INDEX Absorbent sampling, gases and vapors, 415 Adjustment factor calculations, urine analysis, 492 Absorption. See also specific body systems, Administrative controls. nanomaterials. 395 e.g., Respiratory tract Adsorbents, odor measurement and control, 549-553 aerosol optical properties, 228-230 Adsorber sampling, gases and vapors, 415-419 biological variability. 470--473 Adsorption systems. odor measurement and chemicals, 44-47 control, 549-553 parenteral routes, 65-66 Aerodynamic diameter, defined, 190 Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion Aerosols: (ADME) modeling: Brownian motion and diffusion, 216-218 biological monitoring, organic compounds, 501-506 coagulation, 235-239 metabolic interactions, 507-508 condensation and evaporation, 218-221 toxicokinetics, 467-470 Cunningham correction factor, 201-203 Accelerated silicosis, 279 cyclones, 211-212 Acceptability criteria, lung function testing, 251 definitions, 189-190 Accreditation, laboratory accreditation, gases and vapors electrical properties, 221-227 sampling, 423-424 impactors, 208-21 t Activated carbon, odor measurement and particle bounce. 210 control, 549-553 Knudsen number, 199-200 Activated charcoal, gases and vapors adsorber optical properties, 227-235 sampling. 416-419 particle motion, 202-208 Active sampling. gases and vapors, 411-419 particle size, 191-192 Active transport: average diameters, 199 cell membranes, 49, 51 coagulation, 236-238 kidney-based xenohiotic elimination and distributions, 194-199 excretion, 82-83 impactors for small sizes, 210-211 Acute silicosis, 279 physical properties, 191-193 Adaptation, odor measurement and control, 531-532 respirable sampling, 212-216 Additive model, gases and vapors sampling, 408 respiratory tract penetration and absorption, 53-57 Additivity, biological monitoring, mixed Reynolds number, 20 I compounds, 506-507 shape, 193 Patty's industrial Hygiene, Sixth Edition, Edited by Vernon E. Rose and Barbara Cohrssen Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. 565 566 INDEX Aerosols: (Continued) research background, 427-429 Attenuation coefficient, aerosol optical properties, Stokes law, 200 sampling media classification, 449-451 228-230 surface properties, 193 selection criteria, 444-446 Attributable risk, associations, 95 toxicants as, 46-47 special handling protocols, 452 Atypical human responses, intentionalexclusionof, units, 190-191 spectrophotometric methods, 429-434 Agglomerates, defined, 190, 377 thermal optical analyzer, elemental/organic Bayesian Exposure Assessment Toolkit(BEAT),gas. Aggregates, defined, 377 carbon, 442-443 vapors sampling, 410 Airborne contaminants. See also Aerosols X-ray diffraction, 433 Bayesian statistics, p-values and, 140-141 odor measurement and control, 536-538 Angiosarcoma of liver, vinyl chloride and, 92 Beer's Law, spectrophotometry, 429-430 Air pollution studies, confounding and weak associa­ Angular scattering, aerosol optical properties, 231-233 Behavioral models, multiple chemical sensitivities, tions, 117-118 Anisokinetic sampling, aerosol particle motion, 207-208 Bentonite, lung disease and, 271-272 Air sampling: Antagonism, biological monitoring, mixed Benzene, skin absorption, 65 environmental exposure strategy, 457 compounds, 507 BeryIlium Blood Lymphocyte ProliferationTest(Bel man-made mineral fiber identification, 363-365 Arsenic, chemical speciation, biological monitoring, 499 biological monitoring, 463 Albumin, xenobiotic transport in, 68-69 Asbestiform crystalline habit, mineralogy, 259 Bias: Alcohol consumption, biological monitoring and, 508 Asbestos: case-control studies, 107-108 Alpha-l-antitrypsin deficiency, emphysema diseases and conditions from, 25S-26O hidden uncertainties, 145-151 susceptibility, 463 Helsinki Criterion, exposure-response analysis, odor measurement and control, 527-529 Alveolar air measurement, exposure assessment, 31 127-136 synergy of combined biases, 150-151 Alveolar deposition, respirable dust studies, 290-293 lung cancer hypothesis, study design Biliary tract, xenobiotic elimination and excretion; Alveoli, alveolar wall penetration, biological conse­ consistency, 137-138 Bimolecular structure, cell membranes. 47-49 quences, 5S-59 lung disease, 25S-268 Binding sites, competition for, 508 American Academy of Industrial Hygiene (AAIH): asbestosis, 264-266 Biochemical change biomarkers, biological educational programs, 36-37 lung cancer, 266-267 monitoring, 461 formation, 24-25 malignant mesothelioma, 267-268 Biofilter systems, odor measurement and control, American Board of Industrial Hygiene (ABIH), 24-25 pleural disease, 263-264 552-553 American Conference of Governmental Industrial mineralogy, 259-260 Biological Exposure Indices (BEls): Hygienists (ACGIH): occupational exposures and exposure limits, 261-262 BATs vs" 473-475 Biological Exposure indices, 30-31 physical properties, 261 BATs with, 481-482 biomarker reference values, 488-489 production and use, 259-261 compliance with, 456 educational programs, 36-37 respirable dust studies, 320-323 current list, 30-31 industrial hygiene history and, 5, S-9 toxicology studies, 42-43 reference values, 473-474, 488-489 particle size collection criteria, respirable dust Asbestosis: Biological gradient, causality and, 120-151 studies, 297-300 discovery of, 7-8 Biologically effective dose. biomarker studies, 114­ American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA): epidemiology and pathology, 264-266 460-461 accreditation program, 25 Asphalt fume exposure, shift studies, acute health Biological monitoring: Code of Ethics, 24-25 effects, 108-111 biomarker classification, 459-463 educational programs, 36-37 Association: biomarker selection criteria, 496-499 formation of, 5, 24 Bradford Hill epidemiology study, 116-117 blood samples, 492-493, 495-496 guidelines established by, 7-8 case-control studies, 103-104 exhaled air samples, 493-496 statistics: 6-8, 36 causality and strength of, 117-118 exposure to disease continuum, 459 Amine compounds, skin absorption, 65 consistency and, 136-138 future research issues, 508-510 Amphibole, mineralogy, 259 defined, 94 metals and inorganic compounds, 499-501 Analytical methods, industrial hygiene: difference-based, 95 mixtures exposures, 506-508 availability of, 498 hidden uncertainties in estimation of, 145-151 occupational exposure assessment, 457-463 chromatography, 434-439 ratio-based, 95 organic compounds, 501-506 electron microscopy, 440-441 Asthma, methacholine bronchial challenge test, 253-254 reference values, biological determinants, 473-4' gravimetric methods, 442 Atelectasis, rounded, asbestosis-related disease, 264 BATs vs. BEls, 475-480 ICP mass spectrometry, 432-433 Atmospheric dispersion models, odor measurement and carcinogenic susbtances/suspected carcino­ inductively coupled argon plasma control, 545-546 gens, 483-487 spectrophotometry, 431-432 Atmospheric pressure ionization (API), mass ethical issues, 490-491 industrial hygiene chemistry, future trends, 443-444 spectrometry, 438 European countries, 474,482,488 infrared spectrophotometry, 433-434 Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, industrial hygiene Germany, 474, 489 ion-selective electrodes, 441-442 analysis, 430-431 history, 473-488 metal compounds, biological monitoring, 499-500 Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), particle size Japan, 488, 490 mold analyses, 439-440 collection criteria, respirable dust United States, 473-474, 488-489 nanotechnology/nanomaterials, 441 studies, 295-297 research background, 455-457 optical microscopy, 439 Atomization techniques, atomic absorption sampling times, 495-496 performance evaluation, 447-449 spectrophotometry, 431 tissue matrices, 494-495 quantitative analysis, 429 Attapulgite, lung disease and, 26S-269 tcxicokinetics. 464-470 INDEX 567 Attenuation coefficient, aerosol optical properties, ADMET modeling, 467-470 228-230 clearance and volume of distribution, 465 Attributable risk, associations, 95 rate constant and half-life, 464-465 Atypical human responses, intentional exclusion of, 164 saturable kinetics, 465-467 urine samples, 491-492,495-496 Bayesian Exposure Assessment Toolkit (BEAT), gases and variability, sources of, 470--473 vapors sampling, 410 Biological plausibility, exposure-response Bayesian statistics, p-values and, 140--141 analyses, 138 Beer's Law, spectrophotometry, 429-430 Biological response mechanisms, environmental Behavioral models, multiple chemical sensitivities, 176 stresses, 18 Bentonite, lung disease and, 271-272 Biological theories, multiple chemical sensitivities, Benzene, skin absorption, 65 173-175 Beryllium Blood Lymphocyte Proliferation Test (BeLPT), Biologische Arbeitsstoff-Toleranz-Werte (BATs): biological monitoring, 463 BEls vs., 474-480 Bias: BEls with, 481-482 case-control studies, 107-108 defined, 489 hidden uncertainties, 145-151 Biomacromoleculeadducts, organic compounds, 504-505 odor measurement and control, 527-529 Biomarker studies: synergy of combined biases, 150--151 analytical method availability, 498 Biliary tract, xenobiotic elimination and excretion; 83 biologically effective dose, 460--461 Bimolecular structure, cell membranes, 47-49 effects biomarkers, 461-462 Binding sites, competition for, 508 exposure biomarkers, 459-46\ Biochemical change biomarkers, biological individual susceptibility biomarkers, 462-463 monitoring, 461 internal dose biomarkers, 460 Biofilter systems, odor measurement and control, occupational epidemiology. I 13-115 552-553 reference values/interpretation: Biological Exposure Indices (BEls): BATs vs. BEls, 475-480 BATs VS" 473-475 BATs with BEl, 481-482 BATs with,