Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84866-4 — the Palaeolithic Settlement of Asia Robin Dennell Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84866-4 — The Palaeolithic Settlement of Asia Robin Dennell Index More Information

INDEX

Entries in bold refer to tables. ‘See’ refers to synonyms, e.g., Burma and Myanmar. ‘See also’ indicates that further information is available under another entry. Words ending in ‘-ean’ or ‘-ian’ refer to archaeological stone tool assemblages, e.g., Acheulean, Clactonian, Soanian.

16R dune site, India, 236, 338, 345, 351, 352. See also Arabian Peninsula, xiii, xiv, 35, 36, 37, 42, 65, 66, 72, Thar Desert 76, 80, 83, 118, 123, 127, 135, 230, 234, 236, 40Ar/39Ar, 84, 282 255, 323, 324, 325, 334, 462, 479, 480, 490, 522, 523, 526, 528, 537 Abri Zumoffen, Lebanon, 296, 299, 301, 304, 306, Arabian Sea, 36, 65, 230, 232, 233, 234 308. See also Amudian, Bezez Arabian/Persian Gulf, 232, 234 Abu Sif, Palestine, 298, 305 Aral Basin, 66 Acheulean, 24, 28, 115, 118, 122, 123, 125, 235, 260, Aral Sea, 42, 52, 66, 67, 325, 332 267, 274, 275, 277, 278, 279, 283, 284, 285, 289, “Aridistan,” 253, 254, 476 290, 293, 296, 297, 301, 306, 307, 310, 312, 320, Aravalli Hills, India, 345 321, 322, 323, 324, 337, 340, 343, 344, 345, 346, Arjun 3,Nepal,346 358, 359, 362, 365, 369, 370, 371, 374, 375, 376, Armenia, 319 377, 378, 380, 381, 384, 387, 388, 392, 418, 421, Arridos, Spain, 268 433, 434, 436, 437 Atapuerca, Spain, 192, 391, 392, 426, 436, 457, 458, Acheulean-Jabrudian, 290, 296 466 Acheuleo-Jabrudian, 292. See Acheulean-Jabrudian Attirampakkam, India, 340, 388, 390. See also Acheulo-Yabrudian, 297. See Acheulean-Jabrudian Kortallyar Basin Adlun, Lebanon, 296, 301, 302, 304, 307, 308, 481. Australian monsoon, 36 See also Abri Zumoffen, Bezez Australopithecus, 18, 20, 21, 29, 31, 163, 184, 191, 411 Afghanistan, 39, 56, 117, 323, 464, 468 A. aethiopicus, 12, 19, 25 Ain Musa, Palestine, 298 A. afarensis, 12, 13, 16, 20, 27 Akchagyl Transgression, 67, 95 A. africanus, 5, 12, 13, 16, 163 Akhalkalaki, Georgia, 97, 98 A. anamensis, 12, 15 Altai Mountains, 61 A. bahrelghazali, 16, 17, 188 Amar Merdeg, Iran, 322 A. garhi, 12, 16, 17, 22, 22, 25, 26, 123, 198, 200 Ambrona, Spain, 268 Azerbaijan, 318, 322 amino-acid racemisation, 405, 407 Azraq Basin, Jordan, 298, 323 Amudian, 290, 296, 297, 301, 304, 307, 308 Azych, Azerbaijan, 318, 320, 321, 334, 453 An Nefud, Saudi Arabia, 481 Anagwadi, India, 339, 340, 342, 351, 379, 380, 392, Bab al Mandab Strait, 122, 199, 324, 462 481 Badain Jaran, China, 207 Anatolia, Turkey, 199, 310, 325 Baghbaghu, Iran, 117 Anhui Province, China, 178, 419, 444 Baichbal Valley, India, 339, 342, 366, 367. See also Anthropithecus erectus, 4 Hunsgi-Baichbal Valleys, India Antu, China, 414 bamboo, 165, 179, 428, 435 Anyathian, 164, 427 Ban Don Mun, Thailand, 428 Arabian Desert, 257, 464 Ban Fa Suai, Thailand, 249

541

542 Index

Banda Sea, 252 Clactonian, 312, 342, 410, 433, 436 Bandlav-ki-Tala, India, 353 Cona, Georgia, 239, 318, 320 Bandung Basin, 250, 252 crystals, 352, 374, 436 Banshan, China, 174, 175. See also Nihewan Basin C-Spring, Azraq, Jordan, 323 Baoji, China, 48, 209 Barda Balka, Iraq, 322 Dali, China, 433, 444, 456 Barents Sea, 36 Danangou, China, 178 Bay of Bengal, 57, 207, 224, 228, 485 Daocheng Glaciation, Tibetan Plateau, 206 Bear Cave, Israel, 239 Darai Kalon, Tajikistan, 217 Belan Valley, India, 349, 392 Darwin, Charles, 3, 4, 194, 196 Berach Valley, India, 351, 392 Dasht-i-Kavir Desert, 257 Berekhat Ram, Israel, 275, 279, 282, 283, 285, 307, Dasht-i-Lut Desert, 257 333, 334, 358 Dauqara, Jordan, 323 Beringia, 3 Davidson Black, 4, 179, 399 Bethlehem, Palestine, 131, 192, 193 Dawadm¯ ¯ı, Saudi Arabia, 324 Bezez Cave, Lebanon, 296, 300, 301, 306, 308. See Dead Sea Valley, 1, 68, 70, 72, 83, 114, 236, 260, 375 also Abri Zumoffen, Adlun Devapur, India, xvii, 361, 368, 376, 394. See also Bhimbetka, India, 339, 340, 347, 353, 356, 358, 434, Hunsgi-Baichbal 474, 481 Didwana Formation, India, 235, 236. See also Thar Bilzingsleben, Germany, 241, 284, 360, 436 Desert Bizat Ruhama, Israel, 276, 278, 279, 334, 375, 411, Dina, Pakistan, 208, 338, 339, 375, 391 481 Dingcun, China, 418, 433, 434, 436, 444, 445, 447, Black Sea, 42, 66, 67, 95, 310 481 Bodo, Ethiopia, 456 Dmanisi, Georgia, 67, 80, 84, 96, 98, 100, 103, 113, Bori, India, 375 123, 126, 131, 134, 135, 163, 166, 176, 182, 184, Borneo, Malaysia, 250, 253, 422, 432 186, 189, 192, 193, 194, 198, 321, 330, 466, 474, Bose Basin, China, 6, 152, 418, 422, 433, 434, 436, 481 481 Donggutuo, China, 6, 182, 433, 481. See also Bouri, Ethiopia, 16, 17, 18, 22, 24, 26, 28, 458, Nihewan Basin 465 Dongyaozhitou, China, 178 Boxgrove, UK, 2, 111, 192, 268, 335, 391, 392, 436, Durkadi, India, 337, 481 437, 455, 477 Dursunlu, Turkey, 115, 116, 135 Brahmaputra River, India, 129, 130, 464 Burma, 164, 229. See also Myanmar East Asia, 204, 205, 208, 218, 228, 398, 435, 436 East Asian monsoon, 36, 37, 41, 45, 47, 48, 50, 64, cannibalism, 26, 415, 436 65, 77, 145, 178, 210, 212 Caspian Sea, 1, 42, 52, 66, 67, 68, 95, 322 Egyptian deserts, 301 Caucasus, 67, 84, 94, 239, 322, 325, 433 electron spin resonance (ESR) dating, 179, 278, 279, Central Asia, 36, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 54, 62, 66, 285, 295, 302, 303, 307, 316, 375, 388, 417, 419, 67, 72, 77, 182, 207, 210, 221, 222, 230, 232, 424, 446 238, 275, 333, 435, 436 El-Khowm, Syria, 279, 296, 306, 307, 323, 481 Changgousi Glaciation, Tibetan Plateau, 206 Eoanthropus dawsoni, 5 Charentian, 313, 317 Erq el-Ahmar, Israel, 113, 118 Chashmanigar, Tajikistan, 52, 217, 218, 485 Erumaivettipalayam, India, 385. See also Kortallya Chemchemal Valley, Iraq, 322 Basin Chenjiawan, China, 436 Esekartkan, Kazakhstan, 54 Chenjiawo, China, 243, 247, 396, 433, 442 Euphrates River, 83, 310 Cherrapunji, India, 1 Evron Quarry, Israel, 118, 120, 135, 238, 276, 334, China, 35, 36, 43, 44, 45, 51, 58, 62, 64, 65, 77, 89, 481 113, 163, 184, 185, 217, 228, 250, 336, 418, 427, 448 Fatehpur, India, 362, 363, 376, 394 Chinese Loess Plateau, 50, 60, 62, 65, 77, 183, 212, fauna 217, 221 Central Asia, 54, 56, 330 Chirki, India, 338, 339, 340, 342, 347, 348, 349, 353, China (North), 167, 168, 170, 174, 175, 176, 177, 369, 392, 434, 474, 481 242, 243, 247, 396, 443 Chongnokni, South Korea, 418, 433, 434, 436 China (South), 178, 181, 247, 249, 419, 424, 427, Choukoutien, China. See Zhoukoudian 443, 445 Chuwoli, South Korea, 418 Dmanisi, 86, 95

Index 543

fauna (cont.) Hindu Kush mountains, 39, 325, 326, 393, 469 India (post-Siwalik), 241, 347, 362 Hiran Valley, India, 351, 392 India, Pakistan (Siwaliks), 56, 130, 131, 144, 343 Hoabinhian, 164, 427 Indonesia, 253 Holon, Israel, 276, 278, 279, 306, 307 Java (Ngandong), 153, 251 Homo Java (Punung), 252 archaic H. sapiens, 243, 396, 417, 446, 448, 452, Java (Satir, Ci Saat), 162 454, 455, 457, 459, 460, 465, 469, 470 Java (Trinil), 153, 154, 160, 162, 251 H. antecessor, 392, 436, 458, 465, 468, 471 Siberia, 62, 253 H. cepranensis, 455, 458, 465, 471 Southeast Asia, 250, 251 H. erectus (general), 4, 5, 8, 9, 14, 18, 22, 30, 33, Southwest Asia, 76, 116, 120, 192, 239, 260, 274, 34, 123, 135, 187, 191, 421 278, 307, 308, 311, 318, 319, 322 H. erectus s.l., 12, 13, 32, 33, 89, 90, 91, 96, 113, Ubeidiya, 100, 106, 110, 111, 113 125, 134, 163, 176, 180, 184, 186, 188, 189, 192, Zhoukoudian, 242 198, 201, 271, 376, 438, 452, 453, 455, 457, 466, Fingnoian, Thailand, 427 476 fire, 269, 270, 293, 297, 333, 335, 391, 395, 398, 402, H. erectus s.s., 29, 103, 149, 155, 161, 164, 165, 179, 413, 415, 416, 417, 436, 463, 477 180, 191, 243, 244, 247, 249, 252, 398, 414, 415, fission-track dating, 155, 252, 429 416, 417, 432, 433, 436, 446, 448, 450, 452, 470, Fjaje, Jordan, 323 471 Flores, Indonesia, 2, 6, 163, 250, 252, 432 H. ergaster, 12, 13, 14, 17, 19, 20, 21, 26, 27, 29, 30, 89, 90, 113, 166, 180, 190, 194, 438 Gadeb, Ethiopia, 123 H. floresiensis, 188, 190, 198, 252, 429, 432, 438, Ganges River, India, 129, 130, 132, 144, 435, 471, 472 464 H. georgicus, 85, 90, 91, 113, 125, 184, 189 Ganj Par, Iran, 322 H. habilis, 12, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32, Garrod, Dorothy, 260, 285, 286, 297, 301, 302, 303, 33, 89, 90, 113, 124, 163, 180, 189 304 H. heidelbergensis, 5, 335, 391, 392, 438, 446, 452, Georgia, 98, 318, 321 453, 454, 455, 456, 458, 459, 465, 471 Gesher Benot Yaaqovì (GBY), Israel, 6, 118, 135, H. helmei, 446, 454, 455, 459, 460, 465, 238, 271, 283, 323, 333, 335, 349, 375, 392, 436, 470 465, 474, 477, 481 H. neanderthalensis, 287, 298, 438, 452, 453, 455, Gezidong. See Gezitang Cave 456, 465, 468, 472, 477 Gezitang Cave, 400, 410 H. rhodesiensis, 455, 459, 465 Gharmachi 1b, Syria, 275 H. rudolfensis, 12, 18, 20, 21, 28, 29, 89, 90 Ghataprabha Valley, India, 351, 379, 380, 392, 394 H. sapiens, 163, 252, 253, 432 Gigantopithecus, 178, 179, 180, 249 Hoti Cave, Oman, 234, 255, 485 Gobi Desert, 39, 257, 463 Hsi-hou-tu. See Xihoudu Gobi Gravels, 207 Huleh Basin, Israel, 236 Gongwangling, China, 176, 177, 184. See Lantian Hummal, Syria, 279, 296, 300 Guanyindong, China, 248, 426 Hunsgi, Hunsgi Valley, India, 340, 369, 370 Gulf of Aden, 232 Hunsgi Valley, India, 274, 339, 342, 366, 367 Gulf of Aqaba, 114 Hunsgi-Baichbal Valleys, India, 338, 353, 362, 363, 366, 367, 368, 375, 474 Hadar, Ethiopia, 13, 20, 22 Haeckel, Ernst, 4 India, 35, 39, 40, 42, 164, 208, 226, 234, 241, 249, Hathnora, India, 392, 452, 453, 469, 481. See also 274, 336, 342, 380, 395, 405, 408, 418, 421, 433, Narmada Valley 434, 435, 436, 453 Hayonim Cave, Israel, 6, 279, 307, 335, 474, Indian monsoon, 36, 37, 56, 57, 64, 77, 145 481 Indian Ocean, 36, 37, 38, 43, 44, 65, 72, 80, 208, hearths, 293, 412, 428 212, 224, 228, 234 Hebbal Buzurg II. See also Hunsgi-Baichbal Indonesia, 166, 253, 396, 432 Heqing Basin, China, 223 Indus River, Pakistan, xiv, 128, 129, 132 Herto, Ethiopia, 460, 468 Iran, 67, 68, 83, 116, 127, 236, 257, 322 Hexian, China, 6, 243, 247, 248, 442, 443, 446, 470, Iranian Plateau, 35, 83, 199, 325, 334 481 Iraq, 83, 127, 322 High Wangfeng Glaciation, Tibetan Plateau, 206 Isampur, India, 6, 339, 340, 375, 378, 474. See also Himalayas, 7, 39, 40, 42, 204, 205, 207, 208, 235, 240, Hunsgi-Baichbal Valleys 344 Isernia, Italy, 263

544 Index

Israel, 69, 83, 100, 106, 114, 118, 120, 121, 122, 236, Korean Peninsula, 396, 418 239, 259, 260, 276, 290, 295, 306, 309, 321, 436 Koro Toro, Chad, 16, 197 Kortallyar Basin, India, 3, 345, 362, 386, 387, 388, Jabrud rock-shelter, Syria, 6, 279, 285, 290, 295, 296, 390, 435 297, 298, 306, 307, 308, 417, 481, 527 Kotzetang Cave. See Gezidong Cave Jabrudian, 279, 289, 290, 292, 295, 296, 298, 300, Kovalli, India, 379 301, 304, 306, 307 Krishna Basin, India, 361, 380, 393 Jalalpur, Pakistan, 208, 338, 375, 391 Kromdraai, South Africa, 5, 19 Japan, 64, 208, 210, 222, 227, 396, 418, 419 Kudaro, Georgia, 239, 318, 320, 321, 334 Java Sea, 250 Kukdi, India, 338 Java, Indonesia, 89, 149, 166, 176, 184, 250, 251, 252, Kuldara, Tajikistan, 217, 326, 327, 328, 330 427, 448 Kumpari, South Korea, 418 Jayal Formation, India. See also Thar Desert Kungwangling. See Gongwangling Jayal, India, 353, 481. See also Thar Desert Kunlun Mountains, Tibetan Plateau, 51, 206, 435, Jerf Ajla, Syria, 298 463 Jerodong Formation, Borneo, 422 Kunlun Pass, Tibetan Plateau, 206, 485 Jigongshan, China, 419, 436 Kuratau, Tajikistan, 328 Jinnuishan, China, 6, 247, 444, 445, 446, 456, 460, Kuruksay, Tajikistan, 54, 131 470, 481 Kuznetsk Basin, Siberia, 253 Jisr Banat Yaqub. See Gesher Benot Yaaqovì Kyrgyzstan, 329 Jordan, 290, 306, 323, 325 Kyzyllkum Desert, 51, 219, 257 Jordan Valley, 98, 100 Joubb Jannine, Lebanon, 274 Laetoli, Tanzania, 13, 16 Lake Baikal, Siberia, 1, 7, 62, 65, 77, 206, 208, 211, Kabuh Formation, Java, 147, 149, 162, 164, 165 222, 253, 254, 255, 485 Kabwe, Zambia, 455, 456 Lake Biwa, Japan, 208, 210, 222, 485 Kadar Gona, Ethiopia, 22, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 144, Lake Turkana, 113 198 Lakhmapur, India, xii, 342, 379, 380, 381, 383, 481 Kadmali Valley, India, 351 Lakhuti, Tajikistan, 220, 327, 328, 329 Kaladgi Basin, India, 339, 380 Lantian, China, 157, 176, 177, 182, 481 Kalambo Falls, Zambia, 263, 270 Latamne, Syria, 115, 135, 271, 275, 276, 279, 310, 392 Kalatepe Deresi 3,Turkey,310 Lazaret, France, 98 Kaldenvanhalli, India, 338 Lebanon, 259, 260, 274, 290, 292, 296, 301, 306, 309 Kalpi, India, 345 Lehringen, Germany, 268 Kanam, Kenya, 5 Leizhou Peninsula, China, 223, 226, 249, 424 Kanjera, Kenya, 5 Lemuria, 4 Kara Sea, 36 Levallois, 115, 122, 277, 278, 283, 285, 289, 298, 305, Karain Cave, Turkey, 315, 318, 321, 453 310, 312, 324, 340, 344, 346, 347, 352, 357, 359, Karakorum Mountains, 7, 39, 128, 129, 204, 205, 360, 385, 435 207, 254, 393, 469, 474, 500, 528 Levallois-Mousterian, 278, 289, 290, 296, 301, 302, Karakum Desert, 51, 219, 257 304, 306, 307, 308 Karamaidan, Tajikistan, 54 Levant, 68, 70, 82, 83, 90, 120, 236, 239, 259, 309, Karari Industry, 122 321, 336, 337, 405, 418, 433 Kashafrud, Iran, 116, 118, 135, 322 Liang Bua, Flores, Indonesia, 6, 432 Kawoli, South Korea, 418 Linxia Basin, China, 42 Kazakhstan, 54, 217 Lion Spring, Azraq, Jordan, 323 Kebara Cave, Israel, 302 Liuhuangshan Glaciation, Tibetan Plateau, 206 Kedung Brubus, 251 loess, 40, 43, 45, 52, 62, 72 Kenyanthropus platyops, 15 Central Asia, 7, 52, 54, 77, 208, 221, 255, 275 Khao Pha Nam, Thailand, 428 China, other, 168, 176, 177, 210, 403, 406 Khyad, India, 379 Chinese Loess Plateau, 7, 51, 52, 57, 58, 59, 65, 77, Kombewa technique, 263, 264, 271, 283, 333, 466. 204, 206, 207, 208, 217, 227, 228 See also Gesher Benot Yaaqovì (GBY) Pakistan, 220, 255 Komunmoru, North Korea, 418 Ukraine, Russia, 220 Konso-Gardula, Ethiopia, 103 “loess palaeolithic,” Tajikistan, 329, 332 Koobi Fora, Kenya, 12, 14, 18, 20, 22, 22, 23, 25, 26, Lokalalei, Kenya, 22, 22, 24 30, 103, 122, 165 Longgupo, China, 113, 131, 178, 180, 181, 182, 183, Koplay, Kazakhstan, 54 193, 243, 419, 481

Index 545

Longgushan, China, 397. See Zhoukoudian Masharai’a 4, Jordan, 323 (locality 1), China Masloukh, Lebanon, 290, 298 Luochuan, China, 204, 209, 212, 216, 228, 405 Mata Menge, Flores, Indonesia, 6, 429, 432, 436 Mauer, Germany, 5, 157, 455, 458 Ma U’Oi cave, Vietnam, 448, 481 Meganthropus, 147, 152, 162, 163, See Pithecanthropus, Maba, China, 444, 447 H. erectus s.s. Madrasian, 388 Mesopotamian Desert, 257 Mae Tha, Thailand, 427 Micoquian, 292, 297 Mahadeo Piparia, India, 337 microfauna, 32, 56, 62, 86, 179, 260, 282, 285, 306, Mailapur, India. See also Kortallyar Basin 318, 330, 412 Majuangou, China, 6, 135, 182, 184. See also Minarawala Kund, India, 359 Nihewan Basin Misliya, Israel, 306 Makapansgat, South Africa, 16, 411 Mode 1, 421, 434 Makassar Straits, 432 Mode 2, 421, 434, 436 Malaprabha River, India, 379, 380, 394 Mojokerto, Java, 4, 6, 90, 136, 145, 147, 149, 153, Malaysia, 36, 427 154, 154, 155, 156, 162, 164, 166, 186, 192, 199, Maliang, China, 433 490, 508, 519 Maozhushan, China, 419 Molyan, Afghanistan, 56 marine cores Mongolia, 36, 40, 44 Indian Ocean, 65, 234, 255 monsoon, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 48, 56, 57, other, 48, 60, 68, 238 62, 66, 77, 376 Paciﬁc Ocean, 62, 68 Mousterian, 288, 290, 292, 298, 316, 317, 321 South China Sea, 64, 228 Movius Line, 398, 437, 464 marine isotope stage (MIS) Mu Us Desert, 210, 214, 227 MIS 10, 223, 226, 232 Mudnur, India, 342, 363, 363, 364, 366, 368, 374. MIS 11, 203, 212, 220, 222, 226, 379, 405, 465 See also Hunsgi-Baichbal Valley MIS 11–15, 204, 222, 226, 254 Mugharan, 286, 290, 298, 302 MIS 12, 206, 222, 227, 228, 234, 253 Myanmar, 36, 345, 427, 435 MIS 1–2, 217 MIS 1–29, 226 Naame,´ Lebanon, 301, 306 MIS 13, 210, 212, 228 Naamean, 301 MIS 13–15, 210 Nadaouiyeh, Syria, 323 MIS 14, 211, 222, 233 Nahal Aqev, Israel, 306 MIS 14–18, 206 Nahal Zihor, Israel, 69, 114, 115, 135, 481 MIS 15, 222, 226 Nanga Parbat, Pakistan, 208 MIS 16, 203, 228 Nariokotome, Kenya, 26 MIS 1–6, 213 Narmada Valley, India, 240, 336, 337, 346, 353, 392, MIS 1–6, 229 450 MIS 1–6, 238 Negev Desert, Israel, 69, 80, 82, 114, 257, 306, MIS 17, 227, 405 307 MIS 19, 260 Nepal, 57, 345 MIS 22, 212, 227 Nevasa River, India, 339, 347, 392 MIS 23, 226 Nevasian, 347 MIS 24, 226 Ngandong, Java, xxii, 4, 153, 157, 160, 252, 448, 450, MIS 34, 210 470 MIS 36, 67 Ngawi, Java, 448 MIS 5, 212, 228, 230, 249, 317, 424, 472 Ngebung, Java, 164, 428 MIS 51, 64 Nihewan Basin, China, xiv, 6, 80, 128, 167, 169, 176, MIS 5–6, 217 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 192, 194, 202, MIS 59/60, 64 206, 433, 474, 476, 499, 522, 528 MIS 5e, 203, 222, 226, 234, 235, 301, 330 Donggutuo, 169 MIS 6, 206, 214, 220, 222, 223, 227, 228, 229, 232, Majuangou, 2, 176 234, 236, 249, 250, 254, 257, 304, 345, 418, 424, Xiantai, 174 465, 469, 477 Xiaochangliang, 170, 175 MIS 7, 212, 228, 234, 249, 278, 295, 302, 304, 308, North China, 42, 43, 44, 47, 52, 58, 65, 72, 77, 78, 318, 424 166, 167, 177, 178, 181, 183, 207, 218, 219, 221, MIS 8, 223, 228, 232, 249, 278, 295, 304, 307, 424 222, 226, 227, 249, 253, 396, 399, 419, 435 MIS 9, 222, 234, 295, 304, 308, 424 North Korea, 418

546 Index

Obigarm, Tajikistan, 54 Qafzeh Cave, Israel, 279, 302, 306, 453, 455, 460, 468 Oldowan, 23, 24, 28, 122, 123, 323, 421, 434 Qaidam Basin, China, 39, 210 Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, 3, 14, 19, 20, 21, 22, 26, Qara Su River, Iran, 83 29, 31, 76, 103, 106, 122, 123, 136, 191, 263, Qesem Cave, Israel, 6, 279, 290, 296, 301, 306, 307, 269, 395, 421 308, 333, 335, 474, 477, 481 Olduvai Subchron, 84, 86, 95 Qilian Shan, Tibetan Plateau, 206 Olorgesailie, Kenya, 28, 29, 263 Qinling Mountains, China, 47, 166, 177, 241, 243, Oman, 232, 234 396, 419 Omma Formation, Japan, 64 optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating, 278, Raisen, India, 340, 342, 358, 359 279, 418 Ras el Kelb, Lebanon, 306 Ordos Desert, 257 Red Sea, 122, 235 Orontes Valley, Syria, 271, 275 Remisowka, Kazakhstan, 217 Renzidong, China, 178 Pabbi Hills, Pakistan, 130, 134, 142, 144, 240, 393, Revadim, Israel, 278, 279, 282, 306, 307 481 Riwat, Pakistan, 139, 184, 393, 481 Pachycrocuta, 170, 175, 178, 179 Rohri Hills, Pakistan, 371, 481 P. brevirostris, 238, 398 Rosh ein Mor, Israel, 279, 305, 307 Pacitanian, 427 Rub al Khali Desert, 1, 235 Paisra, India, 342, 359 Russia, 220, 318 Pajitan, Java, 164 Rust, Alfred, 290, 292 Pakistan, 39, 54, 56, 57, 58, 64, 77, 95, 97, 112, 208, 240, 340, 343, 344, 375 Sadab. See also Hunsgi-Baichbal Valleys Pal Barik, Iran, 322 Sadab, India, 338, 368, 375 palaeomagnetism, 54, 76, 84, 85, 86, 114, 116, 118, Sahara Desert, 43, 78, 235, 239, 463, 464, 168, 170, 176, 177, 179, 181, 204, 223, 252, 260, 465 419 Saharan-Arabian Desert, 100, 477 palaeosols, 44, 45, 47, 48, 50, 52, 56, 72, 208, 209, Sahul, 428 210, 216, 217, 220, 236, 396 Sambungmachan, Java, 157, 428, 448, 450 Pallavaram, India, 336, 344 Samnapur, India, 346, 391 Pamir Mountains, 39, 51, 52, 54, 66, 67, 325, 326 Sangiran Dome, Java, 5, 161, 163, 164, 165 Panxian Dadong, China, 247, 248, 249, 255, 419, Satani Dar, Armenia, 319 422, 433, 444, 445, 481 Saudi Arabia, 74, 118, 123, 324 Paranthropus, 5, 12, 17, 19, 21, 22, 25, 26, 30, 31, 163, Saurashtra Valley, India, 351 200 “Savannahstan,” 77, 78, 253, 476 Paratethys Sea, 42, 46, 67 Schoningen,¨ Germany, 268, 335, 436, 477 Parikulam, India, 385. See also Kortallyar Basin Sea of Japan, 62, 64, 77, 255 Paviland Cave, UK, 398 Selìungur Cave, Kyrgyzstan, 330, 331, 332, 334 Pei Weizhong, 399 Semliki River, Zaire, 22 Petralona, Greece, 455, 458 Shijiawan, China, 211 Philippines, 65, 228, 253 Shuwayhittiyah, Saudi Arabia, 123 Philippines Islands, 250 Siberia, iii, 1, 3, 7, 36, 40, 44, 59, 62, 77, 199, 203, Piltdown, 5 204, 208, 220, 221, 222, 253, 254, 255, 463 Pinjor Stage, Upper Siwaliks, 130, 240 Sima de los Huesos (Atapuerca), Spain, 455 Pir Panjal Mountains, 207 Sinai Desert, 198, 257, 301 Pithecanthropus Sinai Peninsula, 114, 122, 201, 306, 323, 324, P. alalus, 4 462 P. d u b i u s , 147, 162, 163 Sinanthropus pekinensis, 4, 14, 163, 398, 399, 411, P. erectus, 4, 14, 145, 147, 153, 159, 162, 164, 179 415 P. modjokertensis, 147, 162 Singi Talav, India, 235, 340, 342, 351, 352, 353, 374, P. r o b u s t u s , 147, 162 408, 436, See also Thar Desert Pithecanthropus erectus. See H. erectus s.s. Sivapithecus, 56 pollen, 47, 62, 72, 97, 98, 99, 161, 210, 216, 220, Siwaliks, 3, 88, 129, 130, 131, 134, 139, 143, 179, 222, 223, 226, 227, 229, 236, 249, 250, 252, 274, 208, 254 404 Upper Siwaliks, 343 potassium-argon (K-Ar) dating, 84, 137, 418 Skuhl Cave, Israel, 279, 306, 453, 455, 468, 469 pre-Aurignacian, 290, 293, 296, 297 Soa Basin, Flores, 429 pre-Oldowan, 23, 94, 125 Soan Flake Industry, 130. See Soanian

Index 547

Soan Valley, Pakistan, 128, 134, 136, 340, 343, 344, Tayacian, 285, 288 345 Teggihalli, India, 375. See also Hunsgi-Baichbal Valley Soanian, 164, 337, 342, 344, 381 tektites, 152, 421, 422 Sodmein Cave, Egypt, 235, 462 Tengger Desert, China, 257 Son Valley, India, 349, 392 Tepe Gakia, Iran, 322 South Asia, 144, 208, 238, 239, 241, 395, 435, Terniﬁne (Tighenif ), Algeria, 14, 263, 459 436 Terra Amata, France, 98 South China, 178, 181, 224, 249, 396, 427 Terra and Paterson, 340, 343, 343, 344 South China Sea, 36, 43, 44, 64, 208, 224, 228, 229, Thailand, 179, 249, 422, 427 250 Tham Khuyen, Vietnam, 179, 181, 249, 433, 448 South Korea, 418 Thar Desert, 208, 230, 234, 235, 257, 345, 351, Southeast Asia, 35, 36, 40, 166, 178, 225, 228, 249, 353 250, 252, 336, 343, 396, 419, 422, 432 thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (TIMS), 297, Southwest Asia, 127, 236, 239, 325, 344, 399 405 speleothems, 234, 237, 248, 255, 279, 405, 406, 417, thermoluminescence (TL) dating, 218, 236, 274, 275, 424, 461, 462 278, 279, 286, 288, 293, 295, 296, 302, 303, 307, Sri Lanka, 3, 435 315, 316, 317, 320, 327, 338, 405, 406, 417, 418, Stable isotope studies, 54 446 Starosele Cave, Crimea, 447 thorium-uranium (Th-U) dating, 234, 236, 301, 324, Steinheim, Germany, 455 337, 347, 374, 375, 378, 405 Sterkfontein, South Africa, 16 Thum Wiman Nakin, Thailand, 249 structures, 274, 419, 436 Tian Shan (=Mountains), China, 39, 42, 51, 54, 61, subsistence, 278, 297, 318, 330, 335 66, 67, 206, 217, 218, 435 Dmanisi, 98 Tianyang Lake, China, 223, 226, 255 Gesher Benot Yaëaqov (GBY), 270 Tibetan Plateau, 1, 4, 7, 36, 43, 45, 46, 50, 57, 58, 61, Hunsgi-Baichbal, 379 65, 70, 72, 77, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, Jabrudian, 309 218, 222, 223, 227 Panxian Dadong, 427 Timor, Indonesia, 250, 252 Ubeidiya, 113 Toba volcanic eruption, 2, 345, 351 Zhoukoudian (locality 1), 415 Toka, India, 344 Sulawesi, Indonesia, 250, 252, 253, 432 Tongtian Cave, China, 444 Sulawusu, China, 448 Tongtianyan Cave, China, 446, 448 Sumatra, Indonesia, 250 Tonzi, China, 447 summer monsoon, 36, 37, 40, 45, 46, 48, 50, 52, 64, Treugol ìnaya Cave, Russia, 318, 320, 481 65, 66, 77, 178, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 218, Trinil, Java, 4, 161, 162, 164, 251, 271 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 232, 234, 235, 358, 361, Turfan Depression, China, 1, 39, 257 378, 379, 393 Turkey, 57, 83, 115, 127, 236, 239, 309, 318, 321, 433 Sundaland, 145, 428 Tutak, Tajikistan, 54 Swanscombe, UK, 455 Swartkrans, South Africa, 2, 5, 17, 19, 22, 25, 192 ëUbeidiya, Israel, 2, 6, 76, 80, 84, 95, 98, 102, 108, Syria, 83, 127, 259, 260, 271, 290, 292, 296, 298, 306, 110, 111, 113, 115, 118, 123, 125, 135, 182, 241, 310, 323 260, 263, 264, 271, 321, 323, 334, 335, 375, 392, Syrian Desert, 257, 296 477, 481 Umm Qatafa, Palestine, 239, 277, 278, 279, 285, 306 Tabaqat Formation, Jordan, 323 uranium-series dating, 302, 405, 417, 424 Tabun Cave, Israel, xi, 6, 239, 278, 279, 282, 285, 287, 288, 290, 296, 297, 300, 301, 306, 308, 322, Verkhoyansk, Siberia, 1 337, 417, 453, 455, 468, 469, 474, 509 Ver teszoll¨ os,¨ Hungary, 411 Tajikistan, 51, 52, 217, 218, 219, 220, 222, 326, 330, Vietnam, 179, 181, 249, 422, 427, 448 331, 332, 334, 411, 461, 474 Vindhya Range, 353, 358 Taklamakan Desert, China, 1, 39, 51, 207, 257, 463 Wagan Valley, India, 351 Tampanian, 427 Wallacea, 428 Tangshan, China, 6, 247, 248, 405, 442, 446, 481 Wangkun Glaciation, Tibetan Plateau, 206 Tan-Tan, Morocco, 284 Weidenreich, Franz, 399 Tarim Basin, China, 39, 42, 206 winter monsoon, 36, 40, 41, 44, 46, 48, 50, 65, 77, Taung, South Africa, 5, 13, 16 166, 208, 210, 211, 226, 227, 228, 230, 232, 233 Tautavel (Arago), France, 98, 453, 455 Wushan, China. See Longgupo

548 Index

Xiantai, China, 135, 182 Yunxian, China, 247, 249, 419, 442, 446, 481 Xiaochangliang, China, 6, 135, 181, 182, 433. See also Yushe Basin, China, 167 Nihewan Basin Xifeng, China, 209, 212, 213 Zagros Mountains, Iran, 35, 68, 82, 83, 122, 259, Xihoudu, China, 176, 177, 182 322, 323, 325, 333, 334, 468, 471, 476, 493 Xujiayao, China, 433 Zhinglianggan Glaciation, Tibetan Plateau, 206 Zhoukoudian (localities 4 and 15), China, 418, 444 Yabrud Rock-shelter, Syria, 300 Zhoukoudian (locality 1), China, 4, 5, 6, 98, 177, Yabrudian. See Jabrudian, 297 241, 244, 337, 402, 417, 418, 433, 436, 474, 481 Yadwad, India, 379, 481 artefacts, 411 Yakou Glaciation, Tibetan Plateau, 206 cannibalism, 416 Yamuna Valley, India, 345 dating, 402, 405, 407, 443, 446 Yangtse River, China, 178, 210, 226, 227, 243, 248, fauna, 242, 243 249, 396, 419, 536 ﬁre, 413, 477 Yarımburgaz Cave, Turkey, 6, 239, 310, 312, 312, history, 399 321, 334 hominin remains, 439, 440, 470 Yediyapur, India, 340, 342, 363, 365, 366, 368, 370, stratigraphy, excavations, 404 375, 376, 394 . See also Hunsgi-Baichbal Valleys subsistence, 413, 415 Yellow Sea, 225, 418 Zilìﬁ, Tajikistan, 54 Yemen, 123, 324 Zinjanthropus boisei, 19 Yiron, Israel, 118 Zoige Basin, Tibetan Plateau, 210, 485 Yuanmou, China, 113, 178, 181, 182, 183, 206, 243, Zuttiyeh Cave, Israel, 239, 279, 290, 295, 306, 307, 419, 481, 508, 513, 534 453, 460, 504, 530