing. 124&-1256 assessment model, 740-743 control banding, 1280-1281 Simulated workplace protection factor (SWPF), COSHH essentials strategy and, 1280-1281 respiratory protective equipment testing, 1174, international standards, occupational exposure 1190-1195 limits, 925-935 Simulation studies: risk management, 778-780,789-790 optical remote sensing geometries, 640-642 ventilation systems, 1134-1136 reconstruction algorithms, computed Standard temperature and pressure (STP), ventilation tomography, 637-638 systems, airflow rate, 1112-1113 Simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (SART), Start-up testing, ventilation systems, 1141 computed tomography, industrial hygiene State toxic use reduction programs, airborne contaminants applications, 635 control, 1084-1085 Simultaneous iterative reconstruction algorithm, computed Static pressure, ventilation systems, 1114-1115, 1123 tomography, industrial hygiene applications, 635 Steady-state concentration: Singapore, control banding strategies in, 1300 mathematical modeling, indoor air contaminants, NFIFF Single-step intake, risk assessment, 762-764 zones, constant emission rate, 675-676 Single-step transition probability, mathematical modeling, pharmacokinetics modeling, 963-967 indoor air contaminants, Markov chain risk assessment, 759-764 method, 686-689 Step model, substitution process. airborne contaminants Sinks, mathematical modeling, indoor air control, 1084-1088 contaminants, 682-689 STP. See Standard temperature and pressure Site identification, emission inventory, 1050-1051 Structural fires, fugitive emissions. 1058-1059 Skewness, exposure distributions. risk assessment Structure-activity relationship (SAR), occupational using, 737-739 exposure limits: Skin absorption and penetration. See also Dermal exposure respiratory sensitizers, 895-896 limits systemic toxicants, 881-882 dose model for entry route, risk assessment Subject/patient selection, video exposure and, 761-764 monitoring, 598 occupational exposure limits, 895-896, 905-909 Substitution, airborne contaminants control, 1075-1076, Slow sinks, mathematical modeling, indoor air 1082-1088 contaminants, Markov chain method, 688-689 Superfund: Slurry form, airborne contaminants control, 1090 resources on, 783-821 Small data sets, exposure distributions, risk assessment risk assessment guidelines, 719, 764-765 using, 737-739 Supplied-air respirator (SAR): Small group sessions, employee information and classification and certification, 119&-1197, training. 1163 1209-1211 SMART process, risk assessment, 749 defined, 1175 1340 INDEX

Supplied-air respirator (SAR) (Continued) risk assessment, 716-718 t Uncertainty: oxygen deficiency conditions, 1214 sensory irritants, 882-888 occupational exposure limits. 733, 877-8 quantitative fit testing, 1183-1184 theoretical background, 871-872 I risk assessment, 708, 735-739 workplace testing, 1193-1195 uncertainty factors and, 877-880 : unusual work shift exposure studies, toxicc Supplied-air suits, 1212 unusual work shifts, pharmacokinetic response, 1037-1039 Surface water regulations, risk assessment, 766 models, 922-924, 98()-985 Unconditional probability, mathematical mod Symmetry, optical remote sensing, computed tomography variability in, 83()-83 I indoor air contaminants, Markov chai I method, 686-{;89 design, 638-{;39 worker protection efficacy, 909-913 Systemic toxicants, occupational exposure Tight-fitting facepiece, defined, 1175 Unitary risk, classification. 712 limits, 88()-882 Tight-fitting respiratory inlet covering. defined, 1175 United Kingdom: Time and motion studies, emission estimates and, 1062 Control of Substances Hazardous to Healt~ Task-related exposures, 588 Time factors, emission inventory, 1051 strategy in, 1267-1268 airborne contaminants control, 1092-1096, Time-series maps, computed tomography occupational exposure limits, 935 I roo-t 101 design, 630-633,640-642 United States, occupational exposure limits in chemical protective clothing selection, 1238-1244 Time trends, occupational exposure studies, 855-856 Unusual work shifts, pharmacokinetic model, Technical feasibility, risk assessment, occupational Time-weighted average (lWA): air contaminant exposure limits, 98()-981 exposure limits, 728 occupational exposure limits, 729-731 biologic studies, 1036-1037 Temperatures, respiratory protective equipment threshold limit values, 829-831 Brief and Scala model, 982-985 and. 1227 Toluene diisocyanate (TDI), occupational exposure limits, carcinogen exposurelimits adjustments, Terminal settling velocity, mathematical modeling, indoor unusual work schedule adjustments to, 995 chemical absorption, 959-962 air contaminants: Total exposure estimates, risk assessment, 763-764 chemical accumulation in body, 974-976 particle settling model, 691-{;92 Total inward leakage (TIL) regulations, 1176-1190 exposure limits adjustments, 978-981 well-mixed room, constant emission rate, 670 Total pressure, ventilation systems, 1114-1115 gases and vapors, 1022 Testing protocols: Toxicants. See a/so specific toxicants, e.g., Xenobiotics half-life values, 960-961, 1009-1011 employee information and training, 1164 engineering controls, 1081-1092 Hickey and Reist model, 997-1008, 1011 ventilation systems, 1141-1146 occupational exposure limits, 88()-882, 888-890 luliucci model, 996 Test mapping, computed tomography design, 630-633, pharmacokinetics modeling, 967-968 Mason and Dershin model, 997 637-{;38 Toxicity: mixtures. 1022-1024 Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), occupational chemical-specific toxicity values, 766 model comparisons, 1011-1015 exposure limits, 892-893 control banding and measurement of, 1269 noise exposure limits, 879-880 Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs), radiation defined, 696 nonlinear models, 976-978 exposure, video exposure monitoring studies case EPA profiles, 765-766 one-compartment model, 968-969 study, 610-613 Toxicokinetics: OSHA model, 985-996 Three-dimensional random walk. mathematical modeling, occupational exposure limits, 732 overti me and moonlighting, 1033-1036 indoor air contaminants, turbulent eddy unusual shifts, uncertainty regarding, 1036-1037 particulates, 102()-1021 diffusion, 666-{;67 Toxicology: physiologically-based pharmacokinetic Three-dimensional tomography, future research control banding linked to, 1272-1273 approach, 1024-1028 issues, 652-{;53 COSHH essentials strategy and, 1276-1278 quantitative techniques, 1019-1020 Tbreshold limit values (TLVs): defined, 692 research background, 957-959 basic principles, 829-831 Toxics Release Inventory (TRI ) database, airborne Roach model, 1008-1009 Brief and Scala model, 917-920,982-985 contaminants control, 1083-1088 seasonal occupations, 1036 carcinogens, 896-902, 103()-1O32 Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), 699 shon-term exposure limits, 1015-1019 control banding vs., 1266-1267 Training programs: spreadsheet approach, 1024 corporate exposure limits, 913-916 control banding, 1308 steady-state concept, 963-967 . dermal exposure limits, 905-909 employee information and training toxicological response uncertainty, 1037­ future research issues, 939-940 programs, 1157-1165 two-compartment model. 971-974 hazard identification, 706 respiratory protective equipment, 1224-1225 Uptake simulation, Hickey and Reist model, IX health basis for, 830 risk assessment, completion measures, 747 exposure limits. 1000-1008 Hickey and Reist model, 1003-1008 Transportvelocities,localexhaustvenlilation, 1126-1127 User seal check, defined, 1175 intended use, 869-871 Turbulent eddy diffusion, mathematical modeling, indoor long-term vs. short-term, 829-830 air contaminants: Validation, control banding strategies, 1281­ methodology for, 873-877 advection and, 689-{;92 Value of Statistical Life Year (VSLY),health I methylene chloride, 599-{;00 disperson patterns/worker location, 666-{;67, evaluation, cost-benefit analysis, 753· mixtures, 902-905 hemispheric turbulent eddy diffusion, no advection and Valves, respirator facepieces, 1198 nitrousoxide exposure, video exposure monitoringcase constant emission rate, 678-{;8 I Vapors: study, 604-{;06 Two-compartment pharmacokinetics modeling, basic defined. 1175 nonoccupational exposures, 769-770 principles, 971-974 emission rate, mathematical modeling, indo performance evaluation, 909-913 Two-dimensional concentration mapping. air sampling contaminants, 662-{;64 physiologically-based pharmacokinetic applications, 622-{;27 pharmacokinetics modeling, unusual work modeling, 1025-1028 Two-step intake/uptake, risk assessment, 762-764 shifts, 1022 INDEX 1341

Uncertainty: physiologically-based pharmacokinetic occupational exposure limits, 733, 877-891 modeling, 1026-1028 risk assessment, 708, 735-739 respiratory protective equipment, 1202-1207 unusual work shift exposure studies, toxicological Variability: response, 1037-1039 exposure levels, 589 Unconditional probability, mathematical modeling, risk assessment, exposure distributions, 736-739 indoor air contaminants, Markov chain threshold limit values, 83{}-83I method, 686-689 Variable emission rate, mathematical modeling, indoor air Unitary risk, classification, 712 contaminants, functions, 663--{i64 United Kingdom: Velocity, ventilation systems, 1113-1114, 1120 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Velocity pressure (VP): strategy in, 1267-1268 local exhaust ventilation, hood-related occupational exposure limits, 935 equations, 1123 United States, occupational exposure limits in, 872-873 ventilation systems, 1113-1114 Unusual work shifts, pharmacokinetic models: Vendor information, emission estimates and, I06{}-1 061 air contaminant exposure limits, 98{}-98I Ventilation rate, pharmacokinetics modeling, 961-963 biologic studies, 1036-1037 Ventilation removal rate constants, mathematical Brief and Scala model, 982-985 modeling, indoor air contaminants, NFIFF zones, carcinogen exposure limits adjustments, 1028-1032 constant emission rate, 674-676 chemical absorption, 959-962 Ventilation systems: chemical accumulation in body, 974-976 airborne contaminants control, 1107 exposure limits adjustments, 978-981 airflow rate, 1112-1113 gases and vapors, I022 air supply principles, 1148-1149 half-life values, 96{}-961, 1009-1011 comparisons, 1141 Hickey and Rdst model, 997-1008, 1011-1015 definitions and physical relationships, 1112-1113 luliucci model, 996 density correction, non-STP air, 1113 Mason and Dershin model, 997 dilution ventilation, 1136-1141 mixtures, 1022-1024 energy losses, 1115 model comparisons, 1011-1015 exhaust air recirculation, 1149-1151 noise exposure limits, 879-880 local exhaust ventilation, 1116-1136 nonlinear models, 976-978 makeup air, 1146-1148 one-compartment model, 968-969 research background, 1111-1112 OSHA model, 985-996 static pressure, 1114-1115 overtime and moonlighting, 1033-1036 testing and monitoring, 1141-1146 particulates, 102{}-1O21 total pressure, 1114-1115 physiologically-based pharmacokinetic velocity and velocity pressure, 1113-1114 approach, 1024-1028 video exposure monitoring, 591, 599-600 quantitative techniques, 1019-1020 Verification, control banding strategies, 1281-1293, research background, 957-959 1307 Roach model, 1008-1009 Video equipment, video exposure monitoring, 592-593 seasonal occupations, 1036 Video exposure monitoring (VEM): short-term exposure limits, 1015-1019 aerosol measurement instrumentation, 591 spreadsheet approach, 1024 airborne contaminants control, 108{}-1O81 steady-state concept, 963-967 applications, 59{}-59I toxicological response uncertainty, 1037-1039 assessment strategy, 589-590 two-compartment model, 971-974 case studies, 599-618 Uptake simulation, Hickey and Reist model, occupational data interpretation, 596-598 exposure limits, 1000-1008 direct-reading instrumentation, 591-592 User seal check, defined, 1175 future research applications, 598 historical development, 587-588 Validation, control banding strategies, 1281-1293, 1307 indications for, 589 Value of Statistical Life Year (VSLY), health hazard instrumentation applicability, 598 evaluation, cost-benefit analysis, 753-754 mixing software/instrumentation, 593-596 Valves, respirator facepieces, 1198 monitoring and mixed systems, 590 Vapors: photoionization detector, 587 defined, 1175 radio telemetry, 592 emission rate, mathematical modeling, indoor air ratio method, activities/total exposure, 596-597 contaminants, 662--{i64 regression function, 597-598 pharmacokinetics modeling, unusual work response-delay, direct-reading instruments, 587-588 shifts, 1022 subject selection criteria, 598 1342 INDEX

Video exposure monitoring (VEM) (Continued) management policies and, 1165-1166 video equipment, 592-593 video exposure monitoring, 596 worker activities classification, 596 Worker (receptor) location: Visual evaluation, computed tomography design, 633 airborne contaminants control, worker isolation, 1106 Volume flow rates, dilution ventilation, 1138-1139 mathematical modeling, indoor air contaminants, 664--667 Warning labels and signs, employee information Workplace exposure limits: regarding. 1159-1160, 1164-1165 emissions estimates. 1067 Waste gas scavenging systems, dental offices, nitrous oxide history and evolution of, 699-703 exposure risk, 605--606 Workplace practices: Waste Reduction Innovative Technology Evaluation airborne contaminants control, task modification, (WRITE) program, airhorne contaminants automation and robotics, 1100-110I control, 1082-1088 emission estimates and, 1061-1062 Weibull modeling: exposure factors, 588 occupational exposure limits, carcinogens, 900-902 management policies and, 1165-1166 risk assessment history and evolution. 702-703 occupational exposure limits, 732 Well-mixed room (WMR) construct, mathematical radiation exposure case study, video exposure modeling. indoor air contaminants: monitoring, 612-613 constant emission rate, 668-670 respiratory protective equipment, 1176-1177, dispersion patterns/worker location, 664-665 11~1I95 exponentially decreasing emission rate, 672-674 Workplace protection factor (WPF), respiratory protective Markov chain method, 685-689 equipment, 1175, 1186-1192 particle size distribution, 671-672 Workstation design, airborne contaminants reversible sink, 682-685 control, 1103-1104 Willingness to pay (WTP) estimates, health hazard Worst case sampling, occupational exposure, 833-835 evaluation, cost-benefit analysis, 753-754 sensory irritants, 884-888 WMR. See Well-mixed room construct Worker activities classification: Zero-order reaction rate, nonlinear pharmacokinetics airborne contaminants control, 108~1081 models, 977-978 INDEX

Absolute pressure, barometric pressure Airborne infectious disease: physiology, 1565-1568 bioterrorism agents, 1966-1968 submarines, 1572-1573 control hierarchy, 1950 Absorption, internal radiation, 1365-1366 human/avian influenza, 1963-1964 Absorption coefficient, defined, 1508 immunocompromised workers, 1968 Absorptive materials: laboratory exposures, 1965 heat stress shielding, 1734 mycobacterial infections, 1950-1962 noise control systems, 1539-1541 opporrunistic pathogens, 1964 Accelerators, radiation from, 1348 outdoor exposures, 1964-1965 Accelerometers. vibration, 1596-1597 research background, 1949-1950 hand-arm vibration exposure assessment, 1608-1610 SARS exposure, 1965-1966 Acclimatized workers, heat stress and, 1690, 1701-1703 viral infections, 1962-1963 Actinic hazard function, ultraviolet radiation Airline employees, tuberculosis exposure risk, 1953 hazards, 1413-1414 Air sampling: Aool.e Iile

Patty's Industrial Hygiene, Sixth Edition, Edited by Vernon E. Rose and Barbara Cohrssen Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1979 1980 INDEX

Ambient noise, defined, 1508 Averaging time, radiofrequency radiation bioaerosols, 1905-1906 American Conference of Government Industrial exposure, 1456 biological safety cabinets, 1913-1921 Hygienists (ACGIH): Avian/bird flu, 1963-1964 bioterrorism and biosecurity, 1900-1903 ANSI 281.1-2003 standard, 1427-1428 transmission and epidemiology, 1876-1877 compliance assessment, 1912-1913 biohazardous agent risk assessment, 1882-1886 engineering controls, 1913-1929 hand-arm vibration syndrome exposure Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine, tuberculosis testing exposure assessment, 1908-1909 limits, 1633-1634 and, 1954-1956 filtration systems, 1923-1926 heat stress standards, 1691-1692 Bacteria, occupational infectious disease and, 1791, immunization, 1909-1910 metabolic heat production guidelines, 1695-1696 1806-1843 infectious waste management, 1933-1940 optical radiation hazards, 1414-1415 Barometric pressure physiology: laboratory containment techniques, 1892-1\ radiofrequency radiation exposure limits, 1459 ascent barotrauma, 1574 1905-1906, 1940 American National Standards Institute (ANSI): compression disorders, 1573-1574 medical surveillance, 1906-1910 ANSI S3.19, 1549-1551 dive fitness, 1589-1591 occupational exposure lintits, 1891-1892 ANSI SI2.6, 1551 inert gas narcosis and high-pressure nervous personal protective equipment, 1921, 1929­ ANSI S12.16 guidelines, 1540 syndrome, 1574-1575 programs and manuals, 1910-1913 ANSI 2136 laser safety standards, 1381 oxygen toxicity, 1576-1578 regulatory guidelines, 1940-1943 laser eye protection (2136.7), 1397-1399 pressurized environments, 1566-1573 sharps containers handling, 1921-1925 S2.70 hand-arm vibration syndrome exposure aseptic bone necrosis, 1586-1587 tuberculosis transmission prevention, 1923 limits, 1634 basic principles, 1566-1568 ultraviolet irradiation, 1927-1929 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and compressed air diving and artificial gas workplace practices, 1903-1913 Airconditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), mixtures, 1569-1570 infectious disease transmission: Legionella control strategies, 1867-1871 decompression illness, 1583-1584 allergens, 1791, 1855-1863 Ampere's law, radiofrequency radiation hazard decompression principles, 1581-1582 bacteria, 1791,1806-1843 evaluation, 1445-1446 hyperbaric chambers, 1571 chain of infection, 1791 Anechoic room, defined, 1508 immersion and breath-hold diving, 1568-1569 fungi, 1791, 1844-1854 Anemometers, air velocity measurement, 1720 pulmonary barotrauma and gas host susceptibility, 1790-1791 Animal studies, biosafety containment levels embolism, 1584-1586 influenza, 1875-1882 in, 1896-1897 saturation diving, 1570-1571 mechanisms, 1789-1790 Annuallimit of intake (ALl), ionizing radiation safety submarines, 1572-1573 pathogenicity and virulence, 1790 standards, 1362 tunnels and caissons, 1571-1572 reservoirs and hosts, 1789-1790 Antennas, radiofrequency radiation: pulmonary function and gas exchange, 1575-1576 Staphylococcus aureus disease and drug exposure limits, 1451-1452 recompression and hyperbaric oxygen resistance, 1872-1875 exposure measurement, 1461-1466 therapy, 1587-1588 viruses, 1791-1805 Anthrax, as bioterrorism agent, 1966-1967 research background, 1565-1566 Legionellae/legionellosis, 1863-1871 Anthropogenic radiation sources, 1347-1349 thermal problems and energy balance, 1578-1581 microbial indoor air quality, 1871-1872 Anthropometric parameters, ergonomics risk Barotrauma, barometric pressure physiology, 1574 risk assessment, 1882-1886 analysis, 1768, 1772-1774 pulmonary barotrauma and arterial gas safety issues, 1863-1886 Antivibration gloves, 1618 embolism, 1584-1587 Biological monitoring, biohazard control and Aphakic hazard, optical radiation, 1416-1417 Barriermaterials: containment, 1906-1910 Arc lamps, optical radiation, 1410-1412 laser technology, 1397-1399 Biosafety: Arc welding, optical radiation exposure, 1431-1433 noise control systems, 1541 containment levels, 1892-1900 Arterial gas embolism, barometric pressure Beam profiles, laser technology, 1390-1391 defined, 1891-1892 physiology, 1584-1588 Beer-Lambert law, optical radiation, 1404-1406 Biotechnology industries, biosafety containment Arthropod containment, biosafety containment Behavioral patterns: levels, 1897, 1900 levels, 1897 cold adaptation, 1654-1655 Bioterrorism: Artificial gas mixtures, barometric pressure cold stress prevention, 1675 biohazard control systems and, 1891-1892,19()(). physiology, 1569-1570 Beta particles: infectious agents, 1966-1967 Aseptic necrosis of bone, barometric pressure basic properties, 1352-1354 Blackbody sources, broadband optical physiology, 1586-1587 matter interaction, 1353-1354 radiation, 1409-1410 Attenuation: shielding from, 1365 Black box operation, laser technology, 1387-1391 defined, 1508 Bioaerosols: beam profiles, 1390-1391 hearing protectors, 1552-1553 biohazardous agent risk assessment, 1882-1886 mode-locking, 1390 Audiogram, defined, 1508 control and containment of emissions, 1905-1906 Q-switching, 1389-1390 Audiometer: Biodynamic coordinate system, hand-arm vibration Blue-light hazard, optical radiation, 1415-1416 defined, 1508 exposure assessment, 1604 Body cooling systems, heat stress hearing measurement, 1523-1525, 1527-1528 Bioeffects, ionizing radiation, 1359-1360 prevention, 1743-1745 hearing conservation programs, 1557-1558 Biohazardous agents Body fat, heat-related illness, 1712 Automation, ergonomics risk analysis, 1772-1773 basic properties, 1787-1789 Body temperature: Auxiliary heating systems, cold stress control strategies and systems: cold stress and, 1640-1642, 1647-1649 management, 1677-1678 • administrative controls, 1903-1913 heat stress and regulation of, 1699-1703 INDEX 1981

bioaerosols, 1905-1906 Bohr atomic model, radioisotopes, 1349 biological safety cabinets, 1913-1921 Bone, aseptic necrosis, barometric pressure bioterrorisrn and biosecurity, 1900-1903 physiology, 1586-1587 compliance assessment, 1912-1913 Brazing, optical radiation exposure, 1431-1433 engineering controls, 1913-1929 Breath-hold diving, barometric pressure exposure assessment, 1908-1909 physiology, 1568-1569 filtration systems, 1923-1926 Bremsstrahlung, particle radiation, 1354-1355 immunization, 1909-1910 Broadband instrumentation, radiofrequency radiation infectious waste management. 1933-1940 measurement, 1460-1466 laboratory containment techniques, 1892-1900, Broadband optical radiation: 1905-1906, 1940 detectors and dosimeters, 1419-1420 medical surveillance, 1906-1910 nonionizing radiation: occupational exposure limits, 1891-1892 control principles, 1423-1428 personal protective equipment, 1921, 1929-1933 dental curing and bleaching. 1435 programs and manuals, 1910-1913 germicidal lamps, 1434-1435 regulatory guidelines, 1940-1943 glassblowing and foundries, 1435-1436 sharps containers handling, 1921-1925 hazard assessment, 1413-1423 tuberculosis transmission prevention, 1923 industrial hygiene models, 1436-1438 ultraviolet irradiation, 1927-1929 matter interaction, 1404-1406 workplace practices, 1903-1913 physics: infectious disease transmission: optical radiation principles, 1402-1404 allergens, 1791,1855-1863 photocured coatings, 1432-1434 bacteria, 1791,1806-1843 radiometric/photometric terms and chain of infection, 1791 units, 1406-1409 fungi, 1791,1844-1854 research background, 1401-1402 host susceptibility, 1790-1791 solar radiationexposure, outdoor influenza, 1875-1882 workers, 1428-1431 mechanisms, 1789-1790 sources, 1409-1412 pathogenicity and virulence, 1790 stage and studio lighting, 1435 reservoirs and hosts, 1789-1790 welding, cutting, and brazing, 1431-1432 Staphylococcus aureus disease and drug spectral corrections, 1420-1421 resistance, 1872-1875 Broadcasting antennas, radiofrequency radiation viruses, 1791-1805 exposure, 1451-1452 Legionellaellegionellosis. 1863-1871 Bronchospasm, cold stress and, 1654 microbial indoor air quality, 1871-1872 Bubble formation, barometric pressure physiology, risk assessment, 1882-1886 decompression, 1583-1587 safety issues, 1863-1886 Bulk sampling and analysis, biohazardous agent risk Biological monitoring, biohazard control and assessment, 1883-1884 containment, 1906-1910 Biosafety: Caissons, barometric pressure physiology, 1571-1572 containment levels, 1892-1900 decompression illness, 1583-1587 defined, 1891-1892 Calibration methods: Biotechnology industries, biosafety containment noise measurement, 1532-1533 levels, 1897, 1900 radiofrequency radiation measurement, 1466 Bioterrorism: Campylobacter bacteria, outdoor exposure to, biohazard control systems and, 1891-1892, 1900-1903 1964-1965 infectious agents, 1966-1967 Carbon dioxide, barometric pressure physiology, Blackbody sources, broadband optical immersion and breath-hold diving, 1568-1569 radiation, 1409-1410 Carbon monoxide exposure, heat stress, 1706-1707 Black box operation, laser technology, 1387-1391 Cardiovascular response: beam profiles, 1390-1391 cold stress and, 1649-1650, 1654 mode-locking, 1390 heat stress and, 1700, 1704-1705 • Q-switching, 1389-1390 Carpal tunnel syndrome, 160I Blue-light hazard, optical radiation, 1415-1416 Ceiling limits, heat stress standards, 1690 Body cooling systems, heat stress Cerebral blood flow, body temperature regulation, heat prevention, 1743-1745 stress and, 1699-1700 Body fat, heat-related illness, 1712 Chain of infection, infectious agents, 1791 Body temperature: Characteristic impedance, radiofrequency radiation hazard cold stress and, 1640-1642,1647-1649 evaluation, 1446 heat stress and regulation of, 1699-1703 Chilled coil systems. heat stress control, 1736 1982 INDEX

Chokes syndrome, decompression illness, barometric Continuous wave laser technology, 1375-1387 Dielectric heaters, radiofrequency radiation pressure physiology, 1584-1587 Control systems: exposure, 1450 Circulatory regulation, heat stress and, 1700, 1704-1705 airborne infectious disease, 1950 Diffuse sound field, defined, 1508 Class I lasers, measurements and classification, 1391 biohazardous agents, LegionellaelLegionellosis, 1877 Digital waveform capturing (DWq systems,extren Class IM/2M lasers, measurements and ergonomics analysis, I77().-I77I low frequency radiation, magnetic-field classification, 1392-1394 laser technology, 1394-1395 strength, 149().-1493 Class 2 lasers, measurements and Legionella control strategies, 1867 Directionality, laser technology, 1383 classification, 1391-1392 noise control, 1537-1543 Distance from source measurements: Class 3 lasers, measurements and classification, 1392 absorptive materials, I54()'-1541 optical radiation exposure, 1425-1426 Class 4 lasers, measurements and classification, 1392 acoustical silencers, 1541-1542 radiofrequency radiation, 1470, 1475 Climate, cold stress and, 1644 barrier systems, enclosures, and pipe Diving, barometric pressure physiology: Clothing. protective: lagging, 1541 fitness evaluation and, 1589-1590 cold stress management, 1661, 1675-1677 quiet-by-design initiatives, 1539-1540 immersion and breath-hold diving, 1568-1569 radiofrequency radiation. 1475-1476 source identification and prioritization, 1538-1539 long-term health effects, 1590--1591 worker-environmental heat exchange, 1697-1699 vibration damping, 1542-1543 saturation diving, 157().-1571 Clothing adjustment factors (CAFJ, worker-environmental vibration isolation, 1542 thermal problems and energy balance, 1578-15 heat exchange, 1698-1699 optical radiation, 1423-1428 Dose, infectious disease transmission, 1790 Coal burning boilers, radiation sources, 1348 solar radiation, 143(}-1431 Dose-response analysis, hand-arm vibration Coatings, optical radiation exposure, 1432, 1434 radiofrequency radiation, 1472-1476 syndrome, 1613 Coherence. laser technology, 1383-1384 administrative/procedural controls, 1475 Dosimetry: Cold stress: engineering controls, 1472-1475 broadband optical technology, 1419--1420 adaptation, 1654-1655 protective equipment, 1475-1476 ionizing radiation, 1357-1359,1368-1371 basic properties, 1639-1640 Convection: electronic dosimeters, 1369-1370 body temperatures, I64().-1 642 cold stress, human heat balance and, 1658-1660 film badges, 1370 climate factors, 1644 worker-environmental heat exchange, 1696-1697 optically stimulated luminescence, 1369 health effects, 1651-1654 Cooled-water system, heat stress control, 1736 personal dosimeters, 1369-1370 human heat balance, 1655-1664 Core temperature: pocket dosimeters, 137().-1371 physiological responses, 1646-1651 cold stress and, 1640-1641 portable survey meters, 1369 prevention, 1673-1679 heat stress and, 1705 thermoluminescent dosimeters, 1370 risk assessment, 1664-1673 Cornea, infrared radiation hazards, 1418 noise measurement, 1532 temperature regulation, 1645-1646 Corrected effective temperature (CET), heat stress Dry bulb temperature, heat stress indices, 1714 terms and definitions, 1640 standards, 1715 Duration of exposure/employment: tissue cooling, 1644-1645 Cosmic radiation, sources, 1346-1347 hand-anm vibration exposure assessment, 1610-: work environment, 1642-1645 Crest factor, vibration analysis, 1597 1627-1628 Collection of airborne microorganisms on nucleopore filter Current transformer, radiofrequency radiation optical radiation control, 1424 estimatino and analysis (CAMNEA), measurement, 1464-1466 radiofrequency radiation, 1475 biohazardous agent risk assessment, Duty factor, radiofrequency radiation hazard 1885-1886 Daily vibration exposure calculation, hand-arm vibration evaluation, 1448-1449 Communications problems, hearing protectors, exposure assessment, 1605-1607 1553-1554 Damage-risk criteria, noise exposure assessment, 1533 Ear, anatomy and physiology, 1517-1521 Communications systems, radiofrequency radiation Data evaluation: Educational programs, cold stress management, II exposure, 1451-1454 ergonomics risk prevention, 177().-177 I 1679 Compressed air, barometric pressure Legionella control strategies, 1869-1870 Effective dose equivalent, radiation dosimetry, 135 physiology, 1569-1570 DC shift phenomenon, vibration, 1608-1609 1359 Compression disorders, barometric pressure Decay rate, ionizing radiation, 1349-1350 Effective irradiance, ultraviolet radiationhazards, physiology, 1573-1574 Decibel (dB): 1414 Compton scattering, electromagnetic defined, 1508 Effective sound pressure, defined, 1508 radiation, 1356-1357 hearing measurement, 1526-1527 Effective temperature index, heat stressstandards, Concentration demands, ergonomics risk sound pressure/sound pressure level 1714-1715 analysis, 1762-1764 measurements, 1512-1513 Electrical discharges, broadband optical radiation, Conduction, cold stress, human heat balance and, 1660 Decompression, barometric pressure Electric-field strength: Contact cooling, cold stress and, 1672-1673 physiology, 1581-1587 extremely low frequency radiation, 1496-1499 Contact current, radiofrequency radiation: illness, 1583-1587 radiofrequency radiation hazard exposure limit, 1458-1459 Density thickness, beta particles, 1353 evaluation, 1445-1446 exposure measurement, 1464-1466 Dental offices, optical radiation exposure, dental curing Electromagnetic radiation, 1355-1356. Seea/so 0): hazard evaluation, 1445-1446 and bleaching, 1435 radiation measurement, 1471-1472 Department of Energy (DOE) (U.S.), ionizing radiation Electronic dosimeters, radiation dosimetry, 137().-1 Containment strategies for biohazards, 1892-1900, safety standards, 1363 Electronic excitation, optical radiation, 1405-1406 1905-1906, 1940 Deterministic bioeffects, ionizing radiation, 1359-1360 Electrostimulation, radiofrequency radiation Continuous noise, defined, 1508 Didymium glass, optical radiation exposure, 1436 exposure, 1455-1458 1982 INDEX

Chokes syndrome, decompression illness, barometric Continuous wave laser technology, 1375-1387 Dielectric heaters, radiofrequency radiation pressure physiology, 1584-1587 Control systems: exposure, 1450 Circulatory regulation, heat stress and, 1700, 1704-1705 airborne infectious disease, 1950 Diffuse sound field, defined, 1508 Class 1 lasers, measurements and classification, 1391 biohazardous agents, LegionellaelLegionellosis, 1877 Digital waveform capturing (DWe) systems,extrei Class 1M/2M lasers, measurements and ergonomics analysis, 1770-1771 low frequency radiation, magnetic-field classification, 1392-1394 laser technology, 1394-1395 strength, 1490-1493 Class 2 lasers, measurements and Legionella control strategies, 1867 Directionality, laser technology, 1383 classification, 1391-1392 noise control, 1537-1543 Distance from source measurements: Class 3 lasers, measurements and classification, 1392 absorptive materials, 1540-1541 optical radiation exposure, 1425-1426 Class 4 lasers, measurements and classification, 1392 acoustical silencers, 1541-1542 radiofrequency radiation, 1470, 1475 Climate, cold stress and, 1644 barrier systems, enclosures, and pipe Diving, barometric pressure physiology: Clothing, protective: lagging, 1541 fitness evaluation and, 1589-1590 cold stress management, 1661, 1675-1677 quiet-by-design initiatives, 1539-1540 immersion and breath-hold diving, 1568-1569 radiofrequency radiation, 1475-1476 source identification and prioritization, 1538-1539 long-term health effects, 1590-1591 worker-environmental heat exchange, 1697-1699 vibration damping, 1542-1543 saturation diving, 1570-1571 Clothing adjustment factors (CAF), worker-environmental vibration isolation, 1542 thermal problems and energy balance, 1578-1~ heat exchange, 1698-1699 optical radiation, 1423-1428 Dose, infectious disease transmission, 1790 Coal burning boilers, radiation sources, 1348 solar radiation, 1430-1431 Dose-response analysis, hand-arm vibration Coatings, optical radiation exposure, 1432, 1434 radiofrequency radiation, 1472-1476 syndrome, 1613 Coherence, laser technology, 1383-1384 administrative/procedural controls, 1475 Dosimetry: Cold stress: engineering controls, 1472-1475 broadband optical technology, 1419-1420 adaptation, 1654-1655 protective equipment, 1475-1476 ionizing radiation, 1357-1359, 1368-1371 basic properties, 1639-1640 Convection: electronic dosimeters, 1369-1370 body temperalUres, 1640-1642 cold stress, human heat balance and, 1658-1660 film badges, 1370 climate factors, 1644 worker-environmental heat exchange, 1696--1697 optically stimulated luminescence, 1369 health effects, 1651-1654 Cooled-water system, heat stress control, 1736 personal dosimeters, 1369-1370 human heat balance, 1655-1664 Core temperature: pocket dosimeters, 1370-1371 physiological responses, 1646--1651 cold stress and, 1640-1641 portable survey meters, 1369 prevention, 1673-1679 heat stress and, 1705 thermoluminescent dosimeters, 1370 risk assessment, 1664-1673 Cornea, infrared radiation hazards, 1418 noise measurement, 1532 temperature regulation, 1645-1646 Corrected effective temperature (CET), heat stress Dry bulb temperature, heat stress indices, 1714 terms and definitions, 1640 standards, I715 Duration of exposure/employment: tissue cooling, 1644-1645 Cosmic radiation, sources, 1346-1347 hand-arm vibration exposure assessment, 1610­ work environment, 1642-1645 Crest factor, vibration analysis, 1597 1627-1628 Collection of airborne microorganisms on nucleopore filter Current transformer, radiofrequency radiation optical radiation control, 1424 estimatino and analysis (CAMNEA), measurement, 1464-1466 radiofrequency radiation, 1475 biohazardous agent risk assessment, Duty factor, radiofrequency radiation hazard 1885-1886 Daily vibration exposure calculation, hand-arm vibration evaluation, 1448-1449 Communications problems, hearing protectors, exposure assessment, 1605-1607 1553-1554 Damage-risk criteria, noise exposure assessment, 1533 Ear, anatomy and physiology, 1517-1521 Communications systems, radiofrequency radiation Data evaluation: Educational programs, cold stress management, exposure, 1451-1454 ergonomics risk prevention, 1770-1771 1679 Compressed air, barometric pressure Legionella control strategies, 1869-1870 Effective dose equivalent, radiation dosimetry, 13 physiology, 1569-1570 DC shift phenomenon, vibration, 1608-1609 1359 Compression disorders, barometric pressure Decay rate, ionizing radiation, 1349-1350 Effective irradiance, ultraviolet radiationhazards, physiology, 1573-1574 Decibel (dB): 1414 Compton scattering, electromagnetic defined, 1508 Effective sound pressure, defined, 1508 radiation, 1356-1357 hearing measurement, 1526--1527 Effective temperature index, heat stress standards, Concentration demands, ergonomics risk sound pressure/sound pressure level 1714-1715 analysis, 1762-1764 measurements, 1512-1513 Electrical discharges, broadband optical radiation, Conduction, cold stress, human heat balance and, 1660 Decompression, barometric pressure Electric-field strength: Contact cooling, cold stress and, 1672-1673 physiology, 1581-1587 extremely low frequency radiation, 1496--1499 Contact current, radiofrequency radiation: illness, 1583-1587 radiofrequency radiation hazard exposure limit, 1458-1459 Density thickness, beta particles, 1353 evaluation, 1445-1446 exposure measurement, 1464-1466 Dental offices, optical radiation exposure, dental curing Electromagnetic radiation, 1355-1356. Seea/so0 hazard evaluation, 1445-1446 and bleaching, 1435 radiation measurement, 1471-1472 Department of Energy (DOE) (U,S.), ionizing radiation Electronic dosimeters, radiation dosimetry, 1370­ Containment strategies for biohazards, 1892-1900, safety standards, 1363 Electronic excitation, optical radiation, 1405-140 1905-1906, 1940 Deterministic bioeffects, ionizing radiation, 1359-1360 Electrostimulation, radiofrequency radiation Continuous noise, defined, 1508 Didymium glass, optical radiation exposure, 1436 exposure, 1455-1458 INDEX 1983

Dielectric heaters, radiofrequency radiation Embolism, barometric pressure physiology, arterial gas exposure, 1450 embolism, 1584-1587 Diffuse sound field, defined, 1508 Emergency medical services, tuberculosis exposure Digital waveform capturing (DWC) systems, extremely risk, 1952 low frequency radiation, magnetic-field Emissivity, hot surfaces, heat stress control strength, 1490--1493 systems, 1732-1733 Directionality, laser technology, 1383 Employee training and information programs: Distance from source measurements: cold stress management, 1678-1679 optical radiation exposure, 1425-1426 hand-arm vibration risk management, 1627 radiofrequency radiation, 1470, 1475 hearing conservation programs, 1559 Diving, barometric pressure physiology: Enclosure structures, noise control systems, 1539-1541 fitness evaluation and, 1589-1590 Energy: immersion and breath-hold diving, 1568-1569 cold stress. human heat balance, 1656-1664 long-term health effects, 1590--1591 ionizing radiation, 1348-1349 saturation diving, 1570--1571 Engineering controls: thermal problems and energy balance, 1578-1581 ergonomics analysis, 1770--1771 Dose, infectious disease transmission, 1790 heat stress, 1731-1739 Dose-response analysis, hand-arm vibration hot/dry environment, 1738-1739 syndrome, 1613 moisture control, 1737 Dosimetry: source controls, 1732-1734 broadband optical technology, 1419-1420 ventilation systems, 1735-1737 ionizing radiation, 1357-1359, 1368-1371 warm/humid environments, 1737-1738 electronic dosimeters, 1369-1370 workstation localized cooling, 1734-1735 film badges, 1370 radiofrequency radiation, 1472-1475 optically stimulated luminescence, 1369 Environmental/health factors, industrial hygiene: personal dosimeters, 1369-1370 ergonomics risk analysis, 1765-1767 pocket dosimeters, 1370--1371 LegionellaefLegionellosis, 1863-1871 portable survey meters, 1369 radiofrequency radiation sources, 1449-1450 thennoluminescent dosimeters, 1370 tuberculosis control and management, 1957-1958 noise measurement, 1532 Environmental heat exposures: Dry bulb temperature, heat stress indices, 1714 heat stress standards, 1690--1691 Duration of exposure/employment: worker-environmental heat exchange, 1696-1699 hand-arm vibration exposure assessment, 1610--1611, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), ionizing 1627-1628 radiation safety standards, 1361 optical radiation control, 1424 Environment-driven work zones, heat stress radiofrequency radiation, 1475 standards, 1729-1730 Duty factor, radiofrequency radiation hazard Epidemiology, Legionellae/Iegionellosis, 1863-1864 evaluation, 1448-1449 Equipment specifications: cold stress management, 1678 Ear, anatomy and physiology, 1517-1521 hand-arm vibration risk management, 1619-1625 Educational programs, cold stress management, 1678­ Equivalent pressure units, barometric pressure 1679 physiology, 1566-1567 Effective dose equivalent, radiation dosimetry, 1358­ Ergonomics analysis. See also Workplace practices 1359 controls and interventions, 1770--1771 Effective irradiance, ultraviolet radiation hazards, 1413­ current issues, 1772-1773 1414 future research issues, 1773-1774 Effective sound pressure, defined, 1508 historical background, 1772 Effective temperature index, heat stress standards, 1688, research background, 1753-1754 1714-1715 risk factors, 1754-1770 .. Electrical discharges, broadband optical radiation, 1412 environmental risk factors, 1765-1767 Electric-field strength: evaluations, 1769-1770 extremely low frequency radiation, 1496-1499 organizational risk factors, 1764-1765 radiofrequency radiation hazard personal risk factors, 1767-1769 evaluation, 1445-1446 physical risk factors, 1755-1762 Electromagnetic radiation, 1355-1356. See also Optical prevention, 1771-1772 radiation psychosocial risk factors, 1762-1764 Electronic dosimeters, radiation dosimetry, 1370--1371 workplace practices, 1754-1755 Electronic excitation, optical radiation, 1405-1406 Errors, hand-ann vibration exposure assessment, 1611 Electrostimulation, radiofrequency radiation Erythemal effective irradiance, optical radiation exposure, 1455-1458 hazards, 1414-1415 1984 INDEX

European Union, hand-arm vibration syndrome exposure Eye protection: Gases: limits, 1630-1633 laser technology, 1397 artificial gas mixtures, barometricpressure Evaporation, cold stress, human heat balance optical radiation: physiology, 1569-1570 and, 1660-1661 filter shade numbers, 1427-1428 barometric pressure physiology, compressionand Evaporative cooling: hazard assessment, 1413-1418 pressurization, 1573-1581 heat stress control systems, 1736, 1738-1739 pulsed laser technology, 1386-1387 respiratory penetration and absorption, barometri worker-environmental heat exchange, 1697-1698 pressure physiology, 1575-1576 Evaporative resistance, cold stress, heat exchange Fabrics, ultraviolet-protective clothing, 1426-1427 Geiger-Muller (G-M) counters, ionizing and, 1662, 1664 Face mask, cold stress management, 1677 radiation, 1367-1368 Exposure action value/exposure limit value, hand-arm Facility layout and design, ergonomics risk Gender-based risk: vibration exposure assessment. 1606-1607, analysis, 1769-1770 ergonomics risk analysis, 1767 1616 Far field (FF) zone, radiofrequency radiation hazard heat-related illness, 1711 Exposure limits: evaluation, 1446-1447 Germicidal lamps, optical radiation biohazard control and containment, 1905-1906 Fast Fourier transform (FFT), noise analysis, 1530-1531 exposure, 1434-1435 hand-arm vibration syndrome, 1630-1635 Federal regulations, radiofrequency radiation exposure Glassblowing, optical radiation exposure, 1435-1 heat stress and strain, 1726-1727 limits, 1459-1460 Goniometry, ergonomics risk analysis, 1761-176: management of, 1731 Field-strength meters, radiofrequency radiation Grip strength, ergonomics risk analysis, 1759-171 time limited exposures, 1740-1741 measurement, 1465-1466 radiofrequency radiation exposure, 1455-1460 Field studies, hearing protectors, 1554-1556 H5NI influenza, 1963-1964 averaging time, 1456 Film badges, radiation dosimetry, 1370 transmission and epidemiology, 1876-1879 electrostimulation, 1455-1458 Filter shade numbers, optical radiation Half-life, ionizing radiation decay rate, 1349-13: IEEE C95 standard, 1457-1459 exposure, 1427-1429 Hall-effect magnetic field sensors, extremely low resonance, 1455 Fitness parameters: frequency radiation, 1494 Exposure measurements: barometric pressure physiology, diving Hand-arm vibration (HAV), 1597-1601 biohazardous agent risk assessment, 1882-1886 fitness, 1589-1591 dose-response relationships, 1613 hand-arm vibration, 1602-1611 heat-related illness and, 1713 exposure assessment, 1602-1611 noise exposure, 1533-1537 Flexible shielding, heat stress controls, 1734 health surveillance, 1628-1630 optical radiation hazards, 1413-1418 Flexion (trunkllow back), ergonomics risk predictability, 1601 radiofrequency radiation, 1466-1472 analysis, 1760-1762 risk management, 1618-1628 contact and induced currents, 1471-1472 Fluid replacement, heat stress and, 1700-170 I Stockholm workshop scale, 1601 distance measurements, 1470 Fluorescence, optical radiation, 1405-1406 Handwear, cold stress prevention, 1676-1677 numerical methods, 1467-1468 Fluxgate megnetometer, extremely low frequency Hand/wrist flexure, ergonomics risk source information, 1466-1468 radiation, 1494-1495 analysis, 1760-1762 spatial averaging, 1471 Footwear, cold stress management, 1677 Harmonic motion, vibration, 1595-1597 time averaging, 1472 Forceful exertions, ergonomics risk analysis, 1759-1762 Hazard analysis: Exposure points system, hand-arm vibration exposure Foundries, optical radiation exposure, 1435-1436 laser technology: assessment, 1606 Free field, defined, 1509 hazard classification, 1381-1382 Exposure Smart Protector (ESP), noise exposure Freezing injuries, cold stress, 1653-1654 measurements, 1391-1394 assessment, 1535-1536 Frequency: noise hazards, hearing conservation Exposure-la-disease continuum, infectious defined, 1509 programs, 1556-1557 agents, 1790 electromagnetic radiation, 1356-1357 Head protection, cold stress management, 1677 Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB), extremely low frequency radiation, 1484-1485 Health care professionals: 1958-1959 hand-arm vibration exposure, range and tuberculosis exposure risk, 1952-1954 External radiation, safety principles, 1363-1365 weighting, 1603-1604 viral infection risk in, 1962-1963 distance from source maximization, 1364 ITU frequency band designations, 1483-1484 Health hazard evaluation: exposure time minimization, 1364 noise analysis, 1517 cold stress, 1651-1654 gamma ray shielding, 1364-1365 response characteristics, 1530-1531 diving fitness, 1589-1591 Extremely low frequency radiation: Frequency counters, radiofrequency radiation extremely low frequency radiation, 1485-148( electric field measurements, 1496-1499 measurement, 1465-1466 heat stress, 1706-1713 fluxgate magnetometer, 1494-1495 Fresh air supply, heat stress controls, 1735-1736 Hearing conservation, noise exposureand: frequency and waveform, 1484-1485 Fungi, occupational infectious disease chemical ototoxicity and, 1522-1523 health effects, 1485-1486 and, 1791,1844-1854 conservation program requirements, 1556-15/ magnetic fields, 1486-1493, 1495-1496 ear structure and physiology, 1517-1521 medical implants, 1503-1504 Gain, radiofrequency radiation hazard exposure assessments, 1533-1537 multiphase magnetic field sensing, 1493-1494 evaluation, 1447-1448 hearing damage mechanisms, '1521-1522 research background, 1483-1484 Gamma rays: hearing measurement, 1523-1525 residential fields, 1486-1488 electromagnetic radiation, 1355-1356 hearing protection devices, 1543-1556 safety guidelines and standards, 1499-1502 Geiger-Muller (G-M) counters, 1367-1368 noise control techniques, 1537-1543 Extremity cooling, cold stress risk shielding from, 1364-1365 noise measurement, 1527-1533 assessment, 1670-1673 Gas discharge lamps, optical radiation, 1410-1412 program evaluation, 1561-1562 INDEX 1985

Gases: program implementation and artificial gas mixtures, barometric pressure development, 1560-1561 physiology, 1569-1570 research background, 1507 barometric pressure physiology, compression and sound physics, 1511-1517 pressurization, 1573-1581 terminology, 1507-1511 respiratory penetration and absorption, barometric Hearing threshold, defined, 1511 pressure physiology, 1575-1576 Heat balance equation: Geiger-Muller (G-M) counters, ionizing barometric pressure physiology, 1579-1581 radiation, 1367-1368 worker-environment heat exchange, 1694 Gender-based risk: Heat cramps, 1710 ergonomics risk analysis, 1767 Heated air removal, heat stress control, 1736-1737 heat-related illness, 171I Heat exchange: Germicidal lamps, optical radiation cold stress, human heat balance and, 1658-1664 exposure, 1434-1435 worker-environment heat exchange, 1694-1699 Glassblowing, optical radiation exposure, 1435-1436 Heat exhaustion, 1710 Goniometry, ergonomics risk analysis, 1761-1762 Heat rashes, 1710-171 I Grip strength, ergonomics risk analysis, 1759-1762 Heat stress: administrative controls, 1740-1743 H5N I influenza, 1963-1964 self-limitation techniques, 1741-1743 transmission and epidemiology, 1876-1879 time-limited exposures, 1740-1741 Half-life, ionizing radiation decay rate, 1349-1350 work/recovery cycles, 1741 Hall-effect magnetic field sensors, extremely low assessment: frequency radiation, 1494 exposure management, 1731 Hand-arm vibration (HAV), 1597-1601 standards, 1728-1731 dose-response relationships, 1613 stress/strain correlation, 1726-1728 exposure assessment, 1602-1611 disorders and tolerance factors. 1706-1713 health surveillance, 1628-1630 engineering controls, 1731-1739 predictability, 1601 hot/dry environment, 1738-1739 risk management, 1618-1628 moisture control, 1737 Stockholm workshop scale, 1601 source controls. 1732-1734 Handwear, cold stress prevention, 1676-1677 ventilation systems. 1735-1737 Hand/wrist flexure, ergonomics risk warmlbumid environments, 1737-1738 analysis, 1760-1762 workstation localized cooling, 1734-1735 Harmonic motion, vibration, 1595-1597 nomenclature and abbreviations, 1686-1687 Hazard analysis: personal protective equipment, 1743-1745 laser technology: research background, 1685-1694 hazard classification, 1381-1382 Heat stress indices (HSls), 1703-1705,1714-1717 measurements, 1391-1394 standards for, 1729 noise hazards, hearing conservation Heatstroke, 1707 programs, 1556-1557 Hertz, defined, 1509 Head protection, cold stress management, 1677 Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), 1963-1964 Health care professionals: High-pressure nervous syndrome, barometric pressure tuberculosis exposure risk, \952-1954 physiology, 1574-1575 viral infection risk in, 1962-1963 Hospital-acquired diseases, Staphylococcus Health hazard evaluation: aureus, 1874 cold stress, 1651-1654 Host susceptibility, infectious agents, 1789-1791 diving fitness, 1589-1591 Hot-dry industries, heat stress in, 1686 extremely low frequency radiation, 1485-1486 evaporative cooling systems, 1738-1739 heat stress, 1706-1713 Hot surface emissivity reduction, heat stress control Hearing conservation, noise exposure and: systems, 1732-1733 chemical ototoxicity and, \522-1523 Hot-wire anemometer, air velocity measurement, 1720 conservation program requirements, 1556-1560 Hughson-Westlake method, hearing measurement, 1527 ear structure and physiology, 1517-1521 Human heat balance, cold stress, 1655-1664 exposure assessments, 1533-1537 Human influenza, 1963-1964 hearing damage mechanisms, '1521-1522 Humidity, heat stress measurement and, 1718-1719 hearing measurement, 1523-1525 Hydrostatic pressure. immersion and breath-hold hearing protection devices, 1543-1556 diving, 1568-1569 noise control techniques, 1537-1543 Hygrometers, humidity measurement, 1719 noise measurement, 1527-1533 Hyperbaric chambers, barometric pressure program evaluation, 1561-1562 physiology, 1571 1986 INDEX

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy, barometric pressure Inner ear, anatomy and physiology, 1521 external radiation, safety standards, 1363-136~ physiology, 1587-1588 Insenion loss, defined, 1509 future research issues, 1375 Hypothalamus, body temperature regulation, heat stress Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE): internal radiation: and, 1699-1700 C95.1 standard, radiofrequency radiation, 1445, assessment, 1374-1375 Hypothermia, cold stress, 1652-1653 1457-1459 safety standards, 1365-1366 C95.3 standard, 1470 particle counting instruments, 1366--1369 Ice, heat stress prevention and, 1744-1745 Instrumentation: particle radiation, 1351-1357 Immersion, barometric pressure physiology, 1568-1569 noise measurement, 1532-1533 alpha particles, 1351-1352 Immunocompromised workers. infectious disease risk radiation dosimetry, 1357-1359,1368-1371 beta particles, 1352-1354 and, 1968 electronic dosimeters, 1369-1370 bremsstrahlung production, 1354-1355 Impedance. See Characteristic impedance film badges, 1370 electromagnetic radiation, 1355-1356 Impulse noise, defined, 1509 optically stimulated luminescence, 1369 physical principles, 1348-1351 Induced current, radiofrequency radiation: personal dosimeters, 1369-1370 decay rate, 1349-1350 exposure limits, 1458-1459 pocket dosimeters, 137Q--1371 energy, 1348 exposure measurement, 1464-1466 ponable survey meters, 1369 radioactivity, quantity of, 1350 hazard evaluation, 1445-1446 rhermoluminescent dosimeters, 1370 radioisotopes, 1349 measurement, 1471-1472 radiation safety surveys, 1372-1374 specific activity, 1350-1351 Induction heating systems, radiofrequency radiation radiofrequency radiation exposure research background, 1345-1346 exposure, 145Q--1451 measurement, I46Q--I466 safety standards, 136Q--1366 Inen gases, barometric pressure physiology: selection criteria, 1469 assessment, 1366 decompression, 1583-1587 Insulation, heat stress control systems, 1733 Department of Energy, 1363 narcosis, 1574-1575 Interactive health effects, heat stress, 1706--1707 external radiation, 1363-1365 Infectious disease: Interferon gamma release assays (IORAs), tuberculosis international radiation, 1365-1366 airborne disease: testing, 1954-1956 Mine Safety and Health Administration, 13/ bioterrorism agents, 1966-1968 Internal radiation: Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1361-136 control hierarchy, 1950 assessment, 1374-1375 Occupational Safety and Health human/avian influenza, 1963-1964 safety principles, 1365-1366 Administration, 1362-1363 immunocompromised workers, 1968 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), ionizing safety surveys, 1372-1374 laboratory exposures, 1965 radiation safety standards, 136Q--136I sources, 1346--1348 mycobacterial infections, 195Q--1962 International Commission on Illumination (Commission anthropogenic sources, 1347-1349 opportunistic pathogens, 1964 Internationale de I'Eclairage) (CIE): natural radiation, 1346--1349 outdoor exposures, 1964-1965 photon energy classification, 1403-1404 Irradiance, optical radiation, 1408-1409 research background, 1949-1950 ultraviolet radiation hazards, 1414-1415 Isolation, heat stress control systems, 1732-1733 SARS exposure, 1965-1966 International Commission on Radiological Production viral infections, 1962-1963 (ICRP), ionizing radiation, dosimetry Japan, hand-arm vibration syndrome exposure allergens, 1791,1855-1863 units, 1357-1358 limits, 1633 bacteria, 1791,1806--1843 International standards, heat stress Job analysis, cold stress prevention, 1674-1679 biosafety containment levels, 1892-1900, 1905-1906, standards, 1692-1694 Job control, ergonomics risk analysis, 1763-17601 1940 International Standards Organization (ISO): Job satisfaction, ergonomics risk analysis, 1763­ chain of infection, 1791 heat stress standards, 1692-1694 Joint motion, ergonomics risk analysis, 1762 fungi, 1791, 1844-1854 ISO 5349 hand-arm vibration exposure, 1603-1604, Joint posture, ergonomics risk analysis, 1759-17( bost susceptibility, 179Q--1791 1613-1614 influenza, 1875-1882 ISO 20643, machine vibration emission, 1612 Kerr cells, Q-switching, 1389-1390 pathogenicity and virulence, 1790 Interventions, ergonomics analysis, 177Q--1771 reservoirs and hosts, 1789-1790 Inverse square law, optical radiation, 1408-1409 Laboratories: Staphylococcus aureus disease and drug In vitro techniques, internal radiation biohazard agents in: resistance, 1872-1875 assessment, 1374-1375 containment techniques, 1892-1900, 1905-1 transmission mechanisms, 1789-1790 In vivo techniques, internal radiation 1940 viruses, 1791-1805 assessment, 1374-1375 risk assessment, 1885-1886 Influenza: Ionization, particle radiation, 1353-1354 infectious disease risk in, 1965-1966 human and avian strains, 1963-1964 Ionizing radiation: tuberculosis exposure risk, 1952 transmission and epidemiology, 1875-1882 bioeffects, 1359-1360 Lambert's cosine law, optical radiation, 1409 Infrared (IR) radiation: dosimetry, 1357-1359,1368-1371 Lamp classifications, optical radiation cornea and lens hazards, 1418 electronic dosimeters, 1369-1370 measurements, 1422-1423 shielding equipment and materials, 1427 film badges, 1370 Large-scale production, biosafety containment leve Infrasonic frequency, defined, 1509 optically stimulated luminescence, 1369 in, 1896 Ingestion, internal radiation, 1365-1366 personal dosimeters, 1369-1370 Laser technology, nonionizing radiation, 1379-13 Inhalation, internal radiation, 1365-1366 pocket dosimeters, 137Q--137I barriers, 1397-1399 Injection, internal radiation, 1365-1366 ponable survey meters, 1369 beam measurements, 1395-1396 Injuries, cold stress, 1651-1654 therrnoluminescent dosimeters, 1370 black box operation, 1387-1391 INDEX 1987

external radiation, safety standards, 1363-1365 beam profiles, 1390-1391 future research issues, 1375 mode-locking, 1390 internal radiation: Q-switching, 1389-1390 assessment, 1374-1375 coherence, 1383-1384 safety standards, 1365-1366 control systems, 1394-1395 particle counting instruments, 1366-1369 directionality, 1383 particle radiation, 1351-1357 eye protection, 1396-1397 alpha particles, 1351-1352 hazardevaluation measurements and beta particles, 1352-1354 classification, 1391-1394 bremsstrahlung production, 1354-1355 hazardous properties, 1381-1383 electromagnetic radiation, 1355-1356 pulsed and continuous-wave operations, 1375-1387 physical principles, 1348-1351 radiance, 1384-1385 decay rate, 1349-1350 wavelength. 1385 energy, 1348 Lattitude effect, ionizing radiation, 1347 radioactivity, quantity of, 1350 Legionellae/Legionellosis: radioisotopes, 1349 clinical syndromes and epidemiology. 1863-1864 specific activity, 1350-1351 control strategies, 1867 research background, 1345-1346 environmental biology, 1865--1866 safety standards, 1360-1366 environmental sampling, 1867-1871 assessment, 1366 Legionnaire's disease, 1961-1962 Department of Energy, 1363 transmission mechanisms, 1864-1865 external radiation, 1363-1365 worker protection, 1871 international radiation, 1365-1366 Legionnaire's disease, 1961-1962 Mine Safety and Health Administration, 1363 Lens, infrared radiation bazards, 1418 Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1361-1362 Liberty Mutual Psychophysical Tables, ergonomics risk Occupational Safety and Health analysis, 1755-1762 Administration, 1362-1363 Light-emitting diodes: safety surveys, 1372-1374 broadband optical radiation, 1412 sources, 134&-1348 ultraviolet radiation, 1434 anthropogenic sources, 1347-1349 Lighting, ergonomics risk analysis, 176&-1767 natural radiation, 1346-1349 Lignite burning boilers, radiation sources, 1348 Irradiance, optical radiation, 1408-1409 Linear No Threshold (LNT) model, ionizing radiation Isolation, heat stress control systems, 1732-1733 safety, 1360-1366 Line of sight measurements, optical radiation Japan, hand-arm vibration syndrome exposure exposure, 1424-1425 limits, 1633 Liquid cooling systems, heat stress prevention, 1744 Job analysis, cold stress prevention, 1674-1679 Liquid-in-glass thermometer, air temperature Job control, ergonomics risk analysis, 1763-1764 measurement, 1718 Job satisfaction, ergonomics risk analysis, 1763-1764 Local exhaust ventilation, heat stress controls, 1734 Joint motion, ergonomics risk analysis, 1762 Local magnitude, ergonomics risk analysis, 1755-1762 Joint posture, ergonomics risk analysis, 1759-1762 Lost bell situation, barometric pressure physiology, 1580-1581 Kerr cells, Q-switching, 1389-1390 Loudness, defined, 1509 Lower back pain (LBP), ergonomics risk Laboratories: analysis. 1755-1762 biohazard agents in: Lumbar motion monitor (LMM), ergonomics risk containment techniques, 1892-1900, 1905-1906, analysis, 1761-1762 1940 Lungs, barometric pressure physiology, compression risk assessment, 1885-1886 disorders, 1573-1574 infectious disease risk in, 1965-1966 tuberculosis exposure risk, 1952 Machine vibration emission, test codes, 1612 Lambert's cosine law, optical radiation, 1409 Magnetic-field strength: Lamp classifications, optical radiation extremely low frequency radiation: measurements, 1422-1423 basic principles, 148&-1493 Large-scale production, biosafety containment levels metering systems, 1490-1493 in, 1896 multiphase sensing, 1493-1494 Laser technology, nonionizing radiation, 1379-1381 radiofrequency radiation, electrostimulation, barriers, 1397-1399 1457-1459 beam measurements, 1395-1396 radiofrequency radiation hazard black box operation, 1387-I391 evaluation, 1445-1446 1988 INDEX

Magnetic flux density, extremely low frequency radiation, heat stress and, 1700 dental curing and bleaching, 1435 magnetic field strength, 1489-1493 Muscle tensing, cold stress and, 1646 germicidal lamps, 1434-1435 Maintenanceprocedures: Musculoskeletal disorders, ergonomic risk glassblowing and foundries, 1435-1436 ergonomics risk prevention, 1770-1771 factors, 1754-1755 hazard assessment, 1413-1423 hand-arm vibration risk management, 1625 Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), ergonomic risk industrial hygiene models, 1436-1438 Make-up air distribution, heat stress control, 1736 factors, 1754-1770 matter interaction, 1404-1406 Mass median aerodynamic diameter (MADD), radiation environmental risk factors, 1765-1767 optical radiation principles, 1402-1404 safety surveys, 1373-1374 evaluations, 1769-1770 photocured coatings, 1432-1434 Matterinteraction: organizational risk factors, 1764-1765 radiometric/photometrictermsandunits, 14( electromagnetic radiation, 1356-1357 personal risk factors, 1767-1769 research background, 1401-1402 optical radiation, 1404-1406 physical risk factors, 1755-1762 solar radiation exposure,outdoor particle radiation, 1353-1354 prevention, 1771-1772 workers, 1428-1431 Maximum permissible exposure (MPE): psychosocial risk factors, 1762-1764 sources, 1409-1412 laser technology: workplace practices, 1754-1755 stage and studio lighting, 1435 laser beam measurement, 1395-1396 Mycobacterial infection, 1950-1962 welding, cutting, and brazing, 1431-1432 pulsed/continuous-wave operation, 1383 Legionnaire's disease, 1961-1962 extremely low frequency radiation: radiofrequency radiation, 1457-1459 nontuberculous mycobacteria, 1959-1960 electric field measurements, 1496-1499 Maxwell's theory, electromagnetic radiation, 1355-1357 occupational tuberculosis, 1951-1959 fluxgate magnetometer, 1494-1495 Mean body temperature, cold stress and, 1642 frequency and waveform, 1484-1485 Medical evaluation: National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health health effects, 1485-1486 biohazard control and containment, 1906-1910 (NIOSH): magnetic fields, 1486-1493, 1495-1496 cold stress and, 1673 hearing protector ratings, 1548-1551 medical implants, 1503-1504 fitness to dive, 1589-1591 heat stress standards, 1689-1691 multiphase magnetic field sensing, 1493-1 Medical implants, extremely low frequency local magnitude standard, 1755-1762 research background, 1483-1484 radiation, 1503-1504 metabolic heat production guidelines, 1695-1696 safety guidelines and standards, 1499-150 Mental stress, ergonomics risk analysis, 1763-1764 National Weather Service (NWS), heat stress laser technology and, 1379-1381 Mercury vapor lamps, optical radiation indices, 1724-1725 barriers, 1397-1399 exposure, 1434-1435 Natural radiation, sources, 1346-1347 beam measurements, 1395-1396 Metabolic heat production, worker-environment heat Near field (NF) zone, radiofrequency radiation hazard black box operation, 1383-1391 exchange, 1694-1696 evaluation, 1446-1447 beam profiles, 1390-1391 Metabolism, cold stress, human heat balance, 1655-1664 95th percentile estimation, radiation safety surveys, 1374 mode-locking, 1390 Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), biosafety Nitrogen uptake, barometric pressure physiology, Q-switching, 1389-1390 measures and, 1863, 1873-1875 decompression, 1581-1587 coherence, 1383-1384 Microbial indoor air quality, biohazardous agent Noise, defined, 1509 control systems, 1394-1395 control, 1871-1872 Noise level limits: directionality, 1383 Microorganisms, basic properties, 1787-1789 hearing conservation and: eye protection, 1396-1397 Microwave heaters, radiofrequency radiation chemical ototoxicity and, 1522-1523 hazardevaluationmeasurements and exposure, 1451 ear structure and physiology, 1517-1521 classification, 1391-1394 Middle ear, anatomy and physiology, 1519-1521 exposure assessments, 1533-1537 hazardous properties, 1381-1383 Miliaria crystallina/Miliaria profunda, heat stress hearing damage mechanisms, 1521-1522 pulsed and continuous-wave and, 1710-1711 hearing measurement, 1523-1527 operations, 1385-1387 Millirad, radiation dosimetry, 1357-1359 hearing protection devices, 1543-1556 radiance, 1384-1385 Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) (U.S.), noise control techniques, 1537-1543 wavelength, 1385 ionizing radiation safety standards, 1363 noise measurement, 1527-1533 radiofrequency: Mining industry, heat stress in, 1686 program evaluation, 1561-1562 control systems, 1472-1476 Mode-locking, laser technology, 1390 program implementation and development, exposure guidelines, 1455-1460 Modulation, radiofrequency radiation hazard 1560-1561 exposure measurement, 1466-1472 evaluation, 1447-1448 program requirements, 1556-1560 measurement instrumentation, 1460-1466 Moisture control, heat stress control and, 1737 research background, 1507 quantities and units, 1443-1449 Moment arm, ergonomics risk analysis, 1756-1762 sound physics, 1511-1517 research background, 1443 Monitoring systems, heat stress exposure terminology, 1507-1511 safety programs, 1476-1477 reduction, 1742-1743 measurement units, 1512-1517 sources, 1449-1464 Monkeypox, as bioterrorism agent, 1966 Noise reduction rating (NRR): Nonlinear effects, pulsed laser technology, 1386 Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), 1958-1959 defined, 1509-1510 Nonoccupational exposures: Multiphase magnetic field sensing, extremely low hearing protectors, 1549-1551 noise exposure assessment, 1536 frequency radiation, 1493-1494 Nominal hazard zone (NHZ), laser hazard measurement tuberculosis exposure risk, 1952-1953 Multiple drug resistance, Staphylococcus aureus and classification, 1394 Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), 1959-191 and, 1875 Nonionizing radiation: Nuclear reactors, as radiation source, 1348 Muscle temperature: broadband optical technology: Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC),ionizing cold stress and, 1641 control principles, 1423-1428 radiation safety standards, 1361-1362 INDEX 1989

dental curing and bleaching, 1435 Numerical analysis, radiofrequency radiation germicidal lamps, 1434-1435 measurement, 1467-1468 glassblowing and foundries, 1435-1436 hazard assessment, 1413-1423 Obesity: industrial hygiene models, 1436-1438 ergonomics risk analysis, 1773-1774 matter interaction, 1404--1406 heat-related illness and, 1712 optical radiation principles, 1402-1404 Object characteristics, ergonomics risk photocured coatings, 1432-1434 analysis, 1757-1762 radiometric/photometric terms and units, 1406-1409 Observational studies, cold stress risk research background, 1401-1402 assessment, 1664-I665 solar radiation exposure, outdoor Occupational epidemiology, Staphylococcus aureus workers, 1428-1431 disease and drug resistance, 1874-1875 sources, 1409-1412 Occupational exposure, radiofrequency stage and studio lighting, 1435 radiation, 1450--1454 welding, cutting, and brazing, 1431-1432 Occupational exposure limits (OELs), biohazards control extremely low frequency radiation: systems, 1891-1892 electric field measurements, 1496-1499 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA): lIuxgate magnetometer, 1494--1495 biohazardous agent risk assessment, 1882- 1886 frequency and waveform, 1484-1485 diving fitness categories, 1589-1591 health effects, 1485-1486 heat stress standards, 1688 magnetic fields, 1486-1493, 1495-1496 ionizing radiation safety standards, 1362-1363 medical implants, 1503-1504 Legionella control strategies, 1867-1871 multiphase magnetic field sensing, 1493-1494 Octave band, defined. 1510 research background, 1483-1484 Oil and gas pipelines, radiation sources, 1348 safety guidelines and standards, 1499-1502 Open-circuit voltage. radiofrequency radiation exposure laser technology and, 1379-1381 limits, 1459 barriers, 1397-1399 Opportunistic pathogens, epidemiology. 1964 beam measurements, 1395-1396 Optical density (OD): black box operation, 1383-1391 laser eye protection, 1397 beam profiles, 1390--1391 optical radiation-matter interaction, 1404--1406 mode-locking, 1390 Optical instruments. See Laser technology Q-switching, 1389-1390 Optically stimulated luminescence (OLS). radiation coherence, 1383-1384 dosimetry, 1370 control systems, 1394--1395 Optical radiation: directionality, 1383 control principles, 1423-1428 eye protection, 1396-1397 dental curing and bleaching, 1435 hazard evaluation measurements and germicidal lamps, 1434-1435 classification, 139I-1394 glassblowing and foundries, 1435-1436 hazardous properties, 1381-1383 hazard assessment, 1413-1423 pulsed and continuous-wave exposure guidelines, 1413-1418 operations, 1385-1387 industrial hygiene models, 1436-1438 radiance, 1384--1385 matter interaction, 1404--1406 wavelength, 1385 measurement of. 1419-1421 radiofrequency: photocured coatings, 1432-1434 control systems, 1472-1476 physics, 1402-1404 exposure guidelines, 1455-1460 radiometric/photometric terms and units, 1406-1409 exposure measurement, 1466-1472 research background, 140I-1402 measurement instrumentation, 1460--1466 solar radiation exposure, outdoor workers, 1428-143 I quantities and units, 1443-1449 sources, 1409-1412 research background. 1443 stage and studio lighting, 1435 safety programs, 1476-1477 welding, cutting, and brazing, 1431-1432 sources, 1449-1464 Optical spectrum, laser technology, 1379- 1381 Nonlinear effects, pulsed laser technology, 1386-1387 Organizational risk factors, ergonomics risk Nonoccupational exposures: analysis, 1764-1765 noise exposure assessment, 1536 Outdoor exposure mechanisms, infectious tuberculosis exposure risk, 1952-1953 disease, 1964--I965 Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), 1959-1960 Outer ear, anatomy and physiology, 1518-1519 Nuclear reactors, as radiation source, 1348 Oxygen, toxicity, barometric pressure Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), ionizing physiology, 1576-1578 radiation safety standards, 1361-1362 Ozone, ultraviolet radiation and, 1418 1990 INDEX

Pair production mechanism, electromagnetic Photochemistry, optical radiation, 1405-1406 Public health: radiation, 135~1357 Photocured coatings, optical radiation exposure, 1432, infectious disease transmission and Pandemic, infectious disease transmission and 1434 epidemiology, 1878-1882 epidemiology, 1877-1882 Photoelectric absorption, electromagnetic Staphylococcus aureus infection and, 1873-1875 Parallel-plate capacitor, radiofrequency radiation radiation, 1356-1357 Pulmonary function, barometric pressure measurement, 1464-1466 Photometric terms and units, optical physiology, 1575-1576 Particle counting instruments, ionizing radiation, 1407-1408 pulmonary barotrauma and arterial gas radiation, 1366-1368 Photons, optical radiation, 1403-1404 embolism, 1584--1587 Particle radiation, 1351-1357 Physiological risk factors, ergonomic risk Pulmonary system. See Lungs alpha particles, 1351-1352 factors, 1755-1762 Pulsed laser technology, 1385-1387 beta particles, 1352-1354 Pinch force requirements,ergonomics risk Pulse repetition frequency (PRS), pulsed laser bremsstrahlung production, 1354--1355 analysis. 1759-1762 technology, 138~1387 electromagnetic radiation, 1355-1357 Pink noise, defined, 1510 Pure tone, defined. 1510 Pascal unit, defined, 1510 Pipe lagging, noise control systems, 1539-1541 Purified protein derivative (PPD) tuberbulosis Pathogenicity, infectious agents, 1790 Pitch, defined, 1510 testing, 1954--1956 Peak sound pressure level, defined, 1510 Planck's constant: Push/pull force, ergonomics risk analysis, 1757-17 Perception, cold stress and, 1650--1651 electromagnetic radiation, 135~ 1357 Performance evaluation: optical radiation, 1403-1404 Q-switching, laser technology, 1389-1390 cold stress and, 1650--1651 blackbody sources, 1409-1410 Qualitative analysis, ergonomic risk factors, 1770 ergonomics risk prevention, 1770--1771 Plane waves, radiofrequency radiation hazard Quality factor (Q), radiation dosimetry, 1357-1359 hearing conservation programs, 1561-1562 evaluation, 144~1447 Quantitative analysis: hearing protectors, 1551-1552 Pocke! cells, Qvswitching, 1389-1390 ergonomic risk factors, 1770 Perfusion, barometric pressure physiology, Pocket dosimeters, radiation dosimetry, 1371 ionizing radiation, 1350 decompression, 1583-1587 Poisson statistics, radiation safety surveys, 1374 radiofrequency radiation, hazard evaluation Peripheral vasoconstriction, cold stress and, 1646 Polarization, radiofrequency radiation hazard quanitities, 1443-1446 Permanent threshold shift (PTS), noise-induced hearing evaluation, 1447-1448 Quantum theory, electromagnetic loss, 1521-1522 Pontiac fever, 1961-1962 radiation, 135~1357 Permissible exposure limits (PELs): Portable survey meters, radiation dosimetry, 1369 Quiet-by-design initiatives, noise control, 1539-15 biohazardous agent risk assessment, 1882-1886 Positron, electromagnetic radiation, 135~1357 internal radiation, 1366 Power density, radiofrequency radiation hazard Rad, radiation dosimetry, 1357-1359 Personality traits, ergonomics risk analysis, 1768-1769 evaluation, 1445-1446,1461-1466 Radiance: Personal monitoring devices: Predicted heat strain index, 1717 laser technology, 1384--1385 radiation dosimeters, 1369-1370 Prescriptive zone, heat stress standards, 1729-1730 optical radiation, 1408 radiofrequency radiation measurement, 1465 Pressurizedenvironments, barometricpressure pulsed laser technology, 138~1387 Personal protective equipment: physiology, 156~1573 Radiant exitance, optical radiation, 1408 cold stress prevention, 1661, 1675-1677 aseptic bone necrosis, 158~1587 Radiant exposure, optical radiation, 1408-1409 hand-arm vibration risk management, 1625-1628 basic principles, 156~1568 Radiant intensity, optical radiation, 1408 hearing protectors, 1543-1556 compressed air diving and artificial gas Radiation. See also Ionizing radiation; Nonionizing advantages/disadvantages, 1547-1548 mixtures, 1569-1570 radiation communication issues, 1553-1554 decompression illness, 1583-1584 cold stress, human heat balance and, 1659 concha-seated protectors, 1545-1546 decompression principles, 1581-1582 heat stress measurements, 1720--1722 double protection systems, 1553 hyperbaric chambers, 1571 shielding systems, 1733-1734, 1739 electronic earmuffs, 1547 immersion and breath-hold diving, 1568-1569 worker-environmental heat exchange, 169~169 field monitoring systems, 1554-1556 pulmonary barotrauma and gas Radiation weighting factor (WR), radiation hearing conservation programs, 1558-1559 embolism, 1584-1585 dosimetry, 1357-1359 insert-type earplugs, 1543-1545 saturation diving, 1570-1571 Radiofrequency radiation (RFR): moderate/flat attenuation protectors, 1552-1553 submarines, 1572-1573 band designations, 1443-1444 passive earmuffs, 154~1547 tunnels and caissons, 1571-1572 control systems, 1472-1476 performance evaluation, 1551-1552 Prevention: environmental sources, 1449-1450 ratings, 1548-1551 cold stress and, 1673-1675 exposure guidelines, 1455-1460 heat stress prevention, 1743-1745 ergonomics analysis, 1770--1771 basic restrictions, 1444-1445 laser eye protection, 1397 Process controls, radiofrequency radiation, 1474 exposure measurement, 146~1472 Legionella control, 1871 Proximity measurement, optical radiation hazard evaluation quanitities, 1443-1446 optical radiation exposure: exposure, 1425-1426 measurement instrumentation, 1460-1466 shielding systems, 142~1428 Psychophysiological effects: occupational exposure, 1450--1454 welding, cutting, brazing, 1431-1433 ergonomics risk analysis, 1755-1762 physical characteristics, 1443-1444 radiofrequency radiation, 1475-1476 heat stress, 1706 quantities and units, 1443-1449 tuberculosis control and management, 1957-1958 Psychosocial risk factors, ergonomics risk research background, 1443 Phase change materials, cold stress management, 1678 analysis, 1762-1764,1768-1769 safety programs, 147~1477 Phosphate industry, radiation sources, 1348 Psychrometers, humidity measurement, 1719 sources, 1449-1464 INDEX 1991

Public health: Radiofrequency safety officer (RFSO), duties infectious disease transmission and of, 1476-1477 epidemiology, 1878-1882 Radioisotopes: Staphylococcus aureus infection and, 1873-1875 natural sources, 1347 Pulmonary function, barometric pressure physical properties, 1349 physiology, 1575-1576 as radiation source, 1348 pulmonary barotrauma and arterial gas Radiometric terms and units, optical embolism, 1584-1587 radiation, 1407-1408 Pulmonary system. See Lungs values calculation, 1422 Pulsed laser technology, 1385-1387 Random noise, defined, 1510 Pulse repetition frequency (PRS), pulsed laser Range-energy relationship, beta particles, 1352-1353 technology, 1386-1387 Real-ear attenuation threshold, hearing protector Pure tone, defined. 1510 ratings, 1548-1551 Purified protein derivative (PPO) tuberbulosis Recommended alert limits (RALs), heat stress testing, 1954-1956 standards, 1689-1690 Push/pull force, ergonomics risk analysis, 1757-1762 Recommended exposure limits (RELs), heat stress standards, 1681-1682 Q-switching, laser technology, 1389-1390 Recompression therapy, barometric pressure Qualitative analysis, ergonomic risk factors, 1770 physiology, 1587-1588 Quality factor (Q), radiation dosimetry, 1357-1359 Records management, hearing conservation Quantitative analysis: programs, 1559-1560 ergonomic risk factors, 1770 Reflectance, optical radiation, 1404-1406 ionizing radiation, 1350 Reflective shields, heat stress control systems, 1733-1734 radiofrequency radiation, hazard evaluation Refrigerated coils, heat stress control, 1736 quanitities, 1443-1446 Regulatory issues and guidelines: Quantum theory, electromagnetic hand-arm vibration syndrome, 1630-1635 radiation, 1356-1357 noise exposure assessment, 1533-1534 Quiet-by-design initiatives, noise control, 1539-1540 Relative response, sound level meters, noise measurement, 1529-1530 Rad, radiation dosimetry, 1357-1359 Relative spectral effectiveness function, ultraviolet Radiance: radiation hazards, 1414 laser technology, 1384-1385 Required clothing insulation (IREQ), cold stress risk optical radiation, 1408 assessment, 1655-1663 pulsed laser technology, 1386-1387 Reservoirs, infectious agents, 1789-1790 Radiant exitance, optical radiation, 1408 Resonance: Radiant exposure, optical radiation, 1408-1409 defined, 1510 Radiant intensity. optical radiation, 1408 radiofrequency radiation exposure, 1455 Radiation. See also Ionizing radiation; Nonionizing Resonance-frequency shift, radiofrequency radiation radiation, 1476 cold stress, human heat balance and, 1659 Respiration, cold stress and, 1650, 1654, 1673 heat stress measurements, 1720-1722 protective devices, 1677 shielding systems, 1733-1734,1739 Retina, optical radiation hazards, 1415-1416 worker-environmental heat exchange, 1696-1697 Reverberation, defined, 1510 Radiation weighting factor (WR), radiation Reynaud's phenomenon, secondary, 1599-1600 dosimetry, 1357-1359 Risk assessment: Radiofrequency radiation (RFR): cold stress, 1664-1673 band designations, 1443-1444 ergonomics analysis, 1754-1770 control systems, 1472-1476 environmental risk factors, 1765-1767 environmental sources, 1449-1450 evaluations, 1769-1770 exposure guidelines, 1455-1460 organizational risk factors, 1764-1765 basic restrictions, 1444-1445 personal risk factors, 1767-1769 exposure measurement, 1466-1472 physical risk factors, 1755-1762 hazard evaluation quanitities, 1443-1446 prevention, 1771-1772 measurement instrumentation, 1460-1466 psychosocial risk factors, 1762-1764 occupational exposure, 1450-1454 workplace practices, 1754-1755 physical characteristics, 1443-1444 hand-arm vibration syndrome, 1615-1617 quantities and units, 1443-1449 heat-related illness, 1711-1713 research background, 1443 Risk management, hand-arm vibration safety programs, 1476-1477 syndrome, 1618-1628 sources, 1449-1464 Roengten (R) unit, radiation dosimetry, 1357-1359 1992 INDEX

Root mean square techniques, sound pressure, Slow cooling, barometric pressure Sweating and sweat rate, heat stress and, 1700­ defined, 1510 physiology, 1580-1581 1703-1704 Smallpox virus, as bioterrorism agent, 1966 Swine lIu: Safety guidelines and standards. See also Biosafety Smear test, radiation safety surveys, surface pandemic status, 1881-1882 biohazardous agents, 1863-1886 contamination, 1373 transmission and epidemiology, 1877-1879 containment strategies, 1892-1900, 1905-1906, Solar radiation, 1402 Systerne Internationale (SI) units: 1940 hazard controls, 1430-1431 extremely low frequency radiation, magneticfi defined, 1891-1892 heat stress measurements, 1720-1722 strength, 1486-1493 Legionellae/legionellosis, 1863-1871 outdoor workers exposure, 1428, 1430 optical radiation, 1407-1408 extremely low frequency radiation, 1499-1502 Sound intensity and power: ionizing radiation, 1360--1366 defined, 1510 Task analysis: assessment, 1366 noise measurements. 1514-1515 asymmetry, ergonomics risk analysis, 1757-1 Department of Energy, 1363 Sound levels: cold stress prevention, 1674-1679 external radiation. 1363-1365 defined, 1511 frequency of tasks, ergonomics risk international «ldiation, 1365-1366 noise measurements, 1512-1512,1528-1532 analysis, 1764-1765 Mine Safety and Health Administration, 1363 Sound physics, noise control and, 1511-1517 Technologically enhanced natural radioactivemat Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1361-1362 Sound pressure: (TENORM), sources, 1348 Occupational Safety and Health defined, 1511 Temperature: Administration, 1362-1363 noise measurements, 1512-1513 cold stress and regulation of, 1645-1646 radiofrequency radiation, 1476-1477 Source output measurements, optical radiation, 1408 ergonomics risk analysis, 1766-1767 Sampling techniques: Spatial averaging, radiofrequency radiation exposure heat stress, 1714-1715 biohazardous agents: measurement, 1471 Temporary threshold shift (TIS), noise-inducedt LegionellaelLegionellosis, 1867-1871 Specific absorption rate (SAR), radiofrequency loss, 1521-1522 risk assessment, 1883-1886 radiation, 1443-1445, 1471 Terrestrial radiation, sources, 1347 Legionella control strategies, 1867-1871 Specific activity, ionizing radiation, 1350-1351 Test rooms, hearing measurement, 1525-1526 Satellite communication systems, radiofrequency Spectral correction, broadband detectors, 1420-1421 Thermal anemometers, air velocity measurement, radiation exposure, 1452-1454 Spectral transmittance, optical radiation, 1404-1406 Thermal hazard evaluation: Saturation diving, barometric pressure Spectral weighting function, optical radiation hazard barometric pressure physiology, 1578-1581 physiology, 1570-1571 assessment, 1418 heat stress, 1713-1726 Scintillation counters, particle radiation, 1368 Spectroradiometers, optical radiation air temperature, 1718 Secondary Reynaud's phenomenon, 1599 measurement, 1419 air velocity, 1720 Security systems, biohazard control systems, 1891-1892, Spectrum, defined, 1511 dry and wet bulb temperatures, 1714 1900-1903 Spectrum analyzers, radiofrequency radiation effective temperature, 1714-1715 Segment cooling, heat stress prevention, 1745 measurement, 1465-1466 heat stress index/predicted heat strain, 171 Self-contained breathing apparatus, barometric pressure Speed of sound, defined, 1511 humidity, 1718-1719 physiology, SCUBA systems, 1569-1570 Spinal cord injury, decompression illness, barometric integrating instruments, 1722-1723 Self-limited exposure limits, heat stress exposure pressure physiology, 1584-1587 radiation, 1720-1722 reduction, 1741-1742 Stage lighting, optical radiation exposure, 1435 sensing instruments, 1717-1722 Self-reading dosimeter (SRD), radiation dosimetry. 1371 Stand alone judgment, heat stress exposure weather effects, 1724-1726 Sensing instruments, heat stress reduction, 1741-1742 wet bulb globe temperature, 1715-1716 measurement, 1717-1722 Standard erythema dose (SED), optical radiation wet globe temperature, 1716-1717 Sensorineural hand-arm vibration damage, 1599 hazards, 1414-1415 optical radiation, retinal exposure, 1417 Sensorineural hearing loss, noise effects on, 1521-1522 Standards and standardization: Thermal insulation, cold stress, heat exchange Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), laboratory cold stress risk assessment, 1665-1673 and, 1661-1663 exposure to, 1965-1966 hand-arm vibration exposure, 1602-1603 Thermistors, air temperature measurement, 171: Shielding systems: heat stress standards, 1688-1694, 1728-1729 Thermocouples: heat stress control systems, 1733-1734, 1739 Staphylococcus aureus, disease and drug air temperature measurement, 1718 optical radiation exposure, 1426-1428 resistance, 1872-1875 air velocity measurement, 1720 radiofrequency radiation, 1473 Stochastic bioeffects, ionizing radiation, 1359-1360 Thermodynamics: Shift studies, ergonomics risk analysis, 1765 Stockholm workshop scale, hand-arm vibration, 1601 barometric pressure physiology, 1578-1581 Shivering, cold stress and, 1646 Studio lighting, optical radiation exposure, 1435 worker-environmental heat Shoulder posture. ergonomics risk analysis, 1760-1762 Submarines, barometric pressure physiology, 1572-1573 exchange, 1698-1699 Single-axis sensors, extremely low frequency radiation Sunscreens. ultraviolet protection factor, 1427 Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDsl, radiation magnetic field measurement, 1490-1493 Surface properties: dosimetry, 1370 Skin absorption and penetration, optical radiation, hazard ergonomics risk analysis, 1766 Thermoneutral point, barometric pressure assessment, 1413-1418 radiation safety surveys, 1372-1373 physiology, 1578-1581 Skin disorders, heat stress and, 1710-1711 Surveillance: Thorium, primordial isotopes, 1347 Skin temperature, cold stress and, 1641-1642, biohazard control and containment, 1906-1910 Three-Dimensional Static Strength PredictionPro 1647-1649 hand-arm vibration syndrome diagnosis and (3DSSPP"'), ergonomicsrisk wind chill, 1671-1673 management, 1628-1630 analysis, 1759-1762 INDEX 1993

Sweating and sweat rate, heat stress and, 1700-1701, Threshold limit values (TLVs): 1703-1704 biohazardous agent risk assessment, 1882-1886 Swine flu: hand-arm vibration syndrome exposure pandemic status, 1881-1882 limits, 1634-1635 transmission and epidemiology, 1877-1879 heat stress standards, 1691-1692 Systeme Intemationale (SI) units: noise exposure assessment, 1536--1537 extremely low frequency radiation, magnetic field ultraviolet radiation hazards, 1414 strength, 1486-1493 Time averaging, radiofrequency radiation exposure optical radiation, 1407-1408 measurement, 1472 Time limited exposure, heat stress and strain, 1740-1741 Task analysis: Time-varying magnetic fields, extremely low frequency asymmetry, ergonomics risk analysis, 1757-1762 radiation, 1490-1493 cold stress prevention, 1674-1679 Time-weighted average (TWA), defined, 1511 frequency of tasks, ergonomics risk Tissue, cold stress and, 1644-1645 analysis, 1764-1765 Tissue weighting factor, radiation dosimetry, 1358-1359 Technologically enhanced natural radioactive material Tolerance factors, heat stress, 1706--1713 (TENORM), sources, 1348 Tool selection criteria, cold stress management, 1678 Temperature: Toxicity, oxygen. barometric pressure cold stress and regulation of, 1645-1646 physiology. 1576-1578 ergonomics risk analysis, 1766-1767 Training programs: heat stress, 1714-1715 cold stress management, 1678-1679 Temporary threshold shift (TTS), noise-induced hearing ergonomics risk prevention. 1770-1771 loss, 1521-1522 Transmission loss, defined, 1511 Terrestrial radiation, sources, 1347 Transparent shielding, heat stress controls, 1734 Test rooms, hearing measurement, 1525-1526 Trunk moment, ergonomics risk analysis, 1756--1762 Thermal anemometers, air velocity measurement, 1720 Tuberculin skin test, tuberculosis risk and, 1951-1956 Thermal hazard evaluation: Tuberculosis: barometric pressure physiology, 1578-1581 control and management, 1956--1959 heat stress, 1713-1726 incidence, 1955 air temperature, 1718 infectiousness and virulence, 1953-1954 air velocity, 1720 multidrug-resistant/extensively drug-resistant dry and wet bulb temperatures, 1714 straines, 1958-1959 effective temperature, 1714-1715 non-health care worker risk, 1953 heat stress index/predicted heat strain, 1717 nonoccupational risk factors, 1952-1953 humidity, 1718-1719 occupational exposure and epidemiology, 1951-1959 integrating instruments, 1722-1723 testing for, 1954-1956 radiation, 1720-1722 vulnerable occupational groups. 1951-1952 sensing instruments, 1717-1722 Tularemia, as bioterrorism agent, 1967-1968 weather effects, 1724-1726 Tunnelsafety.barometricpressurephysiology, 1571-1572 wet bulb globe temperature, 1715-1716 wet globe temperature, 1716--1717 Ultrasound: optical radiation, retinal exposure, 1417 defined, 1511 Thermal insulation, cold stress, heat exchange noise exposure assessment, 1536--1537 and, 1661-1663 Ultraviolet protection factor (UPP), 1426--1427 Thermistors, air temperature measurement, 1718 Ultraviolet (UV) radiation. See also Optical radiation Thermocouples: basic properties, 1401-1402 air temperature measurement, 1718 hazard assessment, skin and eyes, 1413-1418 air velocity measurement, 1720 ozone hazards, 1418 Thermodynamics: personal protective equipment, 1427-1428 barometric pressure physiology, 1578-1581 physics, 1403-1404 worker-environmental heat shielding materials, 1426-1427 exchange, 1698-1699 welding, cutting and brazing, 1431-1433 Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs), radiation Unacclimatized workers. heat stress standards, 1690 dosimetry, 1370 Uncertainty, hand-arm vibration exposure Thermoneutral point, barometric pressure assessment, 1611 physiology, 1578-1581 United States, hand-arm vibration syndrome exposure Thorium, primordial isotopes, 1347 limits, 1633-1634 Three-Dimensional Static Strength Prediction Program Upper limit of prescriptive zone (ULPZ). heat stress (3DSSPPTM), ergonomics risk and, 1730 analysis, 1759-1762 Uranium. primordial isotopes, 1347 1994 INDEX

US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, ionizing radiation. extremely low frequency radiation, 1484-1485 dosimetry units, 1357-1358 laser technology, 1385 laser beam measurement, 1397 Vaccination programs, infectious disease transmissionand Weather, heat stress and, 1724-1726 epidemiology. 1877-1879 Welding, optical radiation exposure, 1431-1433 Valence band. optical radiation, 1405-1406 Wet bulb global temperature (WBGT), heat stress Vane anemometers, air velocity measurement, 1720 standards, 1688-1694, 1715-1716, 1719, Velocity, vibration, 1596-1597 1723-1724 Ventilation systems, heat stress controls, 1734-1739 Wet globe temperature, heat stress indices, 1716-1717 Vibration: integrated instrumentation, 1722 assessment limitations. 1613-1615 White noise, defined, 1511 basic principles, 1595-1597 Whole-body cooling. cold stress risk carpal tunnel syndrome. 1601 assessment, 1667-1673 ergonomics risk analysis, 1765-1767 Wind chill, cold stress and. 1671-1673 hand-ann vibration. 1597-1601 Worker (receptor) location, heat stress management: dose-response relationships, 1613 localized cooling systems, 1734-1735 exposure assessment, 1602-1611 prescriptiveand environment-driven health surveillance, 1628-1630 zones, 1729-1730 risk management, 1618-1628 Workplace exposure limits, heat stress and machine vibration emission evaluation, 1611-1613 strain, 1727-1728 noise control systems, isolation and Workplace practices. See also Ergonomics analysis damping, 1542-1543 biohazardous agents: regulatiory guidelines and standards. 1630-1635 control systems and techniques, 1903-1913 risk assessment, 1615-1616 LegionellaelLegionellosis exposure, 1871 Vibration-induced white finger (VWFl, cold stress and, 1642-1645 defined, 1599-1600 preventive measures, 1673-1679 Vibration meter, hand-ann vibration exposure ergonomic risk factors, 1754-1755, 1770 assessment, 1607-1608 hand-ann vibration risk assessment, 1615-1630 Vibration total value standard, hand-arm vibration heat stress standards, 1691 exposure assessment, 1604-1605 environmental standard vs.. 1730-1731 Virulence: infectious disease transmission and infectious agents. 1790 epidemiology, 1879-1882 tuberculosis exposure risk, 1953-1954 noise exposure assessment, 1534-1535 Viruses: hearing conservation programs, 1556-1557 infectious diseases, 1962-1963 tuberculosis exposure, vulnerable workers and occupational· diseases and, 1791-1805 tasks, 1951-1953 worker-environment heat exchange, 1694-1699 Wann-moist industries, heat stress in, 1686 Work/recovery cycles, heat stress exposure ventilation systems, 1737-1738 reduction, 1741 Warning signs. radiofrequency radiation, 1474-1475 World Health Organization (WHO), infectious disease Water-cooled coil systems, heat stress control, 1736 transmission and epidemiology, 1878-1879 Water/electrolyte balance, heat-related illness and, 1712 Waveguide below cut-off control, radiofrequency X-rays: radiation, 1473-1474 bremsstrahlung production, 1354-1355 Wavelength properties: dosimetry, 1357-1359 defined, 1511 electromagnetic radiation, 1355-1357 electromagnetic radiation, 1356-1357 radiation from, 1347 INDEX

Accessibility issues, laboratory design Agricultural hygiene: guidelines, 2623-2626 acute trauma, 2475-2477 Accidents: cancer, 2498-2499 agricultural hygiene, 2475-2477 certification, 2505 emergency response and preparedness, 2284-2293 control policies and strategies, 2503-2507 chemical spills, 2284-2289 cost reductions, 2505 fires and explosions. 2289-2291 cumulative musculoskeletal trauma, 2477-2479 industrial accidents, 2289 education programs, 2504, 2506-2507 radioactive materials, 2291-2293 emerging hazards, 2500-2502 laboratories, design for prevention of, 2622-2623 health status assessment, 2474-2475 Accu-Namics case, 2061 industrial development of, 247{}-2472 Acrylonitrile, OSHA standards concerning, 2015 intervention protocols, 2502-2509 Acute febrile illness, indoor air quality and, 2390--2391 mental stress, 2499-2500 Aerosols: model programs, 2507-2509 agricultural industry, respiratory tract hazards: noise-induced hearing loss, 2496-2498 inorganic aerosols, 2483-2484 overview, 2469-2470 organic aerosols, 2484-2487 pesticides, 2487-2490 indoor air quality: regulatory issues and guidelines, 2506 evaluation and control, 2447 research initiatives, 2504 particulate matter, 2408-2409 respiratory hazards, 2479-2487 transmissible diseases, OSHA standards, 2037-2038 gaseous hazards, 2479-2483 Aesthetics, laboratory design and inorganic aerosols, 2483-2484 location, 2623-2624 organic aerosols, 2484-2487 Affirmative defenses, OSHA contestation skin disease, 2493-2496 proceedings, 2081-2082 taxation policies, 2505 Aflatoxin exposure, agricultural workers, 2501-2502 veterinary biologicals, antibiotics, and AFL-CIO v. OSHA, 2014-2015 pharmaceuticals, 2490--2492 Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry vibration disorders, 2498 (ATSDR), indoor air quality, semivolatile organic working conditions, 2472-2473 compounds, 2397-2401 zoonoses, 2492-2493

Patty's Industrial Hygiene, Sixth Edition, Edited by Vernon E. Rose and Barbara Cohrssen Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2717 2718 INDEX

Agricultural Safety and Health Council of America, occupational health and safety management Beryllium, OSHA standard, 2038 agricultural hygiene practices, 2503-2509 systems, 2111-2112,2114, 212G-2J2I Best practices guidelines, workplace health Airborne contaminants: standard for, 2142-2143 promotion, 2707-2708 emergency response and preparedness: ZIO standard, OHSMS, 212G-2121, 2125, 2126, Bethlehem Steel Corp. v. OSHRC and Brennan, 206 building environments, 2316-2320 2134-2140 Biological treatment, hazardous wastes, 2367 chemical spills, evaluation, 2286-2287 American National Standards Institute (ANSI): Bioterrorism, emergency response and indoor air quality: international environmental health and safety preparedness, 2294-2303 cleaning operations, 2418-2419 programs, 2166-2168 Blood-borne pathogens: nonindustrial environments, 2408-2409 occupational health and safety management agricultural workers, 2501-2502 Airborne infectious disease, OSHA systems, 2112,2114, 212G-2121 emergency response and preparedness standards, 2037-2038 ZIO standard, OHSMS, 212G-2t2I,2125-2126, standards, 2232-2233 Airflow measurements: 2134-2140 OSHA standards, 20 19--2020 indoor air quality, nonindustrial building ventilation American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM), fire Blueprint review, laboratory construction and systems, 242G-2423 endurance test (ASTM-119), 2689-2691 design, 2645-2646 laboratory ventilation system design, 2639-2642 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Boiler systems, hazardous waste treatment, 2367 Air-handling units (AHUs), indoor air quality: Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), indoor air Brennan v.Butler Lime & Cement Co.andOSHRC, 20 evaluation and control, 2448-2453 quality standards: Brennan v. OSHRC & Hendrix (d/b/a Alsea Lumber nonindustrial building ventilation systems, 242G-2423 airborne particle studies, 2409 Co.), 2082 Air pollution: combustion byproducts, 2405 British Standards Institute (BSI): carbon monoxide, 255G-2555 historical background, 2378 BS 8800 standard, 2141-2142 indoor air quality, evaluation and control, 244G-2454 perceived air quality studies, 2413-2415 international environmental health and safety lead, 2555-2561 Standard 62, 2423-2428 programs, 2166-2168 nitrogen oxides, 2571-2577 thermal environment, 243G-243I occupational health and safety management overview, 2549-2550 tobacco smoke, 2406 systems, 2112,2127-2130 ozone, 2562-2571 Ventilation systems, 2421-2428 Building checklist, laboratory construction and particulate matter, 2582-2594 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), laboratory design design, 2646-2647 sulfur dioxide, 2577-2582 and location guidelines, 2623-2624 Building environments: Airports, emergency response and American Textile Mfrs.lnst., Inc. vDonovan, 2002-2004 emergency response and preparedness, 2316-2320 preparedness, 2311-2315 Anhydrous ammonia, agricultural industry, respiratory EPA Building Assessment and Survey Air sampling: tract hazards, 2479-2483 Evaluation, 2412-2413, 2439--2440 hazardous waste management, 237G-237I Antibiotics, agricultural industry exposure, 249G-2492 fire safety and construction guidelines, 2687-2691 indoor air quality: Anti-discrimination rights of employees, 2085-2086 indoor air quality: nonindustrial environments, 2391-2393 Arsenic, OSHA standards, 2028-2029 crisis buildings and mass psycbogenic semivolatile organic compounds, 2399-240 I Asbestos, OSHA standards concerning, 2016-2018 illness, 2415-2416 testing and sampling methods reference Atlantic & Gulf Stevedores. lnc., 205G-2051,2082 evaluation and control, 2448-2453 guide, 2453-2454 Atlas Roofing Company, Inc. v.OSHRC, 2052 fungi formation, 2383-2386 Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR): Atomic Energy Act of 1954, 2095-2096 symptoms and illnesses, 2378-2379 nitrogen oxide exposure, 2576-2577 Audits, occupational health and safety management Building-related illness (BRI), indoor air quality, 2378 ozone exposure and, 2568-2571 systems, 2125 2379 Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) Bureau, external audits, 2146 buildings, pollutants, and definitions, 2381 emergency response and preparedness, incident hybrid audits, 2146-2147 fungi formation, 2383-2386 investigation, 2256 internal audits, 2145-2146 qualitative investigation, 2432-2440 Aldehydes, indoor air quality, evaluation and ongoing improvement applications, 2151 Building-related symptoms (BRS): control, 2445-2446 on-site activities, 2149--2150 economic issues and productivity, 2416-2418 Alkanes, Voluntary Children's Chemical Evaluation postaudit actions, 2151 indoor air quality, 2378-2379 Program and, 2197-2199 preaudit preparation, 2147-2149 buildings, pollutants, and definitions, 238G-238 I Allegiance Health workplace health promotion case procedures for, 2144-2151 EPA studies, 2412-2413 study, 2709 reporting requirements, 215G-2151 fungi formation, 2383-2386 Allergens: scope and goals, 2147 volatile organic compounds, 2393-2397 agricultural agents, skin irritants, 2493-2496 Business continuity programs, emergency responseand indoor air quality, nonindustrial environments, 2388­ Babcock & Wilcox Company v. Marshall, 2058-2059, preparedness, 2240 2389 2068 insurance claims for interruption, 2269--2270 control and evaluation, 2452-2453 Bacteria, indoor air quality. 2386-2388 1,3-Butadiene, OSHA standards concerning, 2020 American Chemistry Council (ACC), Code of Bagassosis, agricultural industry exposure, 2486-2487 n-Butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), indoor air quality, Management Practices, 2179-2181 Behavioral patterns: semivolatile organic compounds, 2397-2401 American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA): carbon monoxide effects, 2554-2555 emergency response and preparedness lead toxicity, 2557-2559 Cadmium, OSHA standards concerning, 202G-2021 initiatives, 2345-2346 Bench layout, laboratory design projects, 2633-2635 California Aerosol Transmissible Disease indoor air quality standards, thermal "Benchtop to bedside" concept, health care work settings, Standard, 2037 environment, 2431 industrial hygiene practices, 2527-2531 California Stevedore and Ballast v. OSHRC, 2066-2067 INDEX 2719

Beryllium, OSHA standard, 2038 Campus settings, emergency response and Best practices guidelines, workplace health preparedness, 2305-2311 promotion, 2707-2708 Canadian Chemical Producers' Association (CCPA), Bethlehem Steel Corp. v, OSHRC and Brennan, 2069 product stewardship and, 2179-2 t82 Biological treatment, hazardous wastes, 2367 Canadian indoor air quality guidelines, 2438-2440 Bioterrorism, emergency response and Cancer: preparedness, 2294-2303 agricultural industry and risk of, 2498-2499 Blood-borne pathogens: particulate matter exposure and, 2587 agricultural workers, 2501-2502 Carbon adsorption. hazardous wastes, 2368 emergency response and preparedness Carbon dioxide, indoor air quality, ventilation standards, 2232-2233 systems, 2422-2423 OSHA standards, 2019-2020 Carbon monoxide: Blueprint review. laboratoryconstruction and air pollution, 255(}"-2555 design, 2645-2646 health effects, 2554-2555 Boiler systems, hazardous waste treatment, 2367 level measurements, 2551-2553 Brennan v. Butler Lime & Cemenl Co. and OSHRC, 2082 sources, 255(}"-255I Brennan v. OSHRC & Hendrix (d/b/a Alsea Lumber indoor air quality, 2403-2405 Co.), 2082 Carcinogens: British Standards Institute (BSI): OSHA standards concerning, 2021-2022 BS 8800 standard, 2141-2142 storage, laboratory construction and design for, 2649­ international environmental health and safety 2651 programs, 2166-2168 Cardiovascular system: occupational health and safety management carbon monoxide effects, 2554 systems, 2112,2127-2130 lead exposure and, 256(}..-256I Building checklist, laboratory construction and ozone exposure and, 2568--2569 design, 2646-2647 particulate mailer exposure, 2588--2591 Building environments: Career development, product stewardship, 2177-2178 emergency response and preparedness, 2316-2320 Cedar Construction Co. v. OSHRC and Marshall. 2067­ EPA Building Assessment and Survey 2068 Evaluation, 2412-2413,2439-2440 Ceiling-confined fires, fire safety procedures, 2684 fire safety and construction guidelines, 2687-2691 Cell-mcdialed immunity, nitrogen oxide indoor air quality: exposure, 2576-2577 crisis buildings and mass psychogenic Cellulosic materials, indoor air quality, fungi illness, 2415-2416 formation, 2383 evaluation and control, 2448-2453 Centers for Disease Control (CDC), emergency response fungi formation, 2383-2386 and preparedness, 2279-2284, 2314-2315 symptoms and illnesses, 2378--2379 Central nervous system (CNS): Building-related illness (BRI), indoor air quality, 2378­ carbon monoxide effects, 2554-2555 2379 lead effects, 2557-2559 buildings, pollutants, and definitions, 2381 Certification: fungi formation, 2383-2386 agricultural hygiene practices, 2505-2507 qualitative investigation, 2432-2440 competency assessment programs, 2202-2207 Building-related symptoms (BRS): Chamber ofCom merceofthe UnitedStates v, Department economic issues and productivity, 2416-2418 of Labor, 2077 indoor air quality, 2378-2379 Chamber testing, indoor air quality, semi volatile organic buildings, pollutants, and definitions, 238(}"-2381 compounds, 2398--2401 EPA studies, 2412-2413 Change management, occupational health and safety fungi formation, 2383-2386 management systems, 2124 volatile organic compounds, 2393-2397 Chemical agents: usiness continuity programs, emergency response and laboratory hazardous waste management systems: preparedness, 2240 disposal and treatment, 2654 insurance claims for interruption, 2269-2270 storage and containment, 2647-2651 ,3-Butadiene, OSHA standards concerning, 2020 terrorism involving, emergency response and -Butylbenzyl phthalate (BRP), indoor air quality, preparedness, 2294-2295 semlvolatile organic compounds, 2397-2401 Chemical Facility Antiterrorism Standards (CFATS), 2236-2237 mium, OSHA standards concerning, 202(}..-2021 Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP), laboratory design ifomia Aerosol Transmissible Disease guidelines, 2624-2628 Standard, 2037 Chemical labeling, GHS standard, 2041-2042 llfomta Stevedore andBallast v. OSHRC, 2066-2067 Chemical oxidation, hazardous waste treatment, 2367 2720 INDEX

Chemical reduction, hazardous waste treatment, 2367 occupational health and safety management Continuous wall service corridors, laboratorydesigna Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board systems, 2124,2157 layout for, 2637 (CSB), 2096--2097 product stewardship and, 2184-2185 Control systems: emergency response and preparedness, incident Community Awareness and Emergency Response (CAER) agricultural hygiene practices, 2502-2509 investigation, 2254-2255 program, product stewardship and, 2200 indoor air quality pollutants, 244(}"'2454 Chemical spills: Community Emergency Response Team (CERT), international environmental health and safetyprognu airborne contaminants evaluation, 2286-2287 emergency response and preparedness centralized vs. decentralized control, 2165 emergency response and preparedness, 2284-2289 duties, 2216-2217 occupational health and safety managementsystem! regulatory guidelines concerning, 2285-2286 natural disaster assessments, 2277-2278 hierarchy, 2123-2124 response training, 2287-2288 Compartmentation design, fire safety and building Corporate counsel: Chicago Bridge & Iron Company v. OSHRC and construction, 2688-2691 incident investigation, 2255-2259 Dunlop, 2060-2061 Compartment-contained fires, fire safety industrial hygienists' litigation proceedings Chromium. See Hexavalent chromium procedures, 2684-2685 and, 2663-2664 Citations: Competency assessment: Corporate responsibility: contestation proceedings, 2077-2081 emergency response and preparedness, international environmental health and safety multiemployer citation policy, 2075-2076 industrial hygienists' duties and programs, 2168-2169 OSHA enforcement provisions, 2063-2071 responsibilities, 2343-2345 occupational health and safety management Citizens groups, emergency response and preparedness product stewardship and, 2202-2207 systems, 2158-2159 duties, incident investigation, 2256 Complaints, employees' rights concerning, 2085 Corrective action implementation, occupationalhealtha Civil penalties, OSHA enforcement provisions, 2063·­ Compliance assessment: safety management systems, 2126 2071 cooperative compliance program Corrosive wastes, 2358, 2366 Civil unrest, emergency response and directives, 2076-2077 Cost-benefit analysis, workplace health preparedness, 2305 emergency response and preparedness plans, 2247 promotion, 2707-2708 Claims management, emergency response and hazard-free environment, employers' failure to Cost issues: preparedness, insurance claims, 2273-2274 render, 2009-20 II agricultural hygiene practices, 2505 Clean Air Act (1990), 2097 variances from standards, 2051 indoor air quality and, 2416-2418 emergency preparedness and response, 2234-2235 voluntary compliance programs OSHA workplace health promotion, 2705-2707 Clean bench hoods, laboratory ventilation system provisions, 2086-2087 Cotton dust, OSHA standard concerning, 2023-2024 design, 2642 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, Courts system, industrial hygienists'Jitigation proceedin Cleaning operations, indoor air quality and Liability Act (CERCLA). See also Superfund and, 2665-2666 and, 2418-2419 hazardous wastes, 2362-2363 Criminal actions: Clean Water Act, emergency preparedness and provisions of, 2097-2098 emergency response and preparedness, terrorism response, 2235 Compressed gas system, laboratory design and layout incidents, 2302-2303 Clinical imaging studies, industrial hygiene for, 2644 OSH Act provisions, 2071-2073 practices, 2531-2538 storage design, 2649-2651 Crisis buildings, indoor air quality, 2415-2416 Clinical trials, industrial hygiene practices, 2528-2531 Computed tomography (Cf'), safety issues, 2534-2537 Critical Infrastructure Assurance Office (CIAO), 230: Code of Federal Regulations, hazardous waste Computed tomography dose index Crowd control protocols, emergency response guidelines, 2356-2362 (crOlIOO), 2534-2537 and preparedness, health care work Code ofFederal Regulations (C.ER.), OSH Act provisions Condensation, indoor air quality: settings, 254(}"'254I and, 2013-2015 evaluation and control, 2443-2445 Crown Equipment workplace health promotion Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs), emergency response fungi formation, 2383 study, 2709 and preparedness standards, 2229-2240 Conformity assessment, occupational health and safety Crystalline silica, OSHA standard, 2043-2044 Coke oven emissions, OSHA standards management systems, 2143-2144 Cultural differences, international environmentalheallt concerning, 2022-2023 ConocoPhillips Co. v. Henry, 2044-2045 and safety programs, 2169-2176 Combustion products: Construction materials: Cumulative musculoskeletal trauma. agricultural dust hazard, OSHA standard, 2038-2039 fire safety criteria, 2687-2691 hygiene, 2477-2479 fire safety procedures, 2685-2687 indoor air quality, buildings, pollutants, and Cutting operations, fire safety and, 2693 indoor air quality, 2403-2405 definitions, 2379-2381 Cyber terrorism, emergency response and evaluation and control, 2446-2447 laboratory design and layout, 2644-2647 preparedness, 2303-2304 Commercial general liability (CGL) insurance Consultation services, emergency response and coverage, emergency response and preparedness duties, 2218 Dangerous goods, emergency response and preparednes preparedness, 2270 Consumer Labeling Initiative, product stewardship airport settings, 2311-2315 Communications guidelines: and, 2197 incident investigation, 2235, 2255 emergency response and preparedness: Consumer Product Safety Act (CPSA), 2099-2100 Data analysis: health care work settings, 2542 Consumer safety, product stewardship and, 2183 incident investigation, 2263-2268 terrorism involving, 2298-2303 Contact dermatitis, agricultural agents, 2493-2496 indoor air quality: Hazard Communication Standard, 2026-2027 Containment strategies, emergency response and nonindustrial environments, 2391-2393 health care work settings, 2542 preparedness, epidemics, 2283-2284 qualitative investigation, 2432-2440 indoor air quality evaluation and control, 2442 Contestation proceedings, OSH Act Deactivation, hazardous wastes, 2368 laboratory construction and design, 2646 provisions, 2077-2082 INDEX 2721

Continuous wall service corridors, laboratory design and Death rates: layout for, 2637 agricultural industry, 2475-2477 Control systems: ozone exposure and, 2569-2571 agricultural hygiene practices, 2502-2509 sulfur dioxide exposure, 2579--2582 indoor air quality pollutants, 244~2454 Decipol unit, perceived air quality studies, 2413-2415 international environmental health and safety programs, Decontamination protocols, healthcare work centralized VS. decentralized control, 2165 settings, emergency response and occupational health and safety management systems preparedness, 254~2541 hierarchy, 2123-2124 Degenerative osteoarthritis, agricultural Corporate counsel: hygiene, 2478-2479 incident investigation, 2255-2259 Deminimis violations, OSHA enforcement industrial hygienists' litigation proceedings provisions, 2064 and. 2663-2664 Dental work settings, imaging devices, industrial hygiene Corporate responsibility: practices, 2533-2538 international environmental health and safety Department of Homeland Security (DHS), emergency programs. 2168-2169 response and preparedness duties, 2221-2229 occupational health and safety management natural disaster assessments, 2277-2278 systems, 2158-2159 Department of Transportation (DOT): Correctiveaction implementation, occupational health and emergency preparedness and response, 2235 safety management systems, 2126 laboratory hazardous waste management, 2652-2655 Corrosivewastes, 2358, 2366 Design for Environment Program, product stewardship Cost-benefitanalysis, workplace health and, 2197 promotion, 2707-2708 Developing countries, indoor air quality in, 2418 Cost issues: Diacetyl, OSHA standard, 2039 agricultural hygiene practices, 2505 Diagnostic imaging studies, industrial hygiene indoor air quality and, 2416--2418 practices, 2531-2538 workplace health promotion, 2705-2707 1,2 Dibromo-3-chloropropane, OSHA standard, 2024 Coltondust, OSHA standard concerning, 2023-2024 Direct losses, emergency response and Courtssystem, industrial hygienists' litigation proceedings preparedness, 2214 and, 2665-2666 Disabled workers, laboratory design guidelines Criminal actions: for, 2623-2626 emergency response and preparedness, terrorism Disaster planning, See Emergency response and incidents, 2302-2303 preparedness OSH Act provisions, 2071-2073 Disposal requirements, hazardous wastes, 2359-2362, Crisisbuildings, indoor air quality, 2415-2416 2366--2368 CriticalInfrastructure Assurance Office (CIAO), 2303 Distribution systems: Crowd control protocols, emergency response laboratory design and layout for, 2636--2638 and preparedness, health care work product stewardship and, 2183 settings, 254~2541 Documentation requirements: Crown Equipment workplace health promotion emergency response and preparedness plans, 2246 study, 2709 incident investigation, 2263-2268 Crystallinesilica, OSHA standard, 2043-2044 Dosimetry studies, particulate matter health Cultural differences, international environmental health effects, 2584-2585 and safety programs, 2169-2176 Dow Chemical Company workplace health promotion Cumulative musculoskeletal trauma, agricultural study, 2709-27 10 hygiene, 2477-2479 Dust: Cuttingoperations, fire safety and, 2693 agricultural industry, respiratory tract Cyberterrorism, emergency response and hazards, 2483-2487 preparedness, 2303-2304 combustible dust, OSHA standard, 2038--2039 indoor air quality, nonindustrial Dangerous goods, emergency response and preparedness: environments, 2388-2389 airportsettings, 2311-2315 cleaning operations, 2418-2419 incidentinvestigation, 2235, 2255 evaluation and control, 2447 Dataanalysis: radon decay products, 2407-2408 incidentinvestigation, 2263-2268 indoorair quality: Economic effects: nonindustrial environments, 2391-2393 indoor air quality, 2416--2418 qualitative investigation, 2432-2440 workplace health promotion, 2707-2708 Deactivation, hazardous wastes, 2368 Economic feasibility, OSHA standards, 2002-2004 2722 INDEX

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): Ecthyma, agricultural industry exposure, 2491-2492 situation -specific requirements, 2275-2305 emergency response and preparedness Educational programs: state government role, 2215,2217-2218 standards, 2233-2235 agricultural hygiene practices, 2504, 2506-2509 terrorism incidents, 2293-2305 incident invesligation, 225G-2256 occupational health and safety management Emergency temporary standards (ETSs), Occupational indoor air quality studies, 2412-2413 systems, 2124 Safety and Health Act, 200 I qualitative investigation guidelines, 2439-W Egress issues, laboratory design guidelines, 2626--2628 Emission rates: laboratory design guidelines, 2624-2628 Electrical systems, laboratory design and layout air pollution, carbon monoxide, 2551-2553 hazardous waste disposal requirements. 2651­ for, 2636--2638, 2642-2643 coke ovens, OSHA standard for, 2022-2023 product stewardship and, 2196--2199 Emergency action plans, federal standards, 2231 indoor air quality, semivolatile organic Epidemics, emergency response and Emergency/disaster life cycle, 2212 compounds, 2397-240 I preparedness, 2279-2284 Emergency medical system personnel, hazardous Employee duties and rights: Equipment maintenance, laboratory design and substances standards, 2237-2240 occupational health and safety management layout, 2657 Emergency Planning and Community-Right-to-Know Act systems, 2121 Ergesterol, indoor air quality,fungi formatioo, 2385­ (EPCRA), 2098, 2233-2234 OSH Act provisions, 2083-2086 Ergooomics analysis: Emergency response and preparedness: Employee emergency action plans, federal agricultural hygiene, 2477-2479 accidents, 2284--2293 standards, 2230 OSHA standard, 204G-2041 airports, 2311-2315 Employee misconduct, hazard-free environment, Ethical issues: American Industrial Hygiene Association employers' failure to render and, 2009-2011 industrial hygienists' litigation process. 266I-U recommendations. 2345-2346 Endotoxins, indoor air quality, nonindustrial occupational health and safety managemeot building environments, 2316--2320 environments, 2387-2388 systems, 2158-2159 campus setting, 2305-2311 Energy Policy Act of 2005, health care work settings, product stewardship, 2179-2206 change management, 2211-2212 industrial hygiene practices, 2532-2538 Ethylene oxide, OSHA standard, 2024--2025 chemical spills, 2284--2288 Energy Star program, product stewardship and, 2197 Evacuation guidelines, laboratory design and civil unrest. workplace violence, and strikes, 2305 Engineering controls, hazardous waste layout; 2656 directlindirectlosses, 2214 management, 2374 Evidence gathering, incident investigation, 2262-2: emergency/disaster life cycle, 2212 Environmental health and safety (EHS): Executive Orders, OSHA standards and, 2006-200 epidemics/pandemics, 2279-2284 federal standards, 2231 Exit route planning, federal standards, 2231-2232 federal statutes concerning, 2098-2099, 2218--2240 indoor air quality: Expansion planning, laboratory design fires and explosions, 2289-2291 airborne particulates, 2408--2409 projects, 2632-2633 employee response guidelines, 2693-2695 building environments and, 2378--2379 Ex parte warrants, OSHA inspections, 2057-2058 hazardous waste sites, 2332-2335 building-related symptoms and Experimental variance from compliance, 2051 hazard vulnerability assessments, 2247-2250 illness, 2378--2379 Expert witnesses, industrial hygienists as, 2662, health care work settings, 232G-2332 cleaning operations, 2418-2419 2666--2667 communication and information systems, 2542 combustion products, 2403-2405 Explosions, emergency response and contemporary industrial hygiene crisis buildings and mass psychogeoic preparedness, 2289-2291 practices, 2538-2543 illness, 2415-2416 Exposure measurements: crowd control, 2541 defioitioos, 2379-2381 carbon monoxide, 2554-2555 hazardous waste management and disposal, 2543 developing couotries, 2418 chemical spills, 2287-2288 organizational structure, 2539 early studies, 2409-2412 Exposure-response analysis, product stewardship restrictions, screening, decontamination, and economic issues and productivity, 2416--2418 and, 2195 self-transport, 254G-254I EPA studies, 2412-2413 Extended product responsibility, product stewardship worker protection, 2541-2542 evaluation protocols and guidelines, 2431-2440 and, 2181-2182 industrial accidents, 2288-2289 historical background, 2377-2378 Extraction, hazardous wastes, 2368 industrial hygienists' duties and microbials, 2381-2393 Eyewash stations, laboratory design and responsibilities, 2335-2345 monitoring and control systems, 244G-2454 layout, 2654-2655 insurance provisions, 2268--2275 perceived air quality, 2413-2415 integrated contingency plans, 224G-2247 pesticides, 2401-2403 Facilities layout and design: laboratory design guidelines, 2627 pollutant identificatioo and c1assificatioo, emergency response and preparedness, 2241-224 evacuation design, 2656 2381-2409 hazardous waste management, 2375 medical services and first aid, 2655-2656 radon, 2406--2408 health care work settings, emergency responseand legal issues and incident investigation, 225G-2268 tobacco smoke, 2405-2406 preparedness. restrictions, screening, local government role, 2214--2217 ventilation systems, 2419-2431 decontamination, self-transport, 254G-2541 natural disasters, 2276--2278 volatile organic compounds, 2393-2401 laboratories: occupational health and safety management integrated systems, 2157-2158 accidents, 2622-2623 systems, 2124 international program management, 2163-2176 aesthetics and environment, 2623-2624 OSHA standard, 2039-2040 laboratory design and location, 2623-2624 compressed gas system, 2644 planned/unplanned events, 2213-2214 occupational health and safety management distribution schemes, 2637-2638 radiological materials incidents, 2291-2293 systems, 2109-2111 egress and handicapped access, 2626 regulatory issues, 2214--2240 Environmentally preferable purchasing program, product electrical systems, 2642-2643 site-specific requirements, 2305-2335 stewardship and, 2197 INDEX 2723

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): emergency facilities, 2627 emergency response and preparedness expansion planning, 2632 standards, 2233-2235 filtration systems, 2642 incident investigation, 2250-2256 fume hoods, 2639-2642 indoor air quality studies, 2412-2413 furnishings and lighting, 2627 qualitative investigation guidelines, 2439-2440 glove boxes, 2641-2642 laboratory design guidel ines, 2624-2628 instrumentation layout, 2635-2636 hazardous waste disposal requirements, 2651-2654 layout elements, 2627-2635 product stewardship and, 2196-2199 location, 2623 Epidemics, emergency response and overview, 2621-2622 preparedness, 2279-2284 plumbing, 2643-2644 Equipment maintenance, laboratory design and regulatory issues, 2624-2625 layout, 2657 safety design and planning, 2647-2657 Ergesterol, indoor air quality, fungi formation, 2385-2386 service specifications, 2636-2637 Ergonomics analysis: space and room size planning, 2630-2631 agricultural hygiene, 2477-2479 ventilation systems, 2626, 2636-2637 OSHA standard, 2040-2041 occupational health and safety management Ethical issues: systems, 2152-2157 industrial hygienists' litigation process, 2661-2670 Failure analysis, occupational health and safety occupational health and safety management management systems, 2I57 systems, 2158-2159 Failure-to-abate violations, OSHA enforcement product stewardship, 2179-2206 provisions, 2070-2071 Ethylene oxide, OSHA standard, 2024-2025 Fatality studies: Evacuation guidelines, laboratory design and agricultural industry, 2475-2477 layout, 2656 ozone exposure and, 2569-2571 Evidence gathering, incident investigation, 2262-2268 sulfur dioxide exposure, 2579-2582 Executive Orders, OSHA standards and, 2006-2007 Feasibility: Exit route planning, federal standards, 2231-2232 hazard-free environment, employers' failure to Expansion planning, laboratory design render, 2009-20 II projects, 2632-2633 OSHA standards, economic and technological Ex parte warrants, OSHA inspections, 2057-2058 feasibility, 2002-2004 Experimental variance from compliance, 2051 Federal Aviation Act of 1958, 2099 Expert witnesses, industrial hygienists as, 2662, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), 2666-2667 emergency response and preparedness Explosions, emergency response and duties, 2218-2221 preparedness, 2289-2291 terrorism incidents, 2304 Exposure measurements: Federal government statutes and exemptions. See also carbon monoxide, 2554-2555 specific agencies chemical spills, 2287-2288 emergency response and preparedness Exposure-response analysis, product stewardship duties, 2218-2240 and, 2195 Occupational Safety and Health Act and, 2093-2107 Extended product responsibility, product stewardship Federal Hazardous Substances Act, 2100 and, 2181-2182 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act Extraction, hazardous wastes, 2368 (AFRA), 2100 Eyewash stations, laboratory design and agricultural industry pesticide regulations, 2487-2490 layout, 2654-2655 Federal Noise Control Act of 1972 (FNCA), 2100-2101 Federal Railroad Safety Act of 1970 (FRA), 2101-2102 Facilities layout and design: Federal Register, OSHA standards adoption and, 2002 emergency response and preparedness, 2241-2242 Feedback loop, occupational health and safety hazardous waste management, 2375 management systems, 2113-2114 health care work settings, emergency response and Fertilizers, agricultural industry, respiratory tract preparedness, restrictions, screening, hazards, 2481-2483,2502 decontamination, self-transport, 2540-2541 Fetal development/mortality, particulate matter laboratories: exposure, 2587-2488 accidents, 2622-2623 Filtration systems: aesthetics and environment, 2623-2624 indoor air quality: compressed gas system, 2644 evaluation and control, 2448-2453 distribution schemes, 2637-2638 nonindustrial building ventilation egress and handicapped access, 2626 systems, 2420-2423 electrical systems, 2642-2643 laboratory ventilation system design, 2642 2724 INDEX

Fire drills, guidelines for, 2692 Furnishings, laboratory design guidelines, 2627 site management, 2332-2335 Fire endurance ratings, fire safety and building Fusion imaging, safety issues, 2537-2538 technician training, 2331-2332 construction, 2689-2691 exclusions, 2359 Fire plume formation, fire safety and, 2683-2684 Gap analysis, occupational health and safety management F-list, 2358 Fires: systems, 2153-2154 health and safety issues, 2369-2375 building construction and design, 2687-2691 Gases, agricultural industry, respiratory tract health care work settings, management and ceiling-confined fires, 2684 hazards, 2479-2483 disposal, 2543 combustion products, 2685-2687 General Mills workplace health promotion ignitable wastes, 2358, 2365 emergency response and preparedness standards: study, 271G-2713 K-list, 2358 employee response, 2693-2695 Generators, hazardous waste requirements, 2359-2360 laboratory design and layout for, 2651-2654 federal standards, 2231 Genetic polyrnorphisms, lead exposure and, 2559 legal liabilities and issues, 2355-2356 prevention, 2237-2240 Genotoxicity, particulate matter exposure, 2592-2593 listed wastes, 2358, 2365 procedures for, 2289-2291 Geographic organization: management protocols, 2364--2368 flasbover and full room involvement, 2684-2685 emergency response and preparedness, natural disaster P-list, 2358 free burning/open burning, 2683-2684 assessments, 2276-2278 regulatory issues and guidelines, 2355-2364 beat release rate, 2683 international environmental health and safety storage, laboratory construction and design ignitable wastes, 2358 programs, 2164--2165 for, 2649-2651 ignition dynamics, 2682-2683 George Hyman Construction Company v. OSHRC, 2069 toxic wastes, 2358, 2366 laboratory design and layout, extinguishers and Globally Harmonized System (GHS): V-Jist, 2358 suppression systems, 2655 chemical labeling, 2041-2042 Hazardous Materials Transport Act of 1990 safety and prevention practices, 2682-2687 OSHA hazard communication standard, 2027 (HMTA), 2103-2104 workplace safety practices and: product stewardship and, 2184--2185 Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency codes, standards and regulations, 2676-2679 Global operations, international environmental healthand Response (HAZWOPER) Standard, 2027· information resources, 2682 safety programs, 2164--2165 2285-2289, 2364 loss data, 2671 Glove boxes, laboratory ventilation system Hazard vulnerability assessments: NFPA 550 Fire Safety Concepts Tree, 2673-2676 design, 2641-2642 emergency response and preparedness performance-based practices, 2679-2682 Government agencies: plans, 2247-2250 protection methods, 2671-2676 emergency response and preparedness standards, health care facilities, 2321 First-aid procedures: incident investigation, 225G-2256 Health and safety training programs, workplace he emergency response and preparedness, 232G-2332 product stewardship and, 2181-2182 promotion: federal standards, 2232 Governors, emergency response and preparedness barriers to, 2705 hazard vulnerability assessment, 2321 duties, 2217-2218 best practices resources, 2707-2708 mass casualty incidents, hospital-based first Gram-negative bacteria, indoor air quality, nonindustrial case studies, 2709-2713 receivers, 233G-233I environments, 2387-2388 health risk appraisals, 2703-2704 regulatory requirements, 232G-2330 historical background, 2700-2701 terrorism incidents, 2300-2303 Halogenated Solvents Industry Alliance (SHIA), incentives and motivational strategies, 2704-2; training programs, 2331-2332 methylene chloride standard and, 2031-2032 international programs, 2702-2703 hazardous waste management, 2374--2375 Hazard analysis: legal issues, 2708 laboratory design and layout, 2655-2656 agricultural industry, 2500-2502 management policies for safety andhealth, 2713­ First responder awareness/operations training, emergency response and preparedness: outcomes assessment, 2705-2707 emergency response and preparedness bioterrorism, 2297-2303 overview, 2699-2700 plans, 2331-2332 fire protection, 2237-2240 return on investment of, 2707-2708 Flammable liquids, storage, laboratory construction and employees' right to refuse hazardous work, 2083-2al4 wellness programs, 2703 design for, 2648 hazard-free environment, employers' duty Health care work settings: Flashover dynamics, fire safety procedures, 2686-2687 regarding, 2009-2011 agricultural hygiene practices, 2506-2509 Food safety, emergency response and preparedness, product stewardship and, 2184--2185, 2204-2205 blood-borne pathogen exposure, OSHA terrorism incidents, 2302-2303 "recognized" hazard requirement, 2011 standards, 2019-2020 Formaldehyde: risk of death or injury, assessment, 2011-2012 emergency response and preparedness, 2320-2, indoor air quality, nonindustrial Hazard Communication Standard: hazard vulnerability assessment, 2321 environments, 2393-2397 emergency preparedness and, 2232 industrial hygiene practices, 2538-2542 OSHA standard for, 2025-2026 OSHA provisions, 2026-2027 mass casualty incidents, hospital-based first Frank Irey Jr., Inc. v. OSHRC, 2067-2068 Hazardous materials and waste: receivers, 233G-233I Free burning dynamics, fire safety and, 2683-2684 characteristic wastes, 2358, 2365-2366 regulatory requirements, 2320-2330 Full room fires, fire safety procedures, 2684--2685 corrosive wastes, 2358, 2366 terrorism incidents, 2300-2303 Fume hoods. See Hoods definitions, 2357-2358 training programs, 2331-2332 Fungi: emergency response and preparedness: hazardous waste management and disposal, 254 agricultural hygiene, skin irritation, 2496 airport settings, 2312-2315 industrial hygiene practices: indoor air quality, 2382-2386 federal standards, 2103-2104,2230 "benchtop to bedside" paradigm, 2527-2531 evaluation and control, 2442-2445, 245G-245I mass casualty incidents, hospital-based first diagnostic clinical imaging technologies, ventilation system sources, 2429-2430 receivers, 233G-233I 2531-2538 INDEX 2725

site management, 2332-2335 overview, 2525 technician training, 2331-2332 workplace practices, 2526-2527 exclusions, 2359 Health hazard evaluation: F-list, 2358 agricultural hygiene, 2474-2475 health and safety issues, 2369-2375 carbon monoxide, 2554-2555 health care work settings, management and hazardous wastes, 2369-2375 disposal, 2543 indoor air quality, nonindustrial ignitahle wastes, 2358, 2365 environments, 2386-2393 K-Iist, 2358 lead, 2557-2561 laboratory design and layout for, 2651-2654 nitrogen oxide exposure, 2573-2577 legal liabilities and issues, 2355-2356 ozone exposure, 2563-2571 listed wastes, 2358, 2365 particulate matter, 2584-2588 management protocols, 2364-2368 sulfur dioxide exposure, 2579-2582 P-Iist, 2358 Health risk appraisals (HRAs), workplace health regulatory issues and guidelines, 2355-2364 promotion and, 2703-2704 storage, laboratory construction and design Heat exchange, indoor air quality, nonindustrial building for, 2649-2651 ventilation systems, 2420-2423 toxic wastes, 2358, 2366 Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems: V-list, 2358 emergency response and preparedness, huilding Hazardous Materials Transport Act of 1990 environments, 2317-2320 (HMTA), 2103-2104 indoor air quality: Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency ASHRAE Standard 62, 2423-2428 Response (HAZWOPER) Standard, 2027-2028, buildings, pollutants, and definitions, 2379-2381 2285-2289, 2364 cleaning operations, 2418-2419 Hazard vulnerability assessments: combustion products, 2403-2405 emergency response and preparedness fungi, 2382-2386 plans, 2247-2250 microbial evaluation and control, 2444-2445 health care facilities, 2321 NIOSH studies, 2409-2410 Health and safety training programs, workplace health nonindustrial buildings, 2419-2431 promotion: particulate matter, 2408-2409 barriers to, 2705 pollutant sources, 2428-2430 best practices resources, 2707-2708 system evaluation and controls, 2448-2453 case studies, 2709-2713 thermal environment, 2430-2431 health risk appraisals, 2703-2704 laboratory design and layout for, 2637-2642 historical background, 2700-2701 Heat release rate (HRR), fire safety and, 2683 incentives and motivational strategies, 2704-2705 Heat stress, agricultural hygiene, skin irritation, 2496 international programs, 2702-2703 Hexavalent chromium, OSHA standards, 2028 legal issues, 2708 High efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter: management policies for safety and health, 2713-2714 indoor air quality, particulate matter, 2408-2409 outcomes assessment, 2705-2707 laboratory ventilation system design, 2642 overview, 2699-2700 Homeland Security Advisory System return on investment of, 2707-2708 (HSAS), 2223-2225, 2236-2237 wellness programs, 2703 Hoods, laboratory ventilation system design, 2639-2642 Health care work settings: Horizontal distribution, laboratory design and layout agricultural hygiene practices, 2506--2509 for, 2637 blood-borne pathogen exposure, OSHA Horne Plumbing and Heating Company v. OSHRC and standards, 2019-2020 Dunlop, 2082 emergency response and preparedness, 2320-2332 Host defense mechanisms, nitrogen oxide hazard vulnerability assessment, 2321 exposure, 2575-2577 industrial hygiene practices, 2538-2542 Hot-dry industries, fire safety in, 2693 mass casualty incidents, hospital-based first Housekeeping requirements: receivers, 2330-2331 fire safety and, 2693 regulatory requirements, 2320-2330 laboratory design and layout, 2656-2657 terrorism incidents, 2300-2303 Human resources, international environmental health and training programs, 2331-2332 safety programs, 2173-2176 hazardouswaste management and disposal, 2543 Humidifier fever, indoor air quality, nonindustrial industrial hygiene practices: environments, 2390 "benchtop to bedside" paradigm, 2527-2531 Humoral immunity, nitrogen oxide exposure, 2576-2577 diagnostic clinical imaging technologies, Hydrogen sulfide, agricultural industry, respiratory tract 2531-2538 hazards, 2481-2483 2726 INDEX

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: OSHA standard for, 2042 policy review procedures, 2272-2273 agricultural industry exposure, 2484-2487 testing and sampling methods reference provisions and policies, 2268-2275 indoor air quality, nonindustrial environments, 2390 guide, 2453-2454 Integrated Contingency Plan (ICP): Industrial accidents, emergency response and emergency response and preparedness, 222') Ignitable wastes, 2358, 2365 preparedness, 2288-2289 template and core elements, 2240-2247 Ignition principles, fire safety and, 2682-2683 Industrial fire brigades, federal standards Integrated environmental health and safetymans Imminent danger: for, 2239-2240, 2695 systems, 2157-2158 employees' right to notification of and relief Industrial furnaces, hazardous waste treatment, 2367 Integrated pest management (IPM) programs,in. from, 2085 Industrial hygiene: quality, 2401-2403 OSH Act provisions concerning, 2062-2063 competency assessment in, 2202-2207 Interagency cooperation, health care work Immune system: occupational health and safety management settings. emergency response and lead effects, 2559-2560 systems, 2109-2111,2158 preparedness, 2539-2540 nitrogen oxide exposure, 2576-2577 Industrial hygienists: Interim standards, Occupational Safety and Heal Incentives, workplace health promotion, 2704-2705 emergency response and preparedness, duties and Act, 2000-2001 Incident Command System, 2227-2229 responsibilities, 2335-2345 Internal audit, occupational health and safetyman industrial hygienists' duties and litigation issues, 2661-2670 systems, 2125 responsibilities, 2238-2345 corporate counsel interaction, 2663-2664 International Code Council"': Incident investigation: court-imposed limitations, 2665-2666 fire codes, standards, and regulations, 2678-. emergency response and preparedness, 2250-2253 defendant guidelines, 2667-2668 fire drill guidelines, 2692 industrial hygienists' duties and expert witness proceedings, 2662, 2666-2667 International environmental health and safetypn: responsibilities, 2238-2345 Indus/rial Union Dept. v. American Petroleum emergency response and preparedness occupational health and safety management Institute, 2028-2029 standards, 2237-2240 systems, 2125 Infant development/mortality, particulate matter management of, 2163-2176 personnel involved in, 2254-2256 exposure, 2587-2488 International health regulations, emergencyrespo procedural management, 2256-2268 Infectious disease, emergency response and preparedness: preparedness, epidemics, 2283-2284 Incident management systems, fire departments airborne disease, 2037-2038 International Labor Organization (ILO): standards, 2239-2240 airport settings, 2314-2315 international environmental health and safety Incineration guidelines: epidemic/pandemic management, 2279-2284 programs, 2166-2168 hazardous wastes, 2367 Influenza: occupational health and safety management laboratory hazardous waste management emergency response and preparedness for, 2280-2284 systems, 2111-2112,2130-2134 systems, 2653-2654 OSHA standard, 2037-2038 International Occupational Hygiene Association ( Incompatible chemicals, storage, laboratory construction Information Quality Act, OSHA standards and, 2007 occupational health and safety managerne and design for, 2649-2651 Information requirements: systems. 2111-2112 Indirect losses, emergency response and emergency response and preparedness: International Safety Rating System (ISRS), oceup preparedness, 2214 health care work settings, 2542 health and safety management systems Indoor air quality (IAQ): incident investigation, 2263-2268 development, 2110-2111,2143 nonindustrial environments: terrorism incidents, 2298-2303 International Standards Organization (ISO): airborne particulates, 2408-2409 fire codes, standards, and regulations, 2682 intemational environmental health and safety building-related symptoms and illness, 2378-2379 health care work settings, 2542 programs, 2165-2166 cleaning operations, 2418-2419 laboratory chemical waste disposal, 2654 ISO 900 I, product stewardship and, 2200-221 combustion products, 2403-2405 occupational safely and health management systems occupational health and safety management crisis buildings and mass psychogenic implementation, 2156-2157 systems, 2110-2114.2158 illness, 2415-2416 Infrastructure: 14ool-based standards, 2127-2130,2166-: definitions, 2379-2381 international environmental health and safely programs, Inventory protocols, hazardouswastemanagement, developing countries, 2418 development guidelines, 2172-2176 Inventory Update Rule (IUR), product stewardshi] early studies, 2409-2412 terrorism incidents, protection and preparedness, 2303 and, 2195 economic issues and productivity, 2416-2418 Injuries: Ionizing radiation, OSHA standard, 2043 EPA studies, 2412-2413 agricultural industry, 2475-2479 Isolation orders, emergency response and evaluation protocols and guidelines, 2431-2440 recordkeeping requirements, 2047-2049 preparedness, 2279-2284,2314-2315 historical background, 2377-2378 Insects, indoor air quality, nonindustrial rnicrobials, 2381-2393 environments, 2388-2389 Johnson and Johnson workplace health promotion monitoring and control systems, 2440-2454 Inspections: study, 2709 perceived air quality, 2413-2415 employees' right to request, 2084 pesticides, 2401-2403 incident investigation, 2260-2268 Key performance indicators (KPls), intemational pollutant identification and classification, OSH Act enforcement, 2052-2062 environmental health and safety 2381-2409 Instrumentation, laboratory design and layout programs, 2174-2176 radon, 2406-2408 for, 2635-2636 tobacco smoke, 2405-2406 Insurance issues, emergency response and preparedness: Labeling guidelines, product stewardshipand, 21 ventilation systems, 2419-2431 claims management, 2273-2274 Laboratories: volatile organic compounds, 2393-2401 incident investigation, 2256 construction guidelines, 2644-2647 INDEX 2727

policy review procedures, 2272-2273 hlueprint review, 2645-2646 provisions and policies, 2268-2275 communication during, 2646--2647 Integrated Contingency Plan (lCP): design criteria: emergency response and preparedness, 2229 accidents, 2622-2623 template and core elements, 2240-2247 aesthetics and environment, 2623-2624 Integrated environmental health and safety management compressed gas system, 2644 systems, 2157-2158 distribution schemes, 2637-2638 Integrated pest management (IPM) programs, indoor air egress and handicapped access, 2626 quality, 2401-2403 electrical systems, 2642-2643 Interagency cooperation, health care work emergency facilities, 2627 settings, emergency response and expansion planning, 2632 preparedness, 2539-2540 filtration systems, 2642 Interim standards, Occupational Safety and Health fume hoods, 2639-2642 Act, 2000-2001 furnishings and lighting, 2627 Internal audit, occupational health and safety management glove boxes, 2641-2642 systems, 2125 instrumentation layout, 2635-2636 International Code Council'": layout elements, 2627-2635 fire codes, standards, and regulations, 2678-2679 location, 2623 fire drill guidelines, 2692 overview, 2621-2622 International environmental health and safety programs: plumbing, 2643-2644 emergency response and preparedness regulatory issues, 2624-2625 standards, 2237-2240 service specifications, 2636--2637 managemento~ 2163-2176 space and room size planning, 2630-2631 International health regulations, emergency response and ventilation systems, 2626, 2636--2637 preparedness, epidemics, 2283-2284 safety design and planning, 2647-2657 International Labor Organization (lLO): chemical storage, 2647-2651 international environmental health and safety emergency evacuation design, 2656 programs, 2166--2168 fire extinguishers and suppression systems, 2655 occupational health and safety management first-aid planning, 2655-2656 systems, 2111-2112,2130-2134 maintenance procedures, 2656--2657 International Occupational Hygiene Association (lOHA), safety showers and eyewash stations, 2654-2655 occupational health and safety management waste disposal, 2651-2654 systems, 2111-2112 Language issues, international environmental health and International Safety Rating System (lSRS), occupational safety programs, 2169-2176 health and safety management systems LC50 values, fire safety procedures, 2686--2687 development, 2110-2111,2143 Lead: International Standards Organization (ISO): air pollution and, 2555-2561 international environmental health and safety health effects, 2557-2561 programs, 2165-2166 levels measurement, 2557 ISO 900I, product stewardship and, 2200-220I OSHA standard for, 2029 occupational health and safety management sources, 2555-2557 systems, 2110-2114,2158 Lean design concepts, laboratory design projects, 2628­ 1400I-hased standards, 2127-2130,2166--2167 2633 Inventory protocols, hazardous waste management, 2364 Legal issues: Inventory Update Rule (lUR), product stewardship emergency response and preparedness, 2240-2247, and, 2195 2250-2268 Ionizing radiation, OSHA standard, 2043 liability management and incident Isolation orders, emergency response and investigation, 2250-2253 preparedness, 2279-2284,2314-2315 employees' right to litigation before OSHA Review Commission, 2084-2085 lohnson and Johnson workplace health promotion case future regulations and, 2107-2108 study, 2709 industrial hygienists' litigation process, 2661-2670 occupational health and safety management Key performance indicators (KPls), international systems, 2122 environmental health and safety workplace health promotion, 2708 programs, 2174-2176 Legionella, indoor air quality, nonindustrial environments, 2386--2388 Labeling guidelines, product stewardship and, 2197 Liability issues: ratories: emergency response and preparedness: construction guidelines, 2644-2647 commercial airlines, goods shipments, 2312-2315 2728 INDEX

Liability issues (Continued) Medical services and first aid: National Defense variance from compliance, 2051 incident investigation procedures, 2250-2253 emergency response and preparedness, 2320-2332 National Emissions Inventory (NEI), carbon rnonoxi, insurance claims, 2270-2275 federal standards, 2232 levels, 2551-2553 hazardous waste, 2355-2356 hazard vulnerability assessment, 2321 National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollut Lighting requirements, laboratory design mass casualty incidents, hospital-based first (NESHAP). 2097 guidelines, 2627 receivers, 2330-2331 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), rulemak Livestock operations, respiratory tract regulatory requirements, 2320-2330 analysis, 2005 hazards, 2481-2487 terrorism incidents, 2300-2303 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA): Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC), 2098, training programs, 2331-2332 codes, standards, and regulations of, 2677-2679 2233-2234 hazardous waste management, 2374-2375 emergency response and preparedness Local governments: laboratory design and layout, 2655--2656 standards, 2237-2240 emergency response and preparedness, 2214-2217 Megawest Fin.• Inc" 2044-2045 employee fire safety training programs, 2694-26' emergency response and preparedness duties, incident Mercaptans, agricultural industry, respiratory tract fire drill guidelines, 2692 investigation, 2056 hazards, 2481-2483 Fire Safety Concepts Tree (NFPA 550), 2673-26' Long-term exposure studies, paniculate Methylene chloride. OSHA standard, 2031 laboratory design guidelines, 2626--2628 matter, 2587-2589 Methylenedianiline. OSHA standard for, 2032 National Incident Management System Loss assessment: Microbials, indoor air quality, 2381-2393 (NIMS), 2227-2229 emergency response and preparedness, 2214 allergens, 2388-2390 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health insurance claims, 2270 bacteria, 2386--2388 (NIOSH): fire loss in workplace, 2671 evaluation and control, 2442-2445 agricultural hygiene practices, 2503-2509 L R. Wilson & Sons. Inc. •. OSHRC, 2053 fungi, 2382-2386 creation of, 1999 Lung cancer, radon exposure and, 2407-2408 health effects, 2390-2391 duties and responsibilities, 2087-2088 Lung function: sampling and data interpretation, 2391-2393 indoor air quality studies, 2409-2410 nitrogen oxide exposure, 2576--2577 ventilation system sources, 2429-2430 National Institutes for Health (NIH), health care ozone exposure and, 2563-2571 Microencapsulation, hazardous waste treatment, 2367 work settings, industrial hygiene Lyme disease, agricultural workers, 2501-2502 Minerals Management Service, emergency response and practices, 2527-2531 preparedness. incident investigation, 2256 National Realty and ConstructionCompany, 2010-20 Maintenance procedures, laboratory design and Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977, 2104-2105 2082 layout, 2656--2657 Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), National Response Plan (NRP)/National Response Management policies: emergency response and preparedness, incident Framework (NRF), 2225-2227 emergency response and preparedness, incident investigation, 2255 National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), emerge. investigation. 2254-2256 Mining, fatality studies, 2475-2477 response and preparedness, incident employer duties under OSH Act, 2007-2036 Moisture problems, indoor air quality: investigation, 2255 fire safety and prevention, 2694 evaluation and control, 2442-2445, 2448-2453 Natural disasters, emergency response and international environmental health and safety fungi formation, 2383-2384 preparedness, 2276--2278 programs, 2165-2168 Mold, indoor air quality, evaluation and Natural Gas Pipeline Safety Act of 1968, 2106 laboratory construction and design, 2644-2647 control, 2450-2451 Negative pressurization, indoor air quality, ventilation occupational health and safety management systems Monitoring procedures, occupational health and safety systems, 2422-2423 development, 2110-2111 management systems, 2125 Neutralization, hazardous waste treatment, 2367 early management approaches, 2141-2143 Morbidity and monality studies: Newcastle disease, agricultural industry framework pyramid, 2116--2120 agricultural industry, 2475-2477 exposure, 2491-2492 resources, responsibility, and authority, 2120-2121 fire safety procedures, 2686--2687 Nicotine. indoor air quality, environmentaltohacco review procedures, 2126--2127 ozone exposure and, 2569-2571 smoke, 2406 recordkeeping requirements, 2045-2049 particulate matter exposure, 2587-2589, 2593-2594 Nitrogen oxides: specific standards, employer duties arising sulfur dioxide exposure, 2579-2582 agricultural industry, respiratory tract from, 2045-2049 Motivational strategies, workplace health hazards, 2482-2483 Manufacturing systems, product stewardship and, 2183 promotion, 2704 air pollution, 2571-2577 Marketing issues, product stewardship and, 2183 Motor Carrier Act of 1984, 2106 health effects, 2573-2577 Marshall •. Barlow's lnc., 2053-2056 Musculoskeletal disorders, agricultural indoor air quality, 2403-2405 Marshallv. Western WaterproojingCo .. lnc, 2061-2062 hygiene, 2477-2479 level measurements, 2573 Mass care systems: Mutagenicity, particulate matter exposure, 2592-2593 sources, 2571-2573 emergency response and preparedness: Mycotoxins, indoor air quality, fungi formation, Noise level limits: mass casualty incidents, hospital-based first 2385-2386 agricultural hygiene, 2496--2498 receivers, 2330-2331 federal statutes concerning, 2100-210/ terrorism incidents, 2299-2303 Nanotechnology, medical industrial hygiene OSHA standard, 2032-2033 indoor air quality, mass psychogenic practices, 2530-2531 Nonindustrial environments, indoor air quality: illness. 2415-2416 National Advisory Committee on Occupational Safety and airborne particulates, 2408-2409 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), fire safety Health (NACOSH), creation of, 1999 huilding-related symptoms and illness, 2378-2379 procedures, 2686--2687 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) cleaning operations, 2418-2419 Measurement procedures, radon products, 2407-2408 workplace health promotion study, 2710 combustion products, 2403-2405 INDEX 2729

National Defense variance from compliance. 205] crisis buildings and mass psychogenic National Emissions Inventory (NEI). carbon monoxide illness, 2415-2416 levels, 2551-2553 definitions. 2379-2381 National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants developing countries, 2418 (NESHAP), 2097 early studies, 2409-2412 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), rulemaking economic issues and productivity, 2416--2418 analysis, 2005 EPA studies, 2412-2413 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA): evaluation protocols and guidelines, 2431-2440 codes, standards, and regulations of, 2677-2679 historical background, 2377-2378 emergency response and preparedness microbials, 2381-2393 standards, 2237-2240 monitoring and control systems, 2440-2454 employee fire safety training programs, 2694--2695 perceived air quality, 2413-2415 fire drill guidelines, 2692 pesticides, 2401-2403 Fire Safety Concepts Tree (NFPA 550), 2673-2676 pollutant identification and classification, 2381-2409 laboratory design guidelines, 2626--2628 radon, 24~2408 National Incident Management System tobacco smoke. 2405-2406 (NIMS), 2227-2229 ventilation systems, 2419-2431 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health volatile organic compounds, 2)93-2401 (NIOSH): North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 2106 agricultural hygiene practices, 2503-2509 NOSA occupational health and safety management creation of, 1999 system, 2143 duties and responsibilities, 2087-2088 Notification systems. emergency response and indoor air quality studies, 2409-2410 preparedness, 2243-2244 National Institutes for Health (NIH), health care Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), 2096 work settings, industrial hygiene emergency preparedness and response, 2236 practices, 2527-2531 health care work settings, industrial hygiene National Realtyand Construction Company, 20 I0-20 I I, practices, 2532-2538 2082 Nuclear weapons, emergency response and preparedness, National Response Plan (NRP)/National Response terrorism involving, 2297-2303 Framework (NRFj, 2225-2227 National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), emergency Occupational Safety and Health Act (1970): response and preparedness, incident agency duties and responsibilities in, 1998-2000 investigation, 2255 amendments to, 2089-2090 Natural disasters, emergency response and citations, violations, and civil penalties, 2063-2071 preparedness, 2276--2278 contestation proceedings, 2077-2082 Natural Gas Pipeline Safety Act of 1968, 2106 coverage and scope, 1999-2000 Negative pressurization, indoor air quality, ventilation economic and technological feasibility systems, 2422-2423 requirements, 2002-2004 Neutralization, hazardous waste treatment, 2367 employee duties and rights under, 2083-2086 Newcastle disease, agricultural industry employer duties under. 2007-2036 exposure, 2491-2492 enforcement procedures, 2052-2077 Nicotine, indoor air quality. environmental tobacco future regulations and, 2107-2108 smoke, 2406 General Duty Clause, 2008-2012 Nitrogen oxides: imminent danger provisions, 2062-2063 agricultural industry, respiratory tract inspection procedures, 2059-2062 hazards, 2482-2483 overview, 1997-2000 air pollution, 2571-2577 recordkeeping provisions, 2045-2047 health effects, 2573-2577 rulemaking analysis, 2004--2007 indoor air quality, 2403-2405 standards adoption requirements, 200 1-2002 level measurements. 2573 standards development, 2000-2002 sources, 2571-2573 state regulations and, 2090-2093 Noiselevel limits: voluntary compliance programs, 2086--2087 agricultural hygiene. 2496--2498 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA): federal statutes concerning, 2100-2101 acrylonitrile standard, 2015 OSHA standard, 2032-2033 aerosol transmissible diseases, 2037-2038 Nonindustrial environments, indoor air quality: agricultural hygiene, 2474--2475 airhome particulates, 2408-2409 arsenic standard, 2028-2029 building-related symptoms and illness, 2378-2379 asbestos, 2016--2018 cleaning operations, 2418-2419 benzene standard, 2018-2019 combustion products, 2403-2405 beryllium standard, 2038 2730 INDEX

Occupational Safety (Continued) ANSIIAIHA ZIO standard, 2120-2121,2125-2126, Overtime, OSHA provisions for, 1997-1998 blood-borne pathogens, 2019-2020 2134-2140 Oxidative stress, particulate matter exposure, 2592-2: 1,3-butadiene standard, 2020 auditing procedures, 2144-2152 Ozone: cadmium standard, 2020-2021 British Standard BS 8800, 2142 air pollution and, 2562-2571 carcinogens, 2021-2022 conformity assessment, 2143--2144 health effects, 2563-2571 chemical labeling standard, 2041-2042 development and rollout, 2154-2157 indoor air quality, volatile organic compounds coke oven emissions, 2022-2023 early management system approaches, 2141 and, 2400-240 I combustible dust standard, 2038-2039 employee participation, 2121 level measurements, 2563 confined work spaces, 2023 evaluation and checking, 2125-2126 sources, 2561-2563 colton dust standard, 2023-2024 evolution of, 2109-2112 creation of, 1998-2000 future direction, 2157-2159 Pandemics, emergency response and crystalline silica standard, 2043-2044 generic model, 2115-2116,2118-2119 preparedness, 2279-2284 development of, 2000--2007,2037-2045 ILO OSHMS, 2130-2134 Paperwork Reduction Act, OSHA standards diacetyl standard, 2039 implementation and operational elements, 2123--2125, and, 2005-2006 1,2 dibromo-3-chloropropane standard, 2024 2152-2157 Particulate matter: emergency response and preparedness ISO and standards development, 2112-2113 air pollution, 2582-2594 guidelines, 2039-2040, 2229-2233 ISRAINOSA systems, 2143 cardiovascular effects, 2588-2591 incident investigation, 2250-2256 management review, 2126-2127 health effects, 2584-2588 emergency temporary standards, 2001 management system framework pyramid, 2116-2117, levels measurements, 2584 employer duties concerning, 2012-2036 2120 mutagenicity and toxicity effects, 2592-2593 enforcement policies, 2073-2077 OHSAS 18001 and ISO 1400I-based respiratory effects, 2591-2592 ergonomics standard, 2040-2041 approaches, 2127-2130 sources and components, 2582-2583, 2593--25' ethylene oxide standard, 2024-2025 OSHA Voluntary Protection Program, 2140-2141 indoor air quality, 2408-2409 fire codes, standards, and regulations, 2678-2679 planning strategies, 2121-2123 cleaning operations, 2418-2419 fire safety training requirements, 2695 policy development, 2121 evaluation and control, 2447 formaldehyde standard, 2025-2026 programs vs. systems, 2115 Pathogenic resistance, nitrogen oxide hazard communication standard, 2026-2027 resources, responsibility, and authority, 2120-2121 exposure, 2576-2577 hazardous waste operations guidelines, 2027-2028, system concepts and definitions, 2113--2114 Penalties: 2369-2375 Odor measurement and control, indoor air quality, contestation proceedings, 2077-2081 hexavalent chromium standard, 2028 ventilation and building pressurization, OSHA enforcement provisions, 2063-2071 indoor air quality standard, 2042 2450-2451 Perceived air quality concept, indoor air quality interim standards, 2000--200I OHSAS 18001:1999, 2112,2127-2130 studies. 2413-2414 ionizing radiation standard, 2043 international environmental health and safety ventilation system pollutants, 2429-2430 judicial review of standards, 2049-2051 programs, 2166-2167 Perchloric acid hoods. laboratory ventilation system laboratory design guidelines, 2624-2628 occupational health and safety management design, 2641 lead standard, 2029-2030 systems, 2112,2114-2115 Performance evaluation: methylene chloride standard, 2031 Oil pipelines, emergency preparedness and competency assessment programs, 2202-2207 methylenedianiline standard, 2032 response, 2235 emergency response and preparedness noise levels, 2032-2033 OIf unit, perceived air quality studies, 2413-2415 plans, 2246-2247 past, present, and future standards, 2037-2045 Open burning dynamics, fire safety and, 2683--2684 fire codes, standards, and regulations, 2679-268l permanent standards, 200 I Organic dust toxic syndrome (ODTS), agricultural industry indoor air quality, protocols and guidelines, 2431-l personal protective equipment, 2033-2034 and, 2484-2487 international environmental health and safety recordkeeping requirements, 2045-2047 Organizational structure: programs, 2174-2176 respiratory protective equipment, 2034-2036 health care work settings, emergency response and occupational health and safety management risk assessment standard, 2045 preparedness, 2539 systems, 2125 specific substances, 2015-2036 occupational health and safety management Permanent standards, Occupational Safety and Heald standards classification, 2000--200I systems, 2153--2157 Act, 2001 vinyl chloride standard, 2036 product stewardship and, 2183 Permissible exposure limits (PELs): Voluntary Protection Program: Organ systems, lead exposure and, 2561 acrylonitrile, 2015 international environmental health and safety Other-than-serious violations, OSHA enforcement asbestos, 2016-2018 programs, 2167-2168 provisions, 2065 benzene, 2018-2019 occupational health and safety management systems Outcomes assessment, workplace health OSH Act provisions concerning, 2014-2015 and, 2110-2111,2140-2141 promotion, 2705-2707 Personal injury lawyers and experts. emergencyresp OSH Act provisions for, 2086-2087 Outdoor air requirements, indoor air quality: and preparedness duties, incident product stewardship and, 2196-2199 ASHRAE Standard 62, 2423--2428 investigation, 2256 workplace violence prevention, 2044-2045 HVAC system evaluation and controls, 2448-2453 Personal protective equipment: Occupational safety and health management systems Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act, 2106-2107 hazardous waste management, 2371-2373 (OSHMS): emergency response and preparedness, incident OSHA standard for, 2033-2034 AIHA system, 2142-2143 investigation, 2256 Pesticides: agricultural industry exposure, 2487-2490, 2502 INDEX 2731

Overtime, OSHA provisions for, 1997-1998 indoor air quality: Oxidative stress, particulate mailer exposure, 2592-2593 evaluation and control, 2446 Ozone: nonindustrial buildings, 2401-2403 air pollution and, 2562-2571 Pharmaceuticals, agricultural industry health effects, 2563-2571 exposure, 2490-2492 indoor air quality, volatile organic compounds Physical removal systems, hazardous wastes, 2368 and, 2400-2401 Planning-related elements: level measurements, 2563 emergency response and preparedness, 2213 sources, 2561-2563 campus settings, 2309-2311 occupational health and safety management Pandemics, emergency response and systems, 2121-2123 preparedness, 2279-2284 Plumbing systems, laboratory design and layout Paperwork Reduction Act, OSHA standards for, 2643-2644 and, 2005-2006 Pneumonitis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, indoor air Particulate matter: quality, nonindustrial environments, 2390 air pollution, 2582-2594 Pollutants, indoor air quality: cardiovascular effects, 2588-2591 definitions, 2379-2381 health effects, 2584-2588 evaluation and control, 244G-2454 levels measurements, 2584 HVAC system sources, 2428-2430 mutagenicity and toxicity effects, 2592-2593 microbials, 2381-2393 respiratory effects, 2591-2592 perceived air quality studies, 2413-2415 sources and components, 2582-2583, 2593-2594 Pollution. legal liability (PLL) insurance policies, 2271­ indoor air quality, 2408-2409 2272 cleaning operations, 2418-2419 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: evaluation and control, 2447 indoor air quality, 2403-2405 Pathogenic resistance, nitrogen oxide mutagenicity and genotoxicity, 2592-2593 exposure, 2576-2577 Porous materials, indoor air quality, fungi Penalties: formation, 2383 contestation proceedings, 2077-2081 Positron emission tomography (PET), safety OSHA enforcement provisions, 2063-2071 issues, 2534-2537 Perceived air quality concept, indoor air quality Potlach Corporation, 2069 studies, 2413-2414 Premanufacture Notification (PMN), product stewardship ventilation system pollutants, 2429-2430 and. 2185-2195 Perchloric acid hoods, laboratory ventilation system Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge, product design, 2641 stewardship and, 2197 Performance evaluation: Prevention: competency assessment programs, 2202-2207 emergeocy response and preparedness plans, 2247 emergency response and preparedness hazard-free environment, employers' failure to plans, 2246-2247 render, 2009-2011 fire codes, standards, and regulations, 2679-2682 Probable cause requirement, OSHA inspection indoorair quality, protocols and guidelines, 2431-2440 warrants, 2054-2056 international environmental health and safety Process Safety Management (PSMI, emergency response programs, 2174-2176 and preparedness, federal standards, 2231 occupational health and safety management Product design and development: systems, 2125 fire safety procedures, 2686-2687 Permanentstandards, Occupational Safety and Health product stewardship and, 2182,2185-2195 Act, 2001 Productivity measurements, indoor air quality Permissibleexposure limits (PELs): and, 2416-2418 acrylonitrile, 2015 Product organization, international environmental health asbestos, 2016-2018 and safety programs, 2164-2165 benzene, 2018-2019 Product stewardship: OSH Act provisions concerning, 2014-2015 Code of Management Practices, 2179-2181 Personal injury lawyers and experts, emergency response communication guidelines, 2184 and preparedness duties, incident competency assessment, 2202-2206 investigation, 2256 definitions, 2178-2182 Personal protective equipment: government-led programs, 2196-2199 hazardous waste management, 2371-2373 hazard assessment and communication, 2184-2185 OSHAstandard for, 2033-2034 history, 2199-2200 Pesticides: interdisciplinary/organizational issues, 2183 agricultural industry exposure, 2487-2490, 2502 inventory update rule, 2195 2732 INDEX

Product stewardship (Coni inued) health care work settings, industrial hygiene future issues, 2107-2108 ISO 9001 certification, 2200-2201 practices, 2533--2538 hazardous waste, 2355-2365 objectives, 2177 indoor air quality, nonindustrial environments, radon indoor air quality investigations, 2432-2440 product development. 2185-2195 decay products,· 2407-2408 international environmental health and safety program elements, 2182-2183 Radon, indoor air quality, 2406--2408 programs, 2171-2176 REACH regulations, 2196 Reactive oxygen species (ROS), particulate matter judicial review of standards, 2049-2051 regulatory issues, 2183-2184 exposure, 2592-2593 laboratory design and layout: Reactive wastes, 2358, 2366 risk management, 2185 hazardous waste disposal, 2651-2654 scope, 2178 Rebuilding operations, emergency response and location and site characteristics, 2623-26: Professionalization of industrial hygiene: preparedness. 2275 NIOSH overview, 2087-2088 competency assessment programs, 2202-2207 "Recognized" hazard, OSH Act requirements for, 2011 OSHA amendments, 2089-2090 Recombinant DNA technology, industrial hygiene emergency response and preparedness, industrial OSHA enforcement, 2052-2077 hygienists' duties and responsibilities, 2343--2345 practices, 2529-2531 OSHA overview, 1997-2000 occupational health and safety management Records management: product stewardship and, 2183-2184 systems, 2109-2111 emergency response and preparedness, incident standards development, 2000-2007,2037-2{ product stewardship, 2177-2206 investigation. 2260-2268 slate regulations, 2090-2093 Program models, occupational health and safety employees' rights to access, 2085 Relative limit values (RLVs), indoor air quality, management systems, 2113-2115 occupational health and safety management nonindustrial environments, 2387-2388 Project management, occupational safety and systems, 2124-2125 Renal system, lead exposure and, 2560-2561 health management systems OSH Act provisions concerning, 2045--2049 Repeated violations, OSHA enforcement implementation, 2155--2157 Recovery operations: provisions, 2067-2070 Property recovery and disposition, emergency response and emergency response and preparedness, 2275 Reproductive toxicants: preparedness, damage claims, 2269-2270, 2275 terrorism incidents, 2301-2303 carbon monoxide, 2555 Protection systems and procedures: industrial hygienists' duties and particulate matter, 2587-2488 emergency response and preparedness: responsibilities, 2336--2345 Resource allocation; health care work settings, 2541-2542 laboratory hazardous waste management emergency response and preparedness, terroris terrorism incidents, 2299-2303 systems, 2654 incidents, 2301-2303 fire protection and safety, 2671-2676,2690-2691 Recycling operations, laboratory hazardous waste international environmental health and safety health care work settings, emergency response and management systems, 2653 programs, 2173-2176 preparedness, 2541-2542 Reference exposure levels (RELs), indoor air quality, occupational health and safety management tractor-related deaths, 2477-2479 volatile organic compounds, 2393-2397 systems, 2122 Psychogenic illness, indoor air quality, crisis buildings Refrigeration systems, chemical storage, laboratory Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA and, 2415-2416 construction and design for, 2649-2651 emergency preparedness and response, 2234 Psychosocial risk factors, agricultural Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of hazardous waste guidelines, 2356--2362 hygiene, 2472-2473 Chemical Substances (REACH), 2108 laboratory hazardous waste disposal mental stress, 2499-2500 product stewardship and, 2196 guidelines, 2651-2654 Public Health Emergencies of International Concern Regulatory flexibility Act, OSHA standards, 2005 Respiratory protective equipment (RPE), OSHA s (PHEIC), epidemic/pandemic Regulatory issues and guidelines. See also specific for, 2034-2036 preparations, 2284 regulations and agencies, e.g. Occupational Safety Respiratory tract: Public health issues, emergency response and and Health Administration agricultural hygiene and, 2479-2487 preparedness: agricultural hygiene practices, 2506--2509 gaseous hazards, 2479-2483 airport settings, 2313-2315 compliance variances, 2051 inorganic aerosols, 2483-2484 epidemics, 2279-2284 contestation proceedings, 2077-2087 organic aerosols, 2484-2487 terrorism incidents, 2300-2303 emergency response and preparedness, 2214-2240 nitrogen oxide exposure, 2576--2577 Pullman Power Products. Inc. v. Marshall and airport settings, 2311-2315 ozone exposure and, 2563-2571 OSHRC, 2061 bioterrorism, 2295-2303 particulate matter effects, 2587-2592 Purchasing systems. product stewardship and, 2182 campus settings, 2309-2311 Response management system, emergency resporu Pyramid model, Occupational health and safety chemical spills, 2285-2286 preparedness, 2244-2246 management systems, 2116--2123 fires and explosions, 2289-2291 Return air systems, indoor air quality, evaluation a hazardous waste sites, 2332-2335 control, 2449 Qualitative studies, indoor air quality, 2432-2440 health care facilities, 2320-2330 Return on investment, workplace health Quarantine orders, emergency response and incident investigation, 2260-2268 promotion, 2707-2708 preparedness, 2279-2284, 2314-2315 industrial accidents, 2288-2289 Review procedures, occupational health and safety "Quick Fix" abatement incentive (OSHA), 2070-2071 local government, 2214-2217 management systems, 2122 radiation incidents, 2291-2293 Rhinoviruses, indoor air quality, 2391 Radiation: state government, 2215,2217-2218 Risk assessment: emergency response and preparedness: employer duties, 2007-2036, 2045-2049 emergency response and preparedness: federal standards and statutes, 2095-2096, 2236 federal statutes and exemptions, 2093-2107 campus settings, 2305-23 I I incident management, 2291-2293 fire protection codes, standards, and chemical spills, 2284-2285 terrorism involving, 2297-2303 regulations, 2676--2679 insurance issues, 2274-2275 INDEX 2733

future issues. 2107-2108 natural disasters, 227~2278 hazardous waste. 2355-2365 radiation incidents, 2292-2293 indoor air quality investigations, 2432-2440 health risk appraisals, 2703-2704 international environmental health and safety occupational health and safety management programs, 2171-2176 systems, 2122.2158-2159 judicial review of standards, 2049-2051 OSHA standards for, 2045 laboratory design and layout: product stewardship and, 2185,2205 hazardous waste disposal, 2651-2654 Roll-over protective structures (ROPS), tractor-related location and site characteristics, 2623-2625 deaths, 2477-2479 NIOSH overview, 2087-2088 Room size planning, laboratory design OSHA amendments, 2089-2090 projects, 2630-2633 OSHA enforcement, 2052-2077 Rulemaking analysis: OSHA overview, 1997-2000 occupational health and safety management product stewardship and. 2183-2184 systems, 2\11 standards development, 2()()(}'-2007, 2037-2045 OSHA standards adoption, 2004-2007 slate regulations, 2090--2093 Relative limit values (RLVs), indoor air quality, Safety guidelines and standards: nonindustrial environments, 2387-2388 agricultural hygiene, 2474-2475 Renal system, lead exposure and, 2560--2561 agricultural hygiene practices, 25~2509 Repeated violations, OSHA enforcement employers' duties concerning, 2009-2036 provisions, 2067-2070 fire safety fundamentals, 2682-2687. 2692-2693 Reproductive toxicants: hazardous wastes, 2369-2375 carbon monoxide, 2555 health care work settings. PETICT safety particulate matter, 2587-2488 issues, 2534-2535 Resource allocation: laboratory design and location, 2624-2628 emergency response and preparedness, terrorism workplace promotion of, 2713-2714 incidents, 2301-2303 Safety showers, laboratory design and layout, 2654-2655 international environmental health and safety Scheduling differences, international environmental health programs, 2173-2176 and safety programs, 2172-2\76 occupational health and safety management Secretary of Labor v. L R. Willson and Sons, Inc., systems, 2122 2010-2011 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA): Security procedures: emergency preparedness and response, 2234 emergency response and preparedness, building hazardous waste guidelines, 235~2362 environments, 2317-2320 laboratory hazardous waste disposal health care work settings, emergency response and guidelines, 2651-2654 preparedness, restrictions, screening, Respiratory protective equipment (RPE), OSHA standard decontamination, self-transport, 2540-2541 for. 2034-2036 laboratory design and layout, 2657 Respiratory tract: Sernivolatile organic compounds (SYOCs), indoor air agricultural hygiene and, 2479-2487 quality: gaseous hazards, 2479-2483 buildings, pollutants, and definitions, 2379-238 I inorganic aerosols, 2483-2484 emission testing. 2397-2401 organic aerosols, 2484-2487 Serious violations, OSHA enforcement nitrogen oxide exposure, 257~2577 provisions, 2~2067 ozone exposure and. 2563-2571 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), indoor air particulate matter effects. 2587-2592 quality and, 2391 Response management system, emergency response and Sewage systems, laboratory hazardous waste preparedness, 2244-2246 management, 2654 Returnair systems, indoor air quality, evaluation and Short-term exposure limits (STELs), particulate mailer control, 2449 studies. 258~2586 Returnon investment, workplace health Sick Building Syndrome (SBS), indoor air promotion, 2707-2708 quality, 237&-2379 Reviewprocedures. occupational health and safety "Significant risk'trest, OSHA standards and, 2028-2029 management systems, 2122 Silica, crystalline, OSHA standard, 2043-2044 Rhinoviruses,indoor air quality, 2391 Silo gas, agricultural industry, respiratory tract Riskassessment: hazards, 2482-2483 emergency response and preparedness: Site characterization: campus settings, 2305-2311 hazardous waste management, 2370,2375 chemical spills. 2284-2285 incident investigation, 2265-2268 insurance issues, 2274-2275 laboratory design and location, 2623 2734 INDEX

Skin absorption and penetration, agricultural agents, noise level, 2032-2033 Systems development, occupational health and safe diseases from, 2493-2496 past, present, and future standards, 2037-2045 management systems, 2113-2115 Small Business Regulatory Enforcement and Fairness Act permanent standards, 200 I Systems thinking, occupational health and safety (SMREFA), OSHA standards, 2005 personal protective equipment, 2033-2034 management systems, 2159 Smelting, hazardous waste treatment, 2367 respiratory protective equipment, 2034-2036 Smoking, indoor air quality, environmental tobacco risk assessment, 2045 Taxation policies, agricultural hygiene smoke, 2405-2406 specific substances, 2015-2036 practices, 2505-2506 Societal differences, international environmental health standards classification, 2000--2001 Technical feasibility, OSHA standards, 2002-200 and safety programs, 2169-2176 vinyl chloride, 2036 Technical support services, international envimnme Soil-derived aerosols, agricultural industry, respiratory workplace violence prevention, 2044-2045 health and safety programs, 2172-2176 tract hazards, 2483-2484 variances from compliance, 2051 Temperature levels, indoor air quality, thermal Solar radiation, agricultural hygiene, 2496 Start-up operations, emergency response and environment. 2430--2431 Space planning, laboratory design projects, 2630--2633 preparedness, 2275 Temporary variance from compliance, 2051 Stabilization, hazardous waste treatment, 2367 State Emergency Response Commission (SERe), 2098, Terrorism, emergency response and preparedness Standards and standardization. See also specific standards 2233-2234 standards, 2236-2237 emergency response and preparedness, federal State government, emergency response and preparedness cyber terrorism, 2303-2304 standards, 2229-2240 duties, 2215,2217-2218 FEMA duties and responsibilities, 2304-2305 fire protection codes, standards, and incident investigation, 2256 incident management, 2293-2305 regulations, 2676-2679 State regulations, occupational safety and health infrastructure attacks, 2303 international environmental health and safety regulations, 2090-2093 weapons of mass destruction, 2293-2303 programs, 2165-2176 Statistical process control (SPC), occupational Testing, indoor air quality, testing and samplingme judicial review procedures, 2049-2051 health and safety management systems, reference guide, 2453-2454 occupational health and safety management 2110--2111 Thermal environment: systems, 2112-2113,2117-2123,2127-2143 Steam stripping, hazardous waste treatment, 2367 indoor air quality: OSHA standards: Storage issues: evaluation and control, 2447-2448 acrylonitrile, 2015 chemical storage, laboratory construction and ventilation systems, 2430--2431 adoption requirements, 2001-2007 design, 2647-2651 laboratory hazardous waste management aerosol transmissible diseases, 2037-2038 hazardous wastes, 2359-2362, 2366-2368 systems, 2653-2654 arsenic, 2028-2029 Stress: Threat assessment, natural disasters, emergencyresl asbestos, 2016-2018 agricultural hygiene: and preparedness, 2276-2278 benzene, 2018-2019 mental stress, 2499-2500 Threshold limit values (TLVs): beryllium, 2038 working conditions and, 2472-2473 indoor air quality, semivolatile organic blood-borne pathogens, 2019-2020 indoor air quality, crisis buildings and psychogenic compounds, 2399-2401 1,3-butadiene, 2020 illness, 2415-2416 aSH Act provisions concerning, 2014-2015 cadmium, 2020--2021 Strikes, emergency response and preparedness, 2305 Time zone differences, international environmental I carcinogens, 2021-2022 Subject mailer experts (SMEs), incident and safety programs, 2172-2176 chemical labeling standard, 2041-2042 investigation, 2263-2268 Tobacco smoke, indoor air quality, 2405-2406 coke oven emissions, 2022-2023 Suicide, agricultural workers and, 2499-2500 building environments and, 2379 combustible dust, 2038-2039 Sulfur dioxide: evaluation and control, 2447 confined work spaces, 2023 air pollution, 2577-2582 Toxicity: collon dust, 2023-2024 health effects, 2579-2582 carbon monoxide effects, 2555 creation of, 1998-2000 indoor air quality, 2403-2405 nitrogen oxide exposure, 2577 crystalline silica, 2043-2044 levels measurement, 2578-2579 Toxicity Characteristic Leachate Procedure ([CLP) development of, 2000--2007,2037-2045 sources, 2577-2578 laboratory hazardous waste diacetyl, 2039 Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA). management, 2652-2655 1,2 dibromo-3-ehloropropane, 2024 See also Comprehensive Environmental Response, Toxicological studies, particulate mailer emergency temporary standards, 2001 Compensation, and Liability Act exposure, 2588-2594 employer duties concerning, 2012-2036 emergency response and preparedness, 2098,2217, Toxic Substances Control Act ([SCA): ergonomics, 2040--2041 2233-2234 1,3-butadiene standard, 2020 ethylene oxide, 2024-2025 hazardous wastes, 2027-2028, 2363-2364 product stewardship and, 2185 formaldehyde, 2025-2026 Supply chain, occupational health and safety management provisions of, 2102-2103 hazard communication, 2026-2027 systems, 2159 Toxic wastes, 2358, 2366 hazardous waste operations, 2027-2028 Support teams, occupational safety and health management Tractor-related deaths, agricultural hygiene, 2477­ hexavalent chromium, 2028 systems implementation, 2156-2157 Training programs: indoor air quality, 2042 Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illness (SOli) emergency response and preparedness interim standards, 2000--2001 survey, 2047 plans, 2246-2247 ionizing radiation, 2043 Sustained actions guidelines, emergency response and chemical spill response training, 2287-2288 lead, 2029-2030 preparedness, 2243 hazardous waste sites, 2332-2335 methylene chloride, 2031 Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturers Assn v. health care facilities and professionals, 2331­ methylenedianiline, 2032 Brennan, 2022 fire safety training, 2694-2695 INDEX 2735

Systems development, occupational health and safety hazardous waste management, 2373-2374 management systems, 2113-2115 occupational health and safety management Systems thinking, occupational health and safety systems, 2124 management systems, 2159 workplace health promotion, 2703 Transportation systems: Taxation policies, agricultural hygiene emergency response and preparedness: practices, 2505-2506 airports, 2311-2315 Technical feasibility, OSHA standards, 2002-2004 health care work settings, self-transport, 254(}-254I Technical support services, international environmental incident investigation, 2235, 2255 health and safety programs, 2172-2176 terrorism incidents, 2302-2303 Temperature levels, indoor air quality, thermal hazardous materials transport, 2103-2104 environment, 243(}-243I hazardous wastes, 2359 Temporary variance from compliance, 2051 laboratory hazardous waste management, 2652-2655 Terrorism, emergency response and preparedness Trauma, agricultural hygiene, acute standards, 2236-2237 trauma, 2475-2477 cyber terrorism, 2303-2304 Treatment, storage, and disposal protocols, hazardous FEMA duties and responsibilities, 2304-2305 wastes, 2359-2362, 2366-2368 incident management, 2293-2305 Tuberculosis, OSHA standard, 2037 infrastructure attacks, 2303 weapons of mass destruction, 2293-2303 UAW v. OSHA, 2003-2004 Testing, indoor air quality, testing and sampling methods United Auto Workers (UAW), methylene chloride standard reference guide, 2453-2454 and, 2031-2032 Thermal environment: United Kingdom, indoor air quality studies, 241(}-2412 indoor air quality: United States Government programs, international evaluation and control, 2447-2448 environmental health and safety ventilation systems, 243(}-243I programs, 2167-2168 laboratory hazardous waste management United States v. Dye Constr. Co., 2068 systems, 2653-2654 Unplanned events, emergency response and Threat assessment, natural disasters, emergency response preparedness, 2213 and preparedness, 2276-2278 Upper respiratory tract, indoor air quality, irritation Threshold limit values (TLVs): and, 2451-2452 indoor air quality, semivolatile organic U.S. Administrative Procedure Act, OSHA standards compounds, 2399-2401 adoption and. 200 1-2002 OSH Act provisions concerning, 2014-2015 U.S. Coast Guard, emergency response and preparedness Time zone differences, international environmental health duties, incident investigation, 2256 and safety programs, 2172-2176 Use conditions, product stewardship and, 2183 Tobacco smoke, indoor air quality, 2405-2406 building environments and, 2379 Variable air volume (VAV),indoor air quality, nonindustrial evaluation and control, 2447 building ventilation systems, 242(}-2423 Toxicity: Ventilation systems: carbon monoxide effects, 2555 agricultural industry, respiratory tract nitrogen oxide exposure, 2577 hazards, 2482-2483 Toxicity Characteristic Leachate Procedure (TCLP), indoor air quality: laboratory hazardous waste ASHRAE Standard 62, 2423-2428 management, 2652-2655 building pressurization and odor control, 245(}-245I Toxicological studies, particulate matter nonindustrial buildings, 2419-2431 exposure, 2588-2594 pollutant sources, 242&-2430 Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA): laboratory design and layout for, 2637-2642 l,3-butadiene standard, 2020 laboratory design guidelines, 2626 product stewardship and, 2185 Vertical distribution, laboratory design and layout provisions of, 2102-2103 for, 2637 Toxic wastes, 2358, 2366 Veterinary biologicals, agricultural industry Tractor-related deaths, agricultural hygiene, 2477-2479 exposure, 249(}-2492 Training programs: Vibration, agricultural hygiene and, 247&-2479, emergency response and preparedness 2798 plans, 2246-2247 Vinyl chloride, OSHA standard for, 2036 chemical spill response training, 2287-2288 Violations: hazardous waste sites, 2332-2335 egregious violation policy, 2073-2075 health care facilities and professionals, 2331-2332 multi-employer citation policy, 2075-2076 fire safety training, 2694-2695 OSHA enforcement provisions, 2063-2071 2736 INDEX

Violence prevention: Whirlpool Corp. v. Marshal/, 2084 emergency response and preparedness, 2305 Whole-body vibration (WHV), agricultural hygiene workplace standards, 2044-2045 and, 2498 Vitrification, hazardous waste treatment, 2367 Willful violations, OSHA enforcement Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), indoor air quality: provisions, 2067-2068 buildings, pollutants, and definitions, 2379-2381 Witness interviews, incident investigation, 2263 evaluation and control, 2445-2446 Wood products, indoor air quality, pesticide treatments microbial VOCs, 2385-2386 and, 2401-2403 nonindustrial environments, 2393-2401 Worker location, laboratory design ozone and, 2400-240 I considerations, 2631-2633 ventilation system sources, 2429-2430 Workers compensation, emergency response and Voluntary Children's Chemical Evaluation preparedness, 2270-2271 Program (VCCEP), product stewardship Workplace practices: and, 2197-2199 agricultural hygiene, 2469-2472 CUMULATIVE IN Voluntary Protection Program (VPP): confined spaces, OSHA standards, 2023 international environmental health and safety emergency response and preparedness, 2305 programs, 2167-2168 employee duties and rights, OSH Act occupational health and safety management systems provisions, 2083-2086 and,. 2110-2111,2140-2141 failure to render hazard-free environment, 2009-2011 OSH Act provisions for, 208fr-2087 fire safety and prevention: product stewardship and, 219fr-2199 codes, standards and regulations, 267fr-2679 Vulnerability assessment: employee emergency response, 2692-2695 emergency response and preparedness: information resources, 2682 hazard vulnerability, 2247-2250 loss data, 2671 natural disasters, 227fr-2278 NFPA 550 Fire Safety Concepts Tree, 2673-2676 ozone exposure and, 2570-2571 performance-based practices, 2679-2682 protection methods, 2671-2676 Absolute pressure, barometric pressure WalMart workplace health promotion study, 2710 health care work settings, 252fr-2527 physiology, 3: 1565-1568 Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act, 1197, 2031, 2096 health promotion guidelines: submarines, 3: 1572-1573 Warrants, OSH Act enforcement, 2052-2062 barriers to, 2705 Absorbent sampling, gases and vapors, 1:415 Waste and debris management: best practices resources, 2707-2708 Absorption: emergency response and preparedness, insurance case studies, 2709-2713 aerosol optical properties, 1:228-230 issues, 2274 health risk appraisals, 2703-2704 biological variability, 1:470-473 hazardous waste, 2364-2368 historical background, 2700-270 I chemicals, 1:44-47 minimization protocols, 2368 incentives and motivational strategies, 2704-2705 chemicals, pharmacokinetics models, 2:961-962 laboratory design and layout for, 2643-2644, 2651­ international programs, 2702-2703 parenteral routes, 1:65--{,(j 2654 legal issues, 2708 percentage, dermal occupational exposure waste reduction systems, 2653 management policies for safety and limits, 2:907-909 Wastewater treatment systems: health, 2713-2714 spectrum, open-path Fourier transform infrared emergency response and preparedness, terrorism outcomes assessment, 2705-2707 spectrometry, 2:648-650 incidents, 2302-2303 overview, 2699-2700 Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion laboratory hazardous waste management, 2654 return on investment of, 2707-2708 (ADME) modeling: Water leaks, indoor air quality: wellness programs, 2703 biological monitoring, organic evaluation and control, 2442-2445, 2448-2450 indoor air quality: compounds, 1:501-506 fungi formation, 2383-2384 crisis buildings and psychogenic illness, 2415-2416 metabolic interactions, 1:507-508 Water-sensitive chemicals, storage, laboratory qualitative investigation, 2432-2440 toxicokinetics, 1:467-470 construction and design for, 2649-2651 international environmental health and safety Absorption, internal radiation, 3:1365-1366 Water systems: programs, 2172-2176 Absorption coefficient, defined, 3: 1508 emergency response and preparedness, terrorism laboratory design considerations, 2631-2633 Absorptive materials: incidents, 2302-2303 OSHA provisions for, 1997-1998 heat stress shielding, 3: 1734 laboratory design and layout for, 2643-2644 violence prevention, 2044-2045, 2305 noise control systems, 3:1539-1541 Weapons of mass destruction (WMD), emergency response World Health Organization (WHO), workplace health Accelerated silicosis, 1:279 and preparedness, 2293-2303 promotion, 2702 Accelerators, radiation from, 3:1348 Welding operations, fire safety and, 2693 Accelerometers, vibration, 3:159fr-1597 Wellness programs, workplace promotionof, 2699-2714 Zoonoses, agricultural industry exposure, 2492-2493 hand-arm vibration exposure assessment, 3:1608-1610

Patty's Industrial Hygiene, Sixth Edition, Edi~ Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.