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Mine Clearance Industry: Background, Geography, Funding, Analysis and Future Projections

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Mine Clearance Industry: Background, Geography, Funding, Analysis and Future Projections CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Calhoun, Institutional Archive of the Naval Postgraduate School Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 2007-12 Mine clearance industry: background, geography, funding, analysis and future projections Donmez, Erkan Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/10194 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA MBA PROFESSIONAL REPORT Mine Clearance Industry: Background, Geography, Funding, Analysis and Future Projections By: Erkan DÖNMEZ December 2007 Advisors: Nicholas Dew, Bryan Hudgens Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED December/2007 MBA Professional Report 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Mine Clearance Industry: Background, Geography, Funding, Analysis and Future Projections 6. AUTHOR(S) Erkan Donmez 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School REPORT NUMBER Monterey, CA 93943-5000 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING N/A AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. 12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited 13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) Contrary to common belief, the problems caused by landmines or other counter mobility devices have been threatening the lives of human beings for thousands of years. However, the actual efforts to remove the buried mines are a comparatively new issue. The mine clearance industry has been growing steadily, mostly because of increasing demand from the mine-afflicted countries, NGOs, International organizations and the wealthy donor countries having financial resources to attract the growing industry. The imbalance between the supply and the demand, and the financial constraints of mine-afflicted countries, NGOs, and international organizations make the efforts much more difficult to deal with. Due to these challenges faced by the stakeholders, a thorough review of the current system and prevalent shortfalls needs to be addressed. This study tries to cover the background of the problem, geography of the mine contamination, funding mechanisms, dynamics of the organizations dealing with the problem, efforts to achieve a mine-free world and recommendations for solution of the problem in the future. The mine clearance industry has also been thoroughly analyzed by using Porter’s “Five Forces Analysis,” considering the governments of mine-afflicted countries, NGOs, International organizations, commercial clearance firms and the donor countries having financial resources. 14. SUBJECT TERMS: Mine clearance Industry, Mine Clearance Firm, Mine Clearance Company, 15. NUMBER OF De-mining Industry, Demining Industry, Demining Company, De-mining Company, Commercial PAGES Demining Firm, Commercial De-mining Firm, Commercial Demining Company, Commercial De- 369 mining Company, mine risk education, mine awareness, Five Forces Analysis, ITF, MACC, ICBL 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY 18. SECURITY 19. SECURITY 20. LIMITATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF THIS CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT REPORT PAGE ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified UU NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18 i THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ii Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited MINE CLEARANCE INDUSTRY: BACKGROUND, GEOGRAPHY, FUNDING, ANALYSIS AND FUTURE PROJECTIONS Erkan Dönmez, Captain, Turkish Army Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL December 2007 Author: _____________________________________ Erkan Dönmez Approved by: _____________________________________ Nicholas Dew, Lead Advisor _____________________________________ Bryan Hudgens, Support Advisor _____________________________________ Robert N. Beck, Dean Graduate School of Business and Public Policy iii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK iv MINE CLEARANCE INDUSTRY: BACKGROUND, GEOGRAPHY, FUNDING, ANALYSIS AND FUTURE PROJECTIONS ABSTRACT Contrary to common belief, the problems caused by landmines or other counter mobility devices have been threatening the lives of human beings for thousands of years. However, the actual efforts to remove the buried mines are a comparatively new issue. The mine clearance industry has been growing steadily, mostly because of increasing demand from the mine-afflicted countries, NGOs, international organizations and the wealthy donor countries having financial resources to attract the growing industry. The imbalance between the supply and the demand, and the financial constraints of mine-afflicted countries, NGOs, and international organizations make the efforts much more difficult to deal with. Due to these challenges faced by the stakeholders, a thorough review of the current system and prevalent shortfalls needs to be addressed. This study tries to cover the background of the problem, geography of the mine contamination, funding mechanisms, dynamics of the organizations dealing with the problem, efforts to achieve a mine-free world and recommendations for solution of the problem in the future. The mine clearance industry has also been thoroughly analyzed by using Porter’s “Five Forces Analysis,” considering the governments of mine-afflicted countries, NGOs, International organizations, commercial clearance firms, and the donor countries having financial resources. v THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK vi TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .....................................................................................................1 I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................3 A. BACKGROUND ..............................................................................................3 B. PURPOSE.........................................................................................................3 C. RESEARCH QUESTIONS.............................................................................3 D. METHODOLOGY ..........................................................................................4 E. ORGANIZATION ...........................................................................................4 F. BENEFITS OF STUDY...................................................................................5 G. OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT SITUATION.........................................5 II. THE HISTORY OF MINE PROBLEM AND MINE CLEARANCE ....................7 A. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................7 B. HISTORY OF LANDMINES .........................................................................9 1. Early Mines...........................................................................................9 2. Explosive Mines..................................................................................12 3. Pressure-Operated Landmines.........................................................14 4. Mine Use Before the First World War.............................................15 5. Mine Use During World War I.........................................................17 6. Mine Use During World War II .......................................................18 7. Mine Use During the Korean War ...................................................21 8. Mine Use During the Vietnam War .................................................23 9. Mine Use During the Arab-Israeli Wars .........................................26 10. Mine Use During the War in Rhodesia............................................27 11. Mine Use During the War in Afghanistan.......................................30 12. Mine Use During The Iran-Iraq War ..............................................33 13. Mine Use During the Gulf War ........................................................34 14. Countermine Actions.........................................................................37 a. Countermine Actions in Ancient Times:................................37 b. Countermine Actions during the 19th-20th Centuries:.........40 c. Manual Mine clearance..........................................................42 d. Military De-mining vs. Humanitarian De-mining: ...............43 C. PHASES OF HUMANITARIAN DE-MINING IN THE 20TH CENTURY: ....................................................................................................44
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