DOCSLIB.ORG

The Pennsylvania State University Schreyer Honors College

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Pennsylvania State University Schreyer Honors College THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY SCHREYER HONORS COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY NILE RIVER: LIFELINE AND SOURCE OF CONFLICT FOR NORTHEASTERN AFRICA JASON POLLACK Spring 2015 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a baccalaureate degree in Environmental Systems Engineering with honors in Geography Reviewed and approved* by the following: Robert Brooks Professor of Geography Thesis Supervisor Roger Downs Professor of Geography Honors Adviser * Signatures are on file in the Schreyer Honors College. i ABSTRACT Over 238 million people live in the Nile River Basin. For many nations in this region in Eastern Africa, the Nile River is the sole source of freshwater. This has made the Nile one of the most contested rivers in the world. Egypt is the dominating power on the river with over 80 million of its people dependent upon the river. For centuries, Egypt has had a near monopoly over the Nile’s resources, which has proved to be a detriment to the hundreds of millions of other people who cannot fully utilize the Nile water within their country’s national boundaries. Recently, however, many of the 10 other Nile nations have signed a novel agreement known as the Cooperative Framework Agreement. This agreement is essentially a declaration from the Nile nations stating their right to use the Nile water resources within their national boundaries. The Cooperative Framework Agreement is also a rejection of centuries old Nile Water Agreements signed by European colonial powers, on behalf of their African territories, and Egypt. This thesis analyzes the legality of the current Nile Water Agreements, ways to increase water consumption and decrease water loss, and considerations for a comprehensive new agreement between the 11 Nile states. Related statutes of international law and water law are considered to determine the legality of the current Nile water treaties. Rapidly increasing populations and less stable precipitation patterns have placed strains on water and agricultural resources throughout the region. As tensions are rising, a new Nile Waters Agreement must be created. As ex-Egyptian President Anwar Sadat stated, “The only matter that could take Egypt to war again is water.” This thesis strives to propose ways to prevent such a war from occurring by analyzing the entire situation and suggesting tangible solutions. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 Geography of the Nile Region ..................................................................................... 3 White Nile ......................................................................................................................... 5 Blue Nile ........................................................................................................................... 11 People of the Nile......................................................................................................... 15 Egypt ................................................................................................................................ 15 Sudan ................................................................................................................................ 19 Comparison of the Downstream Nations ......................................................................... 21 Upstream Nile Nations ..................................................................................................... 23 Ethiopia ............................................................................................................................ 23 South Sudan ...................................................................................................................... 27 Eritrea .............................................................................................................................. 30 Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) ...................................................................... 33 Tanzania ........................................................................................................................... 35 Uganda ............................................................................................................................. 37 Kenya ............................................................................................................................... 40 Burundi ............................................................................................................................. 42 Rwanda ............................................................................................................................. 43 Summary of the Nile’s Importance to basin countries ..................................................... 44 Are Waters of the Nile Egypt’s Inherent Right? .......................................................... 46 Ancient Egypt ................................................................................................................... 48 Supremacy of the Nile ...................................................................................................... 53 Egypt’s River .................................................................................................................... 56 Nile Imperialism .......................................................................................................... 59 Historical Context ............................................................................................................ 59 Nile River Water Agreements amongst European Nations .............................................. 62 Nile Waters Agreement of 1929 ....................................................................................... 64 The Nile Waters Agreement of 1959 ................................................................................ 68 Legality of the Nile Waters Agreements of 1929 and 1959 ........................................ 71 Principles of International Law ....................................................................................... 71 Water Law ........................................................................................................................ 74 Changing Nile Dynamics ............................................................................................. 78 Nile Basin Initiative.......................................................................................................... 78 Cooperative Framework Agreement ................................................................................ 80 iii Unity among the Upstream Nations ................................................................................. 82 Egyptian Options .............................................................................................................. 88 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 99 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Political Map of the Nile River Basin ("Nile River Basin," 2000) ........................... 4 Figure 2. Map showing where the White and Blue Nile Rivers meet (Carslon, 2013) ............ 6 Figure 3. Map showing the source of the Blue Nile River ("Blue Nile Map," 2004) ............... 11 Figure 4. This image shows the inlet and outlet sources of the Nile on its way to Egypt ("The Water Resources of the Nile Basin," 2012) ...................................................................... 14 Figure 5. Satellite Map of Egypt ("National Maps - Egypt - Satellite," 2014) ........................ 16 Figure 6. Water volumes (million m3/day) of the Nile in Egypt broken down by its primary source ("Future Demands on the Nile," 2007) ............................................................................ 18 Figure 7. Political Map of Sudan ("White - Blue Nile," 2014) ................................................ 20 Figure 8. This figure shows Ethiopia's major river basins. The Tekeze, Abbay, and Baro-Akobo are all a part of the Nile River basin ("River Basins of Ethiopia," 2010)........................ 24 Figure 9. Ethnic-political map of Ethiopia ("Administrative Regions," 2000) ........................ 25 Figure 10. Political Map of South Sudan ("Map of States of South Sudan," 2012) ................ 28 Figure 11. Political map of Eritrea ("Eritrea," 2006) ............................................................. 31 Figure 12. Map of the Congo River watershed. The dark green line is the border between the Congo and Nile watersheds ("Congo-Nile Divide," 2013) .............................................. 34 Figure 13. Map of population density in Tanzania ("Coastal Habitats," 2011) ...................... 36 Figure 14. Political Map of Uganda ("Map of Uganda," 2014) ............................................. 38 Figure 15. Nile Basin in Kenya ("Kenya Map," 2015) ............................................................ 41 Figure 16. Political map of Burundi ("Burundi," 2014) .......................................................... 43 Figure 17. Political map of Rwanda ("Rwanda," 2014) .......................................................... 44 Figure 18. Map of European possessions in Africa in 1914 (Iweriebor, 2011) ...................... 60 Figure 19. This image shows how Nile Basin populations are expected to grow ("Opportunities and Challenges," 2012) ...................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Crustal Structure of the Nile Delta: Interpretation of Seismic-Constrained Satellite-Based Gravity Data
    remote sensing Article Crustal Structure of the Nile Delta: Interpretation of Seismic-Constrained Satellite-Based Gravity Data Soha Hassan 1,2, Mohamed Sultan 1,*, Mohamed Sobh 2,3, Mohamed S. Elhebiry 1,4 , Khaled Zahran 2, Abdelaziz Abdeldayem 5, Elsayed Issawy 2 and Samir Kamh 5 1 Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49009, USA; [email protected] (S.H.); [email protected] (M.S.E.) 2 Department of Earth-Geodynamics, National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics (NRIAG), Helwan 11421, Egypt; [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (K.Z.); [email protected] (E.I.) 3 Institute of Geophysics and Geoinformatics, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09596 Freiberg, Germany 4 Department of Geology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt 5 Department of Geology, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt; [email protected] (A.A.); [email protected] (S.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Interpretations of the tectonic setting of the Nile Delta of Egypt and its offshore extension are challenged by the thick sedimentary cover that conceals the underlying structures and by the paucity of deep seismic data and boreholes. A crustal thickness model, constrained by available seismic and geological data, was constructed for the Nile Delta by inversion of satellite gravity data (GOCO06s), and a two-dimensional (2D) forward density model was generated along the Delta’s entire length. Modelling results reveal the following: (1) the Nile Delta is formed of two distinctive Citation: Hassan, S.; Sultan, M.; crustal units: the Southern Delta Block (SDB) and the Northern Delta Basin (NDB) separated by a Sobh, M.; Elhebiry, M.S.; Zahran, K.; hinge zone, a feature widely reported from passive margin settings; (2) the SDB is characterized by an Abdeldayem, A.; Issawy, E.; Kamh, S.
    [Show full text]
  • Pax Britannica and the Anti-Systemic Movement of Viceroy Mehmet Ali Pasha of Egypt
    PAX BRITANNICA AND THE ANTI-SYSTEMIC MOVEMENT OF VICEROY MEHMET ALI PASHA OF EGYPT A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY OKYANUS AKIN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS DECEMBER 2019 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Yaşar Kondakçı Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Prof. Dr. Oktay Tanrısever Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Fatih Tayfur Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Bağcı (METU, IR) Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Fatih Tayfur (METU, IR) Prof. Dr. Çınar Özen (Ankara Uni., IR) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: Okyanus Akın Signature: iii ABSTRACT PAX BRITANNICA AND THE ANTI-SYSTEMIC MOVEMENT OF VICEROY MEHMET ALI PASHA OF EGYPT Akın, Okyanus M.S., Department of International Relations Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Fatih Tayfur December 2019, 234 pages The Pax Britannica, as a system, defined the political-economy of the nineteenth century.
    [Show full text]
  • Egyptian Culture and Trade Cultural Study
    Egyptian Culture and Trade Cultural Study Take a look at the things around you. Can you spot anything that was grown or made within 10 miles of your home? Look at your clothing. How many hundreds or thousands of miles did they travel from the factory to reach you? The importance of international trade is evident everywhere you look. Trade was also important to the economies of ancient civilizations. When Egyptians first settled along the Nile, the resources of the river supplied them with what they needed to survive. Grain grew quickly in the healthy soil of the Nile, so the people had plenty to eat. The Egyptians used mud and stones found along the river to make sturdy homes and monuments. Clothing, paper, and lamp oil were all locally produced from plants and animals. Ancient Egyptians traded along the Nile Of course, ancient Egyptians soon desired River and beyond. The Nile is the winding things that could not be produced locally. blue body of water to the left. Can you guess from the map what the main route of trade from Egypt was? If you guessed the Nile River, you are correct. The Nile River is the longest river in the world. It has the unusual quality of flowing northward into the Mediterranean Sea. Access to the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea opened Egypt to foreign cultures and influences. Large boats made of wood navigated up the Nile and sailed throughout the region. These boats returned with items that the Egyptians desired. As Egyptian civilization developed, the need grew for better wood.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomy of the Nile Following the Twists and Turns of the World's Longest River
    VideoMedia Spotlight Anatomy of the Nile Following the twists and turns of the world's longest river For the complete video with media resources, visit: http://education.nationalgeographic.org/media/anatomy-nile/ Funder The Nile River has provided fertile land, transportation, food, and freshwater to Egypt for more than 5,000 years. Today, 95% of Egypt’s population continues to live along its banks. Where does the Nile begin? Where does it end? Watch this video, from Nat Geo WILD’s “Destination Wild” series, to find out. For an even deeper look at the Nile, use our vocabulary list and explore our “geo-tour” of the Nile to understand the geography of the river and answer the questions in the Questions tab. Questions Where is the source, or headwaters, of the Nile River? The streams of Rwanda’s Nyungwe Forest are probably the most remote sources of the Nile. The snow-capped peaks of the Rwenzori Mountains are another one of the remote sources of the Nile. The Rwenzori Mountains, sometimes nicknamed the “Mountains of the Moon,” straddle the border between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda. Many geographers also consider Lake Victoria, the largest lake in Africa, to be a source of the Nile. The most significant outflow from Lake Victoria, winding northward through Uganda, is called the “Victoria Nile.” Can you find a waterfall on the Nile River? As it twists more than 6,500 kilometers (4,200 miles) through Africa, the Nile has dozens of small and large waterfalls. The most significant waterfall on the Nile is probably Murchison Falls, Uganda.
    [Show full text]
  • A Short History of Egypt – to About 1970
    A Short History of Egypt – to about 1970 Foreword................................................................................................... 2 Chapter 1. Pre-Dynastic Times : Upper and Lower Egypt: The Unification. .. 3 Chapter 2. Chronology of the First Twelve Dynasties. ............................... 5 Chapter 3. The First and Second Dynasties (Archaic Egypt) ....................... 6 Chapter 4. The Third to the Sixth Dynasties (The Old Kingdom): The "Pyramid Age"..................................................................... 8 Chapter 5. The First Intermediate Period (Seventh to Tenth Dynasties)......10 Chapter 6. The Eleventh and Twelfth Dynasties (The Middle Kingdom).......11 Chapter 7. The Second Intermediate Period (about I780-1561 B.C.): The Hyksos. .............................................................................12 Chapter 8. The "New Kingdom" or "Empire" : Eighteenth to Twentieth Dynasties (c.1567-1085 B.C.)...............................................13 Chapter 9. The Decline of the Empire. ...................................................15 Chapter 10. Persian Rule (525-332 B.C.): Conquest by Alexander the Great. 17 Chapter 11. The Early Ptolemies: Alexandria. ...........................................18 Chapter 12. The Later Ptolemies: The Advent of Rome. .............................20 Chapter 13. Cleopatra...........................................................................21 Chapter 14. Egypt under the Roman, and then Byzantine, Empire: Christianity: The Coptic Church.............................................23
    [Show full text]
  • Land, Property Rights and Institutional Durability in Medieval Egypt
    Land, Property Rights and Institutional Durability in Medieval Egypt Lisa Blaydes - Stanford University LSE-Stanford-Universidad de los Andes Conference on Long-Run Development in Latin America, London School of Economics and Political Science, 16-17 May 2018 Land, Property Rights and Institutional Durability in Medieval Egypt Lisa Blaydes∗ Associate Professor Department of Political Science Stanford University April 2018 Abstract Historical institutionalists have long been concerned with the conditions under which political institutions provoke their own processes of internal change. Using data on changing landholding patterns during the Mamluk Sultanate (1250-1517 CE), I demon- strate that land shifted from temporary and revocable land grants offered in exchange for service to Islamic religious endowments and hybridized land types, representing a transformation away from state authority over agricultural resources to more priva- tized forms of property control. Predation on collective state resources by individual mamluks | state actors themselves | was a negative externality associated with the foundational principle of the impermissibility of transferring mamluk status to one's sons. My characterization of mamluk political institutions provides an empirical il- lustration of a self-undermining equilibrium with implications for understanding how Middle Eastern political institutions differed from those in other world regions, partic- ularly medieval Europe. ∗Many thanks to Connor Kennedy, Shivonne Logan, Vivan Malkani and Kyle Van Rensselaer for out- standing research assistance. Scott Abramson, Gary Cox, David Laitin, Hans Lueders and Yuki Takagi provided helpful comments and assistance. 1 What explains institutional durability? An influential literature suggests that institu- tional equilibria can be indirectly strengthened or weakened by processes dynamically intro- duced by the institutions themselves (Greif and Laitin 2004).
    [Show full text]
  • Annales Islamologiques
    MINISTÈRE DE L'ÉDUCATION NATIONALE, DE L'ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR ET DE LA RECHERCHE ANNALES ISLAMOLOGIQUES en ligne en ligne en ligne en ligne en ligne en ligne en ligne en ligne en ligne en ligne AnIsl 41 (2007), p. 97-118 Anne F. Broadbridge Diplomatic Conventions in the Mamluk Sultanate Conditions d’utilisation L’utilisation du contenu de ce site est limitée à un usage personnel et non commercial. Toute autre utilisation du site et de son contenu est soumise à une autorisation préalable de l’éditeur (contact AT ifao.egnet.net). Le copyright est conservé par l’éditeur (Ifao). Conditions of Use You may use content in this website only for your personal, noncommercial use. Any further use of this website and its content is forbidden, unless you have obtained prior permission from the publisher (contact AT ifao.egnet.net). The copyright is retained by the publisher (Ifao). Dernières publications 9782724708288 BIFAO 121 9782724708424 Bulletin archéologique des Écoles françaises à l'étranger (BAEFE) 9782724707878 Questionner le sphinx Philippe Collombert (éd.), Laurent Coulon (éd.), Ivan Guermeur (éd.), Christophe Thiers (éd.) 9782724708295 Bulletin de liaison de la céramique égyptienne 30 Sylvie Marchand (éd.) 9782724708356 Dendara. La Porte d'Horus Sylvie Cauville 9782724707953 Dendara. La Porte d’Horus Sylvie Cauville 9782724708394 Dendara. La Porte d'Hathor Sylvie Cauville 9782724708011 MIDEO 36 Emmanuel Pisani (éd.), Dennis Halft (éd.) © Institut français d’archéologie orientale - Le Caire Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) 1 / 1 Anne F. BroAdBridge Diplomatic Conventions in the Mamluk Sultanate iplomatic conventions are generally understood to mean the protocol and etiquette that govern encounters between the representatives of different states, such as when Dambassadors go to a foreign court to meet with its ruler on behalf of their own.
    [Show full text]
  • Islands in the Nile Sea: the Maritime Cultural Landscape of Thmuis, an Ancient Delta City
    ISLANDS IN THE NILE SEA: THE MARITIME CULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF THMUIS, AN ANCIENT DELTA CITY A Thesis by VERONICA MARIE MORRISS Submitted to the Office of Graduate studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS May 2012 Major Subject: Anthropology Islands in the Nile Sea: The Maritime Cultural Landscape of Thmuis, an Ancient Delta City Copyright 2012 Veronica Marie Morriss ISLANDS IN THE NILE SEA: THE MARITIME CULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF THMUIS, AN ANCIENT DELTA CITY A Thesis by VERONICA MARIE MORRISS Submitted to the Office of Graduate studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Approved by: Chair of Committee, Shelley Wachsmann Committee Members, Deborah Carlson Nancy Klein Head of Department, Cynthia Werner May 2012 Major Subject: Anthropology iii ABSTRACT Islands in the Nile Sea: The Maritime Cultural Landscape of Thmuis, an Ancient Delta City. (May 2012) Veronica Marie Morriss, B.A., The Pennsylvania State University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Shelley Wachsmann In ancient Egypt, the Nile was both a lifeline and a highway. In addition to its crucial role for agriculture and water resources, the river united an area nearly five hundred miles in length. It was an avenue for asserting imperial authority over the vast expanse of the Nile valley. River transport along the inland waterways was also an integral aspect of daily life and was employed by virtually every class of society; the king and his officials had ships for commuting, as did the landowner for shipping grain, and the ‘marsh men’ who lived in the northernmost regions of the Nile Delta.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of the Arab Conquest on Late Roman Settlementin Egypt
    Pýý.ý577 THE IMPACT OF THE ARAB CONQUEST ON LATE ROMAN SETTLEMENTIN EGYPT VOLUME I: TEXT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY CAMBRIDGE This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Cambridge, March 2002 ALISON GASCOIGNE DARWIN COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE For my parents with love and thanks Abstract The Impact of the Arab Conquest on Late Roman Settlement in Egypt Alison Gascoigne, Darwin College The Arab conquest of Egypt in 642 AD affected the development of Egyptian towns in various ways. The actual military struggle, the subsequent settling of Arab tribes and changes in administration are discussed in chapter 1, with reference to specific sites and using local archaeological sequences. Chapter 2 assesseswhether our understanding of the archaeological record of the seventh century is detailed enough to allow the accurate dating of settlement changes. The site of Zawyet al-Sultan in Middle Egypt was apparently abandoned and partly burned around the time of the Arab conquest. Analysis of surface remains at this site confirmed the difficulty of accurately dating this event on the basis of current information. Chapters3 and 4 analysethe effect of two mechanismsof Arab colonisation on Egyptian towns. First, an investigation of the occupationby soldiers of threatened frontier towns (ribats) is based on the site of Tinnis. Examination of the archaeological remains indicates a significant expansion of Tinnis in the eighth and ninth centuries, which is confirmed by references in the historical sources to building programmes funded by the central government. Second, the practice of murtaba ` al- jund, the seasonal exploitation of the town and its hinterland for the grazing of animals by specific tribal groups is examined with reference to Kharibta in the western Delta.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Nile Delta Basin Province, Eastern Mediterranean T
    World Petroleum Resources Project Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Nile Delta Basin Province, Eastern Mediterranean T quantitatively assessed. The two assessed areas are the Nile Introduction Cone AU and Nile Margin Reservoirs AU (figs. 1 and 2). Oil and gas were generated from multiple Mesozoic and Cenozoic sources including: (1) hypothesized Jurassic marine The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) estimated the and terrigenous shale; (2) Cretaceous argillaceous shales undiscovered oil and gas resources of the Nile Delta Basin and limestones; (3) Oligocene and Miocene terrigenous Province as part of a program aimed at estimating the source rocks; and (4) possibly biogenic sources (Vandre and recoverable oil and gas resources of priority basins around others, 2007). Source rocks are thermally mature in deeper the world. The province encompasses approximately parts of the province (Abu El-Ella, 1990; Shaaban and 250,000 square kilometers of the eastern Mediterranean others 2006). Petroleum charge is confirmed by more than area (fig. 1). It is bounded to the west by the approximate 100 producing fields, numerous oil seeps, mud volcanoes, edge of the Nile Cone, to the north by the Strabo, Pytheus, and gas chimneys imaged on seismic profiles (Loncke and and Cyprus Trenches, to the east by the Levant Basin Prov- others, 2004). Reservoirs are Mesozoic to Paleogene carbon- ince boundary, and to the south by the approximate edge of ate and clastic reservoirs and Neogene-Quaternary deltaic, compressional structures in northern Egypt (Robertson, 1998; nearshore marine, deep-water slope channel, and sheet and Roberts and Peace, 2007), which also corresponds to the fan sandstones (Cross and others, 2009; Samuel and others, general updip limit of Neogene deltaic strata in Egypt.
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of the Egyptian Society Through the History
    International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 9, Issue 5, May-2018 5 ISSN 2229-5518 The development of the Egyptian society through the history Ola Hassane Teaching assistant at Tanta University, Post-graduate student at Alexandria University E-mail: [email protected] Abstract— Egypt is the one of the oldest and strongest civilization, if not the oldest one. She was the world leader in all the fields, as medicine and agriculture, attracting immigrants from around the world, creating the Egyptian identity from mixed races, sharing the same culture, traditions, values and beliefs. Egypt had passed through difficult times, as it seemed to magnetize several colonists, yet it always influence other cultures more than she gets affected. It holds on to its identity, which had developed over the time, till it reached a stage of floundering in the last century. In this paper, we will study the Egyptian history, analyze it, trying to understand our societies’ past. Keywords: History, Egypt, society, development, ancient, Islamic, contemporary. —————————— —————————— 1 INTRODUCTION GYPT has the most strategic location centered between natural gas extraction. Tourism industry employs millions of E Europe, Asia, and Africa. It has a documented history of Egyptians, but instability and terrorism disrupted the interna- 5000 years that obviously affected the surrounding civiliza- tional tourism. Goldschmidt, 2008 [1] tions. Since the Islamic history, it has been the leader in the . Geography: Egypt can be divided into five sections, political matter, trading, education, architecture and televi- differing in characteristics: the Nile river valley, the Nile delta, sion. Although in the last few years this image started to the Western desert, the Eastern desert, and the Sinai Peninsula change.
    [Show full text]
  • The Arab Bureau, Land Policy, and the Doineau Trial in French Algeria, 1830-1870
    “It is Not in a Day That a Man Abandons His Morals and Habits”: The Arab Bureau, Land Policy, and the Doineau Trial in French Algeria, 1830-1870 by K.A. Bowler Department of History Duke University Date:___________________ Approved: ______________________________ William Reddy, Supervisor ______________________________ Malachi Hacohen ______________________________ Akram Khater ______________________________ Donald Reid ______________________________ Alex Roland Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2011 ABSTRACT: “It is Not in a Day That a Man Abandons His Morals and Habits”: The Arab Bureau, Land Policy, and the Doineau Trial in French Algeria, 1830-1870 by K.A. Bowler Department of History Duke University Date:___________________ Approved: ______________________________ William Reddy, Supervisor ______________________________ Malachi Hacohen ______________________________ Akram Khater ______________________________ Donald Reid ______________________________ Alex Roland An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2011 Copyright 2011 by K.A. Bowler Abstract This dissertation revises influential scholarship on nineteenth-century French colonial policy in Algeria. After French troops conquered Algeria in 1830, French civilian and military administrations competed for control. There were two major points of conflict between the civilian and military administrative branches: the extent to which the French should adopt or tolerate pre-existing political and social norms; and, most important, the process by which Europeans acquired and settled the land belonging to the indigenous population. In general, the military, especially the Arab Bureau, advocated a tolerance for and acceptance of local legal and social customs and supported a slow process of European colonization.
    [Show full text]