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I0016-7606-60-6-969.Pdf by Guest on 28 September 2021 BULLETIN of the GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY of AMERICA VOL Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/60/6/969/3441328/i0016-7606-60-6-969.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 BULLETIN OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA VOL. 60. PP. 969-998. 7 PLS.. 3 FIGS. JUNE 1949 GEOLOGIC AND GEOGRAPHIC RECONNAISSANCE OF EASTERN MARKAGUNT PLATEAU, UTAH BY HERBERT E. GREGORY CONTENTS Page Abstract 970 Introduction 970 Purpose and scope of investigation 970 Previous geologic work 970 Geography 971 Location and accessibility 971 Climate 971 Vegetation 973 Animals 974 Historical sketch 974 Geographic features 976 General expression 976 Drainage 977 Sedimentary rocks 981 General stratigraphic relations 981 Wasatch formation 982 Brian Head formation 983 General features 983 Stratigraphic and lithologic features 983 Age relations 985 Petrography 986 Sevier River formation 987 Stratigraphic sections 987 Igneous rocks 990 General relations 990 Topographic expression 991 Petrography 993 Age 994 Structure 995 References cited 997 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Outline map of southern Utah showing the location of the eastern Markagunt Plateau .... 972 2. Sketch map showing readjustments of drainage in Duck Creek Valley 979 3. Sketch map showing readjustments of drainage in the vicinity of Panguitch Lake 980 Facing Plate page 1. Map of the eastern Markagunt Plateau, Utah 969 2. Views along the rim of the Markagunt Plateau 974 3. Drainage features of the plateau surface 975 4. Lake basins recording re-adjusted drainage 980 969 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/60/6/969/3441328/i0016-7606-60-6-969.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 970 H. E. GREGORY—EASTERN MARKAGUNT PLATEAU, UTAH Facing Plate page 5. Features of the Brian Head formation 981 6. Features of the Sevier River formation 990 7. Basalt flows 991 ABSTRACT The eastern Markagunt Plateau is a characteristic part of the extensive Marka- gunt Plateau—an uplifted, eastward-tilted earth block that lies between the Hurri- cane and Sevier faults in Garfield and Kane counties, Utah. The exposed sedi- mentary rocks are Tertiary—representatives of the Wasatch, Brian Head, and Sevier River formations. Rocks of volcanic origin include lavas and pyroclastics. The oldest extrusive rocks are porphyritic andesites, of doubtful origin. Next in order are the "old basalts," which during two or more periods flowed from widely spaced craters over fiat lands and far down stream channels, and in the present topography cap mesas, ridges, and the palisade walls of canyons. Very recent volcanic activity is recorded by little-modified cones, long narrow flows, broad sheets, and fields of olivine basalt. The plateau (average altitude, 8,000 feet), uninhabited because of its inhospitable climate, is part of the Dixie National Forest—a summer grazing district and a source of marketable timber. The snow that covers the plateau for 6-8 months each year feeds the streams utilized for irrigation at Panguitch, Hillsdale, and Hatch. INTRODUCTION PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF INVESTIGATION Geologic reports prepared in recent years deal with the Paunsaugunt and the western Markagunt Plateaus but omit consideration of the intervening eastern Markagunt. This paper is designed to complete the geographic and geologic recon- naissance of the highlands that lie between the upper Paria River Valley and the eastern margin of the Great Basin—between the Paunsaugunt and the Hurricane faults. The field work in 1943, 1944, and 1945 involved the compilation of a base map, the description of the sedimentary rocks, and the segregation of the various types of lavas and pyroclastics. Recording the geographic features was aided by the regional maps prepared by Dutton (1872) and the Forest Service (1916), and the map of a narrow strip along the South Fork of the Sevier River published by the Geological Survey (Woolley, 1947). The scales and contour intervals of these maps vary widely, the adopted datum planes differ as much as 290 feet, and superposition reveals inconsistencies of position and altitude too great to be reconciled except by surveys beyond the scope of reconnaissance studies. Therefore, in preparing the present report these maps were used in combination after adjustment of their borders and the re-location of contour lines where instrumental measurements showed marked discrepancies. The resulting map, though unsuitable for showing the pic- turesque land forms developed by erosion, permits the recording of geologic features with reasonable approximation. Fortunately the various types of rock cover areas of considerable size and in mass are easily distinguishable. PREVIOUS GEOLOGIC WORK The eastern Markagunt Plateau is included in the area examined by the Wheeler and the Powell surveys. Wheeler (1875) outimed the drainage system for the first Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/60/6/969/3441328/i0016-7606-60-6-969.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 INTRODUCTION 971 time and noted the source of some of the lava flows. Gilbert (1875) briefly described the sedimentary rocks, including a measured section in Asay Creek Valley. Dutton (1879) gave attention to the composition of the lavas and pyroclastics of the Panguitch Lake region and roughly mapped the area which, in his opinion, constituted a vol- canic field. These pioneer scientists treated the geologic features of the eastern Markagunt as the relatively unimportant duplicates of those more carefully studied on the western Markagunt and the Sevier and Tushar Plateaus. GEOGRAPHY LOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITY The eastern Markagunt Plateau lies in southwestern Garfield and northwestern Kane County, Utah (Fig. 1; PL 1), between parallels 37°35' and 37°50', and meridians 112°25' and 112°42'. Its south boundary is the crest of the Pink Cliff; its east boundary the South Fork of the Sevier River; its north boundary, the town site of Panguitch, and its west boundary the division line between Garfield and Iron Counties. The area, about 390 square miles, is an expanse of high-lying grazing and timber land—most of it within the Dixie National Forest—bordered on the east and northeast by strips of agricultural land suitable for irrigation. The population is grouped at the base of the plateau in the villages of Panguitch and Hatch through which passes Federal highway 89, the only road in the region that is kept in repair and open to traffic throughout the year. From Panguitch, Hatch, and Gravel Junction, unpaved, partly graded roads extend to Cedar City, Cedar Breaks, and Parowan, and connect Panguitch Lake with Duck Creek Sinks. Many short, crooked roads and broad trails used by stockmen and lumbermen cross the relatively flat highlands and follow dry valleys or the edge of lava flows. During the long winter season, all roads and trails on the plateau are deeply buried in snow. CLIMATE The climate of the eastern Markagunt Plateau is characterized by long cold win- ters with abundant snow fall; short, moderately warm summers with brilliant sun- shine and infrequent rains—usually heavy and short lived; and delightfully cool springs and autumns, when light, erratically timed showers occur. The climatic conditions on the plateau top may be roughly approximated by reference to those along the margin of the plateau at Panguitch (altitude 6,700 feet) and Hatch (alti- tude 7,000 feet) where stations of the United States Weather Bureau are in operation. At Panguitch, which ranks with Widtsoe and Laketown as the coldest meteoro- logical stations in Utah, recorded average temperatures are: spring, 40.1°F; summer, 60.6°F; fall, 40.3°F; and winter 23.1°F. For 5 months in the year temperatures below zero have been recorded— the lowest 38° below; even in summer, temperatures above 90° are rare. Ordinary years have killing frosts as late as June 20 and as early as September 8, and in exceptional years even during July and August. The average interval between frosts is thus but 80 days—the minimum 41 days and the maximum 128 days—probably the shortest growing season to which agricultural practise in Utah has been adjusted. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/60/6/969/3441328/i0016-7606-60-6-969.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 972 H. E. GREGORY—EASTERN MARKAGUNT PLATEAU, UTAH • Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/60/6/969/3441328/i0016-7606-60-6-969.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 GEOGRAPHY 973 The recorded mean annual rainfall at Panguitch is 9.68 inches; maximum, 18.2 inches (1910), minimum, 5.44 inches. For Hatch, the corresponding figures are 11.28, 15.74, and 6.80. Before reaching villages in the Sevier River Valley, the prevailing regional winds leave much of their moisture along the western rim of the Markagunt Plateau. As if in compensation for the widely spaced and relatively light rains, snowfalls are frequent and heavy. Above the 8,000-foot contour line, snow may fall every month, and usually for 7 or 8 months it forms a continuous mantle and in places stands as drifts as much as 30 feet high. Even at Panguitch, snow storms are recorded for all months except July and August. Measurements made by the National Park Service in March, when the snow is most compact, show a mean annual accumulation of 19.4 inches at Panguitch Lake; 23.45 inches at Gravel Pass; 30.42 inches at Harris Flat; 33.1 inches at Panguitch; 41.00 inches at Duck Creek; and 70+ inches in the highest valleys. Furthermore, the water content of the snow is exceptionally large. The estimated average annual precipitation is 30 inches for the Markagunt Plateau—for parts of it perhaps as much as 35 inches. Snow is the controlling factor in determining the habitability, the mode of life, and the economic development of the region that includes the eastern Markagunt Plateau.
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