Best Defense Against Ambush Marketing Is a Good Offense

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Best Defense Against Ambush Marketing Is a Good Offense from the field of marketing Best defense against ambush marketing is a good offense is for offense. president of Justice Entertainment o In the sports Group and former executive director event industry, sports of the three special-event venues at the organizations must University of Nevada-Las Vegas, en- be on the offensive courages a proactive strategy as well. to prevent ambush “Articulate what to expect,” so ambush marketers from com- activity will be reported, because every- linda promising their brand one from ushers to executives knows it norcroSS identity and the integ- does not belong at the event. Michael rity of their sponsors’ brands. Pine, formerly with Zuffa LLC, owner Ambush, a form of guerrilla market- of the Ultimate Fighting Champion- ing, is a marketing campaign occur- ship, and now chief sales officer of the ring around a public event, typically a World Triathlon Corp., agrees. “Set the major sporting event, and involves cir- right precedent” by preparing all those cumventing payment of a sponsorship involved to prevent cannibalizing a fee. Many companies pay hundreds of sponsor relationship. thousands, even millions, of dollars to The overriding response in the sports sponsor an event in exchange for exclu- industry is that communication is key. sive advertising rights before a large, From creating a style guide for athletes captive audience. to a pre-event punch list educating the Sports marketing experts Simon key organization players, the more Chadwick and Nicholas Burton of the GETTY IMAGES information shared, the less likely an Charges of ambush marketing were leveled against Bavaria beer after a group of women at a Centre for the International Business ambusher will successfully infiltrate World Cup match shed the top layer of clothing to reveal the orange mini-dresses. of Sport located at the Coventry Uni- an event. versity Business School in the United team from Netherlands sported orange ports returned. Bavaria entered into a Nikki Hart, assistant counsel for Kingdom, estimate the amount spent lederhosen, which had been provided confidential settlement agreement with the NFL, said the league’s proactive on exclusive sponsorships in 2009 was by Bavaria brewery. Stadium officials FIFA through the end of 2022. approach serves dual purposes: protect- $43.5 billion. That’s billion, with a B. responded by forcing those wearing According to Rob Prazmark, presi- ing the NFL and its sponsors. Because Ambushing occurs when compet- the brightly colored trousers to remove dent of 21 Sports & Entertainment there are so many ways to ambush, ing companies promote their brands them if they wanted to be permitted Marketing Group, a more appropriate “the best defense is an aggressive of- despite another company having paid inside the stadium. Budweiser was the description for ambushing is “parasitic fense.” She added, “The bigger circle a handsome sum to market their brand official World Cup beer. marketing.” Companies that engage in of rights we can carve out, the further as the official, exclusive event sponsor. More recently, during the World this tactic do so in a way that damages back we can [push] ambushers.” Organizations including venue owners, Cup match between Netherlands vs. legitimate properties, negatively affect- In addition to developing and pro- leagues and teams are then left scram- Denmark last June 16, Bavaria was ing their ability to reap the benefits of tecting its intellectual property rights, bling to come up with an effective de- at it again. During the match, nearly the good will they have worked so hard the NFL considers whether it can terrent in response. 40 Dutch women stripped out of the to create, and in this case, paid large complement its efforts through well- Chadwick submits that many organi- clothes they had worn into the stadium sums to exclusively promote. crafted rules and policies, including zations have trouble appreciating what to reveal bright orange mini-dresses. As one of the founders of The Olym- player conduct rules and ticket-back ambushing means for them because The mini-dresses incorporated the pic Partnership program, Prazmark’s and media credential language, all they are preoccupied with sponsor- color of the Dutch national team, approach for effectively dealing with of which are carefully crafted to best ship sales rather than sponsorship but also bore a small logo identifying ambushers has included a successful protect the rights of the league and its management. Unless organizations Bavaria brand beer. The dresses were PR campaign involving communication sponsors. adopt a proactive strategy for dealing distributed as part of a giveaway cam- with nonsponsors before big events, Trademark protection is a critical with ambushers, we will continue to paign with the purchase of an eight- letting them know that the host organi- step in insulating organizations from see more and more unwelcome ambush pack of beer. zations are on the lookout for ambush ambushers. Organizations that stay campaigns and unhappy sponsors as a The choreographed striptease would activity, emphasizing that it hurts one step ahead by proactively shoring result. For example: not have posed such a problem were athletes, teams, sponsors and even the up their trademark rights will be the During the 1996, at the Summer it not for the fact that Budweiser was communities the nonsponsors serve. winners. Otherwise, their bargaining Olympics in Atlanta, British sprinter the official beer of the World Cup. Both Prazmark challenges nonsponsors to power for generating sponsorship reve- Linford Christie wore contact lenses FIFA and Budweiser cried foul. The two do the right thing and focus their mar- nue and the ability to protect their own bearing the Puma logo at a news con- ladies considered ringleaders of the keting efforts elsewhere, rather than brand identities may be irreparably ference held before the 100 meters final. mini-dress campaign were arrested by “denigrating someone’s legitimate in- ambushed. n Reebok had paid $40 million to be the Johannesburg police and their pass- terest in supporting an event.” Linda Norcross ([email protected]) official sponsor of the Games. ports were confiscated. Charges against So how can organizations score is a senior associate in the intellectual At the 2006 World Cup, fans of the the ladies were dropped, and their pass- against ambushers? Daren Libonati, property group with Lewis and Roca. Street & Smith’s SportsBusiness Journal ❘ www.sportsbusinessjournal.com February 28-March 6, 2011 ❘ 1 5.
Recommended publications
  • A Longitudinal Analysis of the Super Bowl
    RESEARCH AND REVIEWS Journal of Sport Management, 2008, 22, 392-409 © 2008 Human Kinetics, Inc. Mega-Special-Event Promotions and Intent To Purchase: A Longitudinal Analysis of the Super Bowl Norm O’Reilly Mark Lyberger Laurentian University Kent State University Larry McCarthy Benoît Séguin Seton Hall University University of Ottawa John Nadeau Nipissing University Mega-special-event properties (sponsees) have the ability to attain significant resources through sponsorship by offering exclusive promotional opportunities that target sizeable consumer markets and attract sponsors. The Super Bowl, one of the most watched television programs in the world, was selected as the mega- special-event for this study as it provides a rare environment where a portion of the television audience tunes in specifically for the purpose of watching new and entertaining commercials. A longitudinal analysis of consumer opinion related to the 1998, 2000, 2002, 2004, and 2006 Super Bowls provides empirical evidence that questions the ability of Super Bowl sponsorship to influence the sales of sponsor offerings. Results pertaining to consumers’ intent to purchase sponsors’ products—one of the most sought after metrics in relating sponsorship effectiveness to sales—demonstrate that levels of intent-to-purchase inspired by sponsorship of the Super Bowl is relatively low and, most importantly, that increases are not being achieved over time. These findings have implications for both mega-sponsees and their sponsors as well as media enterprise diffusing mega-special-events. As large global properties such as the Olympic Games, the FIFA World Cup, the Super Bowl, the World’s Fair, Mardi Gras, Wimbledon, the Running of the Bulls (Pamplona), and the Tour de France become central elements of an emerging culture O’Reilly is with the School of Sports Administration, Faculty of Management, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada P3E 2C6.
    [Show full text]
  • Stealth Marketing As a Strategy
    Business Horizons (2010) 53, 69—79 www.elsevier.com/locate/bushor Stealth marketing as a strategy Abhijit Roy *, Satya P. Chattopadhyay Kania School of Management, University of Scranton, 320 Madison Avenue, Scranton, PA 18510, U.S.A. KEYWORDS Abstract Stealth marketing has gained increasing attention as a strategy during the Stealth marketing; past few years. We begin by providing a brief historical review to provide some Typology; perspective on how this strategy has been practiced in a myriad of ways in various Market orientation; parts of the world, and how it has consequently evolved in the emerging new Ethical considerations; marketplace. A more inclusive definition of stealth marketing is then proposed to Social responsibility conceptually understand its use in various contexts. Specifically, we propose a new typology of stealth marketing strategies based on whether businesses or competitors are aware of them, and whether they are visible to the targeted customers. We further provide suggestions of how firms can counter the stealth marketing strategies used by their competitors. Contrary to conventional wisdom, evidence is also provided about how such strategies can be used for ‘‘doing good’’ for society. Finally, the assessment of efficiency and effectiveness of stealth marketing strategies, and their related ethical implications, are discussed. # 2009 Kelley School of Business, Indiana University. All rights reserved. 1. Responding to challenges the daunting task of making the appropriate adjust- ments to meet these new and emerging needs. Marketing in the new millennium continues to pres- Simultaneously, the marketplace continues to be- ent challenges and opportunities for organizations. come crowded, and marketers are finding it more The new consumer who is emerging today is challenging to be heard and seen above the crowd.
    [Show full text]
  • Ambush Marketing-The Problem and the Projected Solutions Vis-A-Vis
    Journal of Intellectual Property Rights Vol 8, September 2003, pp 375-388 Ambush Marketing−The Problem and the Projected Solutions vis-a-vis Intellectual Property Law−A Global Perspective Sudipta Bhattacharjee The National University of Juridical Sciences,N U J S Bhawan 12 L B Block, Sector-III, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700098 (Received 11 May 2003) The problem of ambush marketing has been plaguing the organizers of various sporting and other events for the last four to five years. Due to the enormous financial losses caused by ambush marketing, the sponsors have been reconsidering the decisions to shell out astronomical sums for sponsoring various events. This paper analyses in great detail the concept of ambush marketing to its genesis, the various famous incidents of ambush marketing and the consequential losses and evaluates the existing intellectual property regime in combating this menace. It also analyses the various sui generis legislations framed by countries like South Africa and Australia to combat ambush marketing and tries to cull out a suitable anti-ambush marketing legislative policy for the Indian scenario. ‘Ambush marketing’ has assumed great legitimate sponsorship, their claims often importance in the modern advertising and provide no basis for legal action. This marketing terminology. In 1996, soft article examines instances of alleged drinks giant, Coke, paid a fortune for the ambushes and how these fit within a right to call itself the official sponsor of wider legal framework. Ambushing the World Cup. Rival Pepsi promptly appears to encompass legitimate launched a massive advertising blitz, competitive behaviour to passing-off and based on the catch line: Nothing official misuse of trademarks.
    [Show full text]
  • Ambush Marketing: the Undeserved Advantage
    Ambush Marketing: The Undeserved Advantage Michael Payne International Olympic Committee ABSTRACT The Olympic Games, as the world's largest and most prestigious sports event, has heen a m^jor target for amhush marketing activity. The position of the Intemational Oljonpic Committee is that the practice of amhush marketing represents a deliherate attempt to mislead consumers into helieving that the companies involved are supporters of the Olympic Games. The opposite is in fact the case. The activities of amhushers erode the integrity of msgor events and may potentially lessen the benefits to official sponsors, who are the real supporters of such events. Amhush marketing hreaches one of the fundamental tenets of husiness activity, namely, truth in advertising and husiness communications. The IOC, as custodian of the Olympic Games, successfully adopts a twofold strategy of protection and prevention to counter the threat of amhush marketing. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The sponsorship of sport is big business. It is an important revenue source for the owners of major sports events, and it simultaneously pro- vides considerable commercial advantages to sponsors who choose to associate with those events. The scales of the revenues involved can be seen from recent market reports. Sponsorship Research International reported the value ofthe worldwide sponsorship market at $16.57 bil- lion in 1996 (Sponsorship Research Institute, 1997), and sponsorship expenditure in the U.S. market for 1996 was reported at $5.5 billion (International Event Group, 1997). The increasing level of investment is testimony to corporate belief in sponsorship's ability to perform mar- Psychology & Marketing Vol. 15(4):323-331 (July 1998) © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Lessons Learned from the 2017 Super Bowl
    Lessons Learned From The 2017 Super Bowl Arthur Solomon, Public Relations Consultant There are few certain occurrences that sports fans can look forward to. One that takes place early in every new year is the Super Bowl, the National Football League’s season’s finale of American’s most violent life threatening, life shortening, commercial-laden TV sporting extravaganza. The next Super Bowl will be number LII. It will be held at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis on Feb 4, 2018. The teams will be the New England Patriots and the Philadelphia Eagles. But to the National Football League brass, sports marketers and TV network executives the score of the game is not the most important element of the mega event. Much more important are the success of TV commercials, the conduct of the players and TV ratings. And so it will be this year and forever as long as there is a Super Bowl As always, the lead-up to last year’s game of carnage between the New England Patriots and Atlanta Falcons actually provided some lessons that could benefit all Americans, regardless of their interest in the sport. One of the most important lessons learned was to be wary of a sales pitch accompanied by numbers and charts provided by a merchant trying to sell you something, because as people in our business know, statistics do not necessarily tell the entire story. (Editor’s Note) Unless otherwise indicated, all dates below are from 2017 occurrences.) On Jan. 26, The NFL’s annual report regarding injuries proved that numbers provided by a merchant can be misleading.
    [Show full text]
  • The Super Bowl: Is Spending $5 Million for 30 Seconds Of
    THE SUPER BOWL: IS SPENDING $5 MILLION FOR 30 SECONDS OF ADVERTISING SPACE WORTH IT? by Parker Levy Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Departmental Honors in the Department of Marketing Texas Christian University Fort Worth, Texas May 2, 2016 ii THE SUPER BOWL: IS SPENDING $5 MILLION FOR 30 SECONDS OF ADVERTISING SPACE WORTH IT? Project Approved: Supervising Professor: Stacy Landreth Grau, Ph.D. Department of Marketing Robert Rhodes, Ph.D. Department of Management, Entrepreneurship and Leadership iii ABSTRACT The Super Bowl has continued to be a grandiose stage for brands as television viewership has stayed steadily over 100 million. For this reason, it’s the perfect opportunity for brands to show why they should be chosen over their competitors. Unfortunately, to be put on this grandiose stage means offering up a hefty sum of money. Most recently, the price tag was placed at $5 million for 30 seconds of advertising space. With cheap, new opportunities arising by the likes of social media and digital marketing, one can’t help but raise the question: is it worth it to spend $5 million for 30 seconds of advertising? At the end of the day, there is no blanket statement or rule declaring whether it’s worth it to spend money to advertise during the Super Bowl. It all comes down to perspective. Generally speaking, the Super Bowl is a great platform for brands to reach a large audience and increase awareness – whether for the brand as a whole or particular attributes of the brand. It also has become a status symbol showing that a brand is capable of advertising in the Super Bowl.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Factors' Impact on Consumers' Attitudes Towards Ambush Marketing’
    Bachelor Thesis, 15 credits, for a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration: International Business and Marketing Kristianstad University Spring 2016 Attitudes towards the (UN)official sponsor Cultural factors’ impact on consumers’ attitudes towards ambush marketing Jens Fredriksson & Henrik Rosenborg School of Health and Society Authors Jens Fredriksson & Henrik Rosenborg Title Attitudes towards the (UN)official sponsor - ‘Cultural factors' impact on consumers' attitudes towards ambush marketing’ Supervisor Lisa Källström Examiner Heléne Tjärnemo Abstract Ambush marketing has recently become a large problem for event owners and official sponsors. One of the main focuses, in the field of ambush marketing, has been about consumers' attitudes towards ambush marketing. However, the research field has a gap in what affects consumers’ attitudes. The purpose of this thesis is to explain the causal effect between consumers’ culture factors and their attitudes towards ambush marketing. This thesis uses a conceptual model that is based on theories in national culture, marketing and psychology. This thesis uses a positive, deductive approach with an explanatory research design. The quantitative method is a survey that is handed out to Swedish students and exchange students from China. Analyses show that consumers' culture has a significant correlation to their attitudes towards ambush marketing. Consumers in cultures with high power distance and/or collectivism, have a significant stronger negative attitude towards ambush marketing, compared to consumers who have low power distance and/or individualism. The theoretical implications in this thesis fill the gap about what causal effect culture factors have on consumers’ attitudes towards ambush marketing. This thesis has also contributed to the more controversial belief, that the consumers’ do not have such negative attitude towards ambush marketing.
    [Show full text]
  • HOW to PREVENT AMBUSH MARKETING? Jean-Michel Marmayou
    MAJOR SPORTS EVENTS: HOW TO PREVENT AMBUSH MARKETING? Jean-Michel Marmayou To cite this version: Jean-Michel Marmayou. MAJOR SPORTS EVENTS: HOW TO PREVENT AMBUSH MARKET- ING?. African Sports Law and Business Journal, African Sports Law and Business Journal, 2013, pp.29-60. hal-01310578 HAL Id: hal-01310578 https://hal-amu.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01310578 Submitted on 2 May 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. AFRICAN SPORTS LAW AND BUSINESS BULLETIN 1/2013 MAJOR SPORTS EVENTS: HOW TO PREVENT AMBUSH MARKETING? by Jean-Michel Marmayou* SUMMARY: 1. Introduction – 2. Calling in the Lawmaker – 3. Applying common law mechanisms – 3.1 Intellectual and industrial property law – 3.2 Property rights – 3.3 Consumer law – 3.4 Prevention of unfair competition – 4. Ad hoc Legislation – 4.1 Examples – 4.2 Classifications – 4.3 Negative Aspects – 5. Search for a Solution – 5.1 Contractual Approaches – 5.2 Individual Contracts – 5.3 Codes of Conduct – 5.4 Limits of the Contractual Techniques – 6. On-site interventions – 6.1 Enhance exclusiveness – 6.2 Enhance Sponsorship Programme Activation – 6.3 Human Means 1. Introduction It is said that the most repressive systems of thought are fertile ground for innovative and forward-thinking ideas.
    [Show full text]
  • Unconstitutional Hosting of the Super Bowl: Anti-Ambush Marketing Clean Zones' Violation of the First Amendment, 22 Marq
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Marquette University Law School Marquette Sports Law Review Volume 22 Article 5 Issue 1 Fall Unconstitutional Hosting of the Super Bowl: Anti- Ambush Marketing Clean Zones' Violation of the First Amendment Ari J. Sliffman Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/sportslaw Part of the Entertainment and Sports Law Commons Repository Citation Ari J. Sliffman, Unconstitutional Hosting of the Super Bowl: Anti-Ambush Marketing Clean Zones' Violation of the First Amendment, 22 Marq. Sports L. Rev. 257 (2011) Available at: http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/sportslaw/vol22/iss1/5 This Comment is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Marquette Law Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SLIFFMAN (DO NOT DELETE) 6/4/2012 10:01 AM UNCONSTITUTIONAL HOSTING OF THE SUPER BOWL: ANTI-AMBUSH MARKETING CLEAN ZONES’ VIOLATION OF THE FIRST AMENDMENT To justify suppression of free speech there must be reasonable ground to fear that serious evil will result if free speech is practiced. If there be time to expose through discussion the falsehood and fallacies, to avert the evil by the processes of education, the remedy to be applied is more speech, not enforced silence. Only an emergency can justify repression. Such . is the command of the Constitution. It is therefore always open to Americans to challenge a law abridging free speech and assembly by showing that there was no emergency justifying it.1 I. INTRODUCTION The National Football League (NFL) is the premier sports entity in the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Association for Consumer Research
    ASSOCIATION FOR CONSUMER RESEARCH Labovitz School of Business & Economics, University of Minnesota Duluth, 11 E. Superior Street, Suite 210, Duluth, MN 55802 An Empirical Comparison of Ambushing and Sponsorship Effects: the Case of 2006 Fifa World Cup Germany™ Manuel Michaelis, University of Muenster, Germany David M. Woisetschlaeger, University of Dortmund, Germany Vivian Hartleb, University of Muenster, Germany Existing research about sponsorship effects often considers only data collected at a particular time and does not take into account longitudinal effects on the individual level. In this paper, we compare brand effects of an official sponsor with those of an ambusher during the 2006 FIFA World Cup 2006 Germany™ using panel data. Our findings show that the measurement of recall alone in order to assess communication effectiveness could provide misleading results. Furthermore, we found evidence that mass events can be used to strengthen brand image and brand equity when a brand is unfamiliar to most consumers before the event. [to cite]: Manuel Michaelis, David M. Woisetschlaeger, and Vivian Hartleb (2008) ,"An Empirical Comparison of Ambushing and Sponsorship Effects: the Case of 2006 Fifa World Cup Germany™", in NA - Advances in Consumer Research Volume 35, eds. Angela Y. Lee and Dilip Soman, Duluth, MN : Association for Consumer Research, Pages: 527-533. [url]: http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/13405/volumes/v35/NA-35 [copyright notice]: This work is copyrighted by The Association for Consumer Research. For permission to copy or use this work in whole or in part, please contact the Copyright Clearance Center at http://www.copyright.com/. An Empirical Comparison of Ambushing and Sponsorship Effects: The Case of 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany™ Manuel Michaelis, University of Münster, Germany David M.
    [Show full text]
  • Ieg's Guide to Sponsorship
    IEG’S GUIDE TO SPONSORSHIP ™ EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT SPORTS, ARTS, EVENT, ENTERTAINMENT AND CAUSE MARKETING IEG’S GUIDE TO SPONSORSHIP EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT SPORTS, ARTS, EVENT, ENTERTAINMENT AND CAUSE MARKETING IEG’S GUIDE TO SPONSORSHIP Published by IEG, LLC 350 North Orleans, Suite 1200 Chicago, Illinois 60654-2105 (312) 944 1727 [email protected] www.sponsorship.com ISBN: 0-944807-74-7 © 2017 IEG, LLC. All Rights Reserved. IEG, LLC prides itself for innovation and quality in the content, layout and design of IEG® products. IEG® products are protected by a variety of intellectual property rights, including, but not limited to, federally registered trademarks and copyrights. These trademarks and copyrights not only recognize the distinctiveness, creativity and trade dress of IEG® products, but also afford legal protection to IEG, LLC from infringement of its rights. IEG, LLC will diligently enforce its intellectual property rights and prosecute those who infringe on those rights. TABLE OF CONTENTS What is sponsorship? ...................................................................................1 Sponsorship spending forecast: Continued growth around the world ...................................................................................2 Why sponsorship is the fastest-growing marketing medium....................8 What companies sponsor ..........................................................................12 IEG’s guide to why companies sponsor ....................................................13
    [Show full text]
  • Ambush Marketing: the Unofficial Free Riding
    [Gulati *, Vol.4 (Iss.9): September, 2016] ISSN- 2350-0530(O) ISSN- 2394-3629(P) IF: 4.321 (CosmosImpactFactor), 2.532 (I2OR) Management AMBUSH MARKETING: THE UNOFFICIAL FREE RIDING Shruti Gulati *1 *1 Department of Commerce, Delhi University, INDIA DOI: https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v4.i9.2016.2533 ABSTRACT Ambush Marketing has broken the stereotypical notions of the 4P’S of marketing. It has branched marketing to a totally different arena of publicity without actually paying for it directly. This usually involves conducting of marketing campaigns that seek association with a given massive events without actually providing compensation to the organizer of the event, even though there is a corporate rival as a sponsor involved. Ambush marketing include sponsorship of the event's broadcast, aggressive sponsorship of various categories of an event, and the conducting of high-profile non-sponsorship campaigns timed to coincide with the event. The big question arises to its nature as a moral act for which several legal steps are also being taken. Nonetheless ambush marketing has given scope of visibility to many startups and not so wealthy companies to free ride on the official sponsors. This research is undertaken after observation of the various sporting events which are the biggest playfield for its display. The data gathered herein is majorly secondary with help from various journals, magazines and search engines. Keywords: Marketing, infringement, sponsorship, ambush, official, competitors. Cite This Article: Shruti Gulati, “AMBUSH MARKETING: THE UNOFFICIAL FREE RIDING” International Journal of Research - Granthaalayah, Vol. 4, No. 9 (2016): 45-54. 1. INTRODUCTION “…. thieves knowingly stealing something that does not belong to them” (Payne 1991 p24) There is always attraction to things that are free.
    [Show full text]