Supplementary material Please consider using the following citation for this material: Allen PE, Barquero MD, Bermúdez E, Calderón JC, Hilje B, Pineda W, Saborío-Rodríguez G, Arguedas V, Chacón-Madrigal E (2017) Calling for more accurate information in trade: analysis of live- import permits in Costa Rica. Management of Biological Invasions 8: 533–542, https://doi.org/10.3391/mbi.2017.8.4.08

Appendix 1 list and number of live individuals of each species imported into Costa Rica between 1998 and 2004. The current taxonomic classification and habitat (freshwater, marine or both) are also shown.

Taxonomic classification Number of individuals FRESHWATER Acipenseriformes Acipenseridae Scaphirhynchus platorynchus (Rafinesque, 1820) 6 Atheriniformes Melanotaeniidae Glossolepis incisus Weber, 1907 125 Melanotaenia sp. a 74 Beloniformes Belonidae Potamorrhaphis sp. a 20 Acestrorhynchidae Acestrorhynchus sp. a 120 Alestidae Phenacogrammus interruptus (Boulenger, 1899) 12 Abramites sp. 290 Abramites hypselonotus (Günther, 1868) 27 Anostomus sp. 475 Anostomus anostomus (Linnaeus, 1758) 240 Leporinus sp. 290 Leporinus fasciatus (Bloch, 1794) 340 Leporinus steindachneri Eigenmann, 1907 14 Myers & Fernández-Yépez, 1950 20 Aphyocharax erythrurus Eigenmann, 1912 300 Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier, 1819) d 10 Astyanax mexicanus (De Filippi, 1853) 100 Axelrodia sp. 550 Axelrodia riesei Géry, 1966 250 Axelrodia stigmatias (Fowler, 1913) 359 Boehlkea fredcochui Géry, 1966 220 Brachychalcinus orbicularis (Valenciennes, 1850) 100 Chalceus macrolepidotus Cuvier, 1818 192 Chalceus sp. 30

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Taxonomic classification Number of individuals Exodon paradoxus Müller & Troschel, 1844 90 Gymnocorymbus ternetzi (Boulenger, 1895) 75 Gymnocorymbus thayeri Eigenmann, 1908 25 sp. 2090 Hemigrammus bleheri Géry & Mahnert, 1986 800 Hemigrammus erythrozonus Durbin, 1909 25 Hemigrammus ocellifer (Steindachner, 1882) 25 Hemigrammus rhodostomus Ahl, 1924 2970 Hemigrammus rodwayi Durbin, 1909 6950 sp. 3670 Hyphessobrycon anisitsi (Eigenmann, 1907) 1395 Hyphessobrycon eques (Steindachner, 1882) 400 Hyphessobrycon erythrostigma (Fowler, 1943) 1275 Hyphessobrycon flammeus Myers, 1924 25 Hyphessobrycon loretoensis Ladiges, 1938 360 Hyphessobrycon metae Eigenmann & Henn, 1914 30 Hyphessobrycon pulchripinnis Ahl, 1937 175 Hyphessobrycon sweglesi (Géry, 1961) 7832 Iguanodectes sp. a 30 Inpaichthys kerri Géry & Junk, 1977 2850 Moenkhausia sp. 360 Moenkhausia pittieri Eigenmann, 1920 300 Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae (Steindachner, 1907) 50 Nematobrycon sp. 1300 Nematobrycon lacortei Weitzman & Fink, 1971 700 Nematobrycon palmeri Eigenmann, 1911 2300 Paracheirodon sp. 9680 Paracheirodon axelrodi (Schultz, 1956) 89105 Paracheirodon innesi (Myers, 1936) 20485 Paracheirodon simulans (Géry, 1963) 1000 Géry & Boutière, 1964 5100 sp. 100 Thayeria boehlkei Weitzman, 1957 250 Thayeria obliqua Eigenmann, 1908 40 Tyttocharax cochui (Ladiges, 1950) 200 Chilodontidae Chilodus sp. 470 Chilodus punctatus Müller & Troschel, 1844 660

Crenuchidae Crenuchus spilurus Günther, 1863 45 Ctenoluciidae maculata (Valenciennes, 1850) 172 sp. a 160 sp. 300 Carnegiella strigata (Günther, 1864) 1250 sp. 900 2

Taxonomic classification Number of individuals (Eigenmann, 1909) 25 Gasteropelecus sternicla (Linnaeus, 1758) 100 sp. 870 Thoracocharax securis (De Filippi, 1853) 950 Thoracocharax stellatus (Kner, 1858) 2385 Hemiodontidae Hemiodus sp. 460 Hemiodus microlepis Kner, 1858 110 Hemiodus semitaeniatus Kner, 1858 75 Hemiodus unimaculatus (Bloch, 1794) 240 sp. 1500 Copeina guttata (Steindachner, 1876) 145 Copella arnoldi (Regan, 1912) 200 Nannostomus sp. 935 Nannostomus eques Steindachner, 1876 1200 Nannostomus marginatus Eigenmann, 1909 400 Nannostomus trifasciatus Steindachner, 1876 980 Prochilodontidae Semaprochilodus insignis (Jardine, 1841) 35 Semaprochilodus taeniurus (Valenciennes, 1821) 70 Serrasalmidae Colossoma sp. 150 Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1816) c 530 Metynnis sp. 300 Metynnis argenteus Ahl, 1923 77 Metynnis hypsauchen (Müller & Troschel, 1844) 670 Metynnis lippincottianus (Cope, 1870) 60 Metynnis maculatus (Kner, 1858) 130 Myloplus rubripinnis (Müller & Troschel, 1844) a 417 Mylossoma sp. 150 Piaractus brachypomus (Cuvier, 1818) c 2085 Pygocentrus cariba (Humboldt, 1821) c 6 Serrasalmus sp. 25 Balitoridae Pseudogastromyzon sp. a 50 Cobitidae sp. a 365 Chromobotia macracanthus (Bleeker, 1852) 2802 Cobitis sp. a 100 Pangio sp. 2100 Pangio kuhlii (Valenciennes, 1846) 2862 Yasuhikotakia lecontei (Fowler, 1937) 100 (Bleeker, 1864) 130 Yasuhikotakia morleti (Tirant, 1885) 15 Cyprinidae Balantiocheilos melanopterus (Bleeker, 1850) 4709 3

Taxonomic classification Number of individuals Balantiocheilos sp. 965 Barbodes sp. a 300 Barbonymus schwanenfeldii (Bleeker, 1854) 266 Barbus sp. a 10 Carassius sp. 2795 Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758)b 23482 Carassius carassius (Linnaeus, 1758)b 1095 Chrosomus neogaeus (Cope, 1867) 1 Cyprinus sp. 200 Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 b 110 Danio sp. 700 Danio albolineatus (Blyth, 1860) 250 Danio rerio (Hamilton, 1822) 945 sp. 125 Epalzeorhynchos bicolor (Smith, 1931) 3043 Epalzeorhynchos frenatus (Fowler, 1934) 2016 Epalzeorhynchos kalopterus (Bleeker, 1850) 835 Labeo sp. 2825 Leptobarbus hoevenii (Bleeker, 1851) 200 Pethia conchonius (Hamilton, 1822) 2502 Puntigrus tetrazona (Bleeker, 1855) Puntius sachsii (Ahl, 1923) 100 sp. 150 Tanichthys albonubes Lin, 1932 1475 Trigonostigma heteromorpha (Duncker, 1904) 1675 Gyrinocheilidae Gyrinocheilus sp. 350 Gyrinocheilus aymonieri (Tirant, 1883) 2113 Cyprinodontiformes Anablepidae Anableps sp. a 70 Aplocheilidae Aplocheilus sp. 50 Aplocheilus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1846) 31 Cyprinodontidae Jordanella floridae Goode & Bean, 1879 30 Nothobranchiidae Aphyosemion bitaeniatum (Ahl, 1924) 3 Nothobranchius melanospilus (Pfeffer, 1896) 1 Nothobranchius palmqvisti (Lönnberg, 1907) 1 Poeciliidae Lamprichthys tanganicanus (Boulenger, 1898) 1 Poecilia sp. 2640 Poecilia latipinna (Lesueur, 1821) b 350 Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1859 b 6802 Poecilia sphenops Valenciennes, 1846 4315 Poecilia velifera (Regan, 1914) 506 Xiphophorus sp. 250 4

Taxonomic classification Number of individuals Xiphophorus hellerii Heckel, 1848 b 21504 Xiphophorus maculatus (Günther, 1866) 18088 Xiphophorus variatus (Meek, 1904) b 50 Rivulidae Rivulus sp. a 180 Rivulidae Hypsolebias ghisolfii (Costa, Cyrino & Nielsen, 1996) 1 Simpsonichthys fulminakntis (Costa & Brasil, 1993) 1 Gonorynchiformes Phractolaemidae Phractolaemus ansorgii Boulenger, 1901 10 Gymnotiformes Apteronotidae Apteronotus sp. 420 Apteronotus albifrons (Linnaeus, 1766) 572 Apteronotus leptorhynchus (Ellis, 1912) 950 Gymnotidae Gymnotus carapo Linnaeus, 1758 105 Hypopomidae Steatogenys elegans (Steindachner, 1880) 35 Rhamphichthyidae Rhamphichthys sp. a 25 Sternopygidae Eigenmannia sp. 100 Eigenmannia virescens (Valenciennes, 1836) 1560 Lepisosteiformes Lepisosteidae Atractosteus tristoechus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 4 Lepisosteus oculatus Winchell, 1864 6 Osteoglossiformes Mormyridae Gnathonemus sp. 335 Gnathonemus petersii (Günther, 1862) 226 Marcusenius schilthuisiae (Boulenger, 1899) 20 Mormyrus sp. a 35 Notopteridae Chitala chitala (Hamilton, 1822) 20 Chitala ornata (Gray, 1831) 26 Notopterus sp. 80 Notopterus notopterus (Pallas, 1769) 570 Xenomystus nigri (Günther, 1868) 12 Osteoglossidae Osteoglossum bicirrhosum (Cuvier, 1829) 510 Osteoglossum sp. 163 Pantodontidae Pantodon buchholzi Peters, 1876 355 5

Taxonomic classification Number of individuals Chanda sp. 500 ranga (Hamilton, 1822) 680 Parambassis wolffii (Bleeker, 1850) 250 Cichlidae Aequidens sp. a 25 Amatitlania nigrofasciata (Günther, 1867) b 72 Amphilophus labiatus (Günther, 1864) 400 Amphilophus longimanus (Günther, 1867) d 25 Amphilophus lyonsi (Gosse, 1966) d 30 Amphilophus rhytisma (López S., 1983) d 30 Amphilophus rostratus (Gill, 1877) d 25 Andinoacara pulcher (Gill, 1858) 35 Andinoacara rivulatus (Günther, 1860) 400 Apistogramma sp. 950 Apistogramma agassizii (Steindachner, 1875) 450 Apistogramma cacatuoides Hoedeman, 1951 260 Apistogramma iniridae Kullander, 1979 70 Apistogramma macmasteri Kullander, 1979 70 Apistogramma viejita Kullander, 1979 100 Astronotus sp. 430 Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz, 1831) 1399 Aulonocara sp. 36 Aulonocara jacobfreibergi (Johnson, 1974) 60 Aulonocara nyassae Regan, 1922 120 Biotodoma cupido (Heckel, 1840) 50 Cichlasoma sp. 310 Cichlasoma festae (Boulenger, 1899) 20 Cichlasoma salvini (Günther, 1862) 300 Crenicichla sp. 30 Crenicichla geayi Pellegrin, 1903 90 Cyphotilapia frontosa (Boulenger, 1906) 4 Etroplus maculatus (Bloch, 1795) 12 Geophagus sp. a 100 Hemichromis bimaculatus Gill, 1862 70 Herichthys sp. 400 Herichthys cyanoguttatus Baird & Girard, 1854 400 Heros sp. 6 Heros severus Heckel, 1840 142 Hoplarchus psittacus (Heckel, 1840) 6 Hypsophrys nicaraguensis (Günther, 1864) d 30 Laetacara curviceps (Ahl, 1923) 410 Lamprologus sp. 30 Maylandia zebra (Boulenger, 1899) 12 Melanochromis auratus (Boulenger, 1897) 120 Mesonauta festivus (Heckel, 1840) 790 Mikrogeophagus ramirezi (Myers & Harry, 1948) 4144 Neolamprologus caudopunctatus (Poll, 1978) 30 Neolamprologus leleupi (Poll, 1956) 473 6

Taxonomic classification Number of individuals Oreochromis sp. a 15000 Pelvicachromis pulcher (Boulenger, 1901) 205 Pseudotropheus sp. a 1122 Pterophyllum sp. 170 Pterophyllum altum Pellegrin, 1903 31 (Schultze, 1823) 3225 Rocio octofasciata (Regan, 1903) 30 Satanoperca jurupari (Heckel, 1840) 290 Steatocranus casuarius Poll, 1939 1 Symphysodon sp. 677 Symphysodon aequifasciatus Pellegrin, 1904 124 Symphysodon discus Heckel, 1840 270 Thorichthys sp. 50 Thorichthys meeki Brind, 1918 225 Gobiidae Brachygobius sp. 50 Brachygobius doriae (Günther, 1868) 12 Brachygobius xanthozonus (Bleeker, 1849) 25 Stigmatogobius sp. 125 Stigmatogobius sadanundio (Hamilton, 1822) 125 Helostomatidae Helostoma temminkii Cuvier, 1829 354 Osphronemidae Betta sp. 3800 Betta smaragdina Ladiges, 1972 150 Betta splendens Regan, 1910 19709 Macropodus opercularis (Linnaeus, 1758) 135 Sphaerichthys osphromenoides Canestrini, 1860 125 Trichogaster sp. 640 Trichogaster chuna (Hamilton, 1822) 145 Trichogaster fasciata Bloch & Schneider, 1801 30 Trichogaster labiosa Day, 1877 110 Trichogaster lalius (Hamilton, 1822) 341 Trichogaster microlepis (Günther, 1861) 62 Trichopodus trichopterus (Pallas, 1770) 925 Polycentridae Monocirrhus polyacanthus Heckel, 1840 215 Apolemichthys sp. a 2 Toxotidae Toxotes jaculatrix (Pallas, 1767) 65 Polypteriformes Polypteridae Polypterus senegalus Cuvier, 1829 50 Rajiformes Potamotrygonidae Potamotrygon sp. 78 Potamotrygon hystrix (Müller & Henle, 1841) 22 7

Taxonomic classification Number of individuals Potamotrygon motoro (Müller & Henle, 1841) c 97 Potamotrygon orbignyi (Castelnau, 1855) 169 Potamotrygon schroederi Fernández-Yépez, 1958 2 Siluriformes Aspredinidae Bunocephalus sp. 75 Bunocephalus coracoideus (Cope, 1874) 150 Auchenipteridae Liosomadoras sp. a 130 Bagridae Pseudomystus siamensis (Regan, 1913) 75 Callichthyidae sp. 11435 Corydoras aeneus (Gill, 1858) 675 Corydoras agassizii Steindachner, 1876 370 Corydoras ambiacus Cope, 1872 40 Corydoras arcuatus Elwin, 1938 500 Corydoras blochi Nijssen, 1971 265 Corydoras delphax Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1983 75 Corydoras elegans Steindachner, 1876 135 Corydoras habrosus Weitzman, 1960 250 Corydoras julii Steindachner, 1906 2670 Corydoras leopardus Myers, 1933 300 Corydoras leucomelas Eigenmann & Allen, 1942 35 Corydoras melanistius Regan, 1912 1880 Corydoras melini Lönnberg & Rendahl, 1930 400 Corydoras metae Eigenmann, 1914 2650 Corydoras nanus Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1967 100 Corydoras punctatus (Bloch, 1794) 1210 Corydoras rabauti La Monte, 1941 700 Corydoras schwartzi Rössel, 1963 10 Corydoras splendens (Castelnau, 1855) 70 Corydoras zygatus Eigenmann & Allen, 1942 80 Dianema sp. 40 Dianema longibarbis Cope, 1872 15 Hoplosternum sp. a 875 Megalechis thoracata (Valenciennes, 1840) 1700 Chacidae Chaca chaca (Hamilton, 1822) 6 Doradidae Acanthodoras sp. a 50 Agamyxis sp. 100 Agamyxis pectinifrons (Cope, 1870) 1500 Oxydoras niger (Valenciennes, 1821) 31 Platydoras sp. 1375 Platydoras costatus (Linnaeus, 1758) 1450 Platydoras hancockii (Valenciennes, 1840) 90

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Taxonomic classification Number of individuals Heptapteridae Pimelodella sp. 350 Pimelodella gracilis (Valenciennes, 1835) 80 Ictaluridae Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque, 1818) 18075 Acanthicus sp. a 25 Ancistrus sp. 1507 Ancistrus dolichopterus Kner, 1854 150 Ancistrus ranunculus Muller, Rapp Py-Daniel & Zuanon, 1994 20 Ancistrus triradiatus Eigenmann, 1918 555 Chaetostoma sp. 945 Chaetostoma vagum Fowler, 1943 2300 Dekeyseria sp. a 25 sp. 780 Farlowella acus (Kner, 1853) 130 Farlowella gracilis Regan, 1904 1040 Hypancistrus zebra Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1991 30 sp. 3575 (Linnaeus, 1758) 6675 Hypostomus punctatus Valenciennes, 1840 5510 Hypostomus wuchereri (Günther, 1864) 290 Leporacanthicus galaxias Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1989 100 Loricaria sp. a 260 affinis (Steindachner, 1877) 1950 Otocinclus sp. 2725 Regan, 1909 25 Otocinclus mariae Fowler, 1940 450 Otocinclus vestitus Cope, 1872 1800 Panaqolus sp. 80 Panaqolus albomaculatus (Kanazawa, 1958) 4 Panaque sp. 61 Panaque nigrolineatus (Peters, 1877) 230 Peckoltia sp. 258 Peckoltia bachi (Boulenger, 1898) 40 Peckoltia brevis (La Monte, 1935) 1270 Peckoltia vittata (Steindachner, 1881) 40 Pseudorinelepis genibarbis (Valenciennes, 1840) 15 Pterygoplichthys sp. 37 Pterygoplichthys anisitsi Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903 600 Pterygoplichthys gibbiceps (Kner, 1854) 25 Rineloricaria fallax (Steindachner, 1915) 12 Rineloricaria lanceolata (Günther, 1868) 60 Rineloricaria parva (Boulenger, 1895) 200 Sturisoma sp. 40 Sturisoma aureum (Steindachner, 1900) 42 Synodontis sp. 65 9

Taxonomic classification Number of individuals Schilthuis, 1891 150 Synodontis clarias (Linnaeus, 1758) 450 Synodontis congicus Poll, 1971 20 Synodontis nigriventris David, 1936 10 Synodontis nigromaculatus Boulenger, 1905 100 Pangasiidae Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878) 7650 Pangasius sp. a 22930 pictus (Müller & Troschel, 1849) 1 Phractocephalus hemioliopterus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 60 sp. 925 Pimelodus blochii Valenciennes, 1840 360 Pimelodus ornatus Kner, 1858 c 20 Pimelodus pictus Steindachner, 1876 4865 Pinirampus pirinampu (Spix & Agassiz, 1829) 50 Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (Linnaeus, 1766) 60 Sorubim lima (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 30 Pseudopimelodidae Microglanis sp. 300 Microglanis poecilus Eigenmann, 1912 100 Schilbeidae Parailia pellucida (Boulenger, 1901) 250 Siluridae Kryptopterus sp. 75 Kryptopterus bicirrhis (Valenciennes, 1840) 313 Ompok eugeneiatus (Vaillant, 1893) 30 Trichomycteridae Eremophilus mutisii Humboldt, 1805 25 Synbranchiformes Mastacembelidae Macrognathus aculeatus (Bloch, 1786) 100 Macrognathus circumcinctus (Hora, 1924) 180 Macrognathus siamensis (Günther, 1861) 40 Mastacembelus sp. 362 Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepède, 1800) 150 Mastacembelus frenatus Boulenger, 1901 10 Synbranchidae Monopterus albus (Zuiew, 1793) 50 Synbranchus sp.a 110 sp. 145 Colomesus asellus (Müller & Troschel, 1849) 90 Tetraodon fluviatilis Hamilton, 1822 c 475 Tetraodon lineatus Linnaeus, 1758 50

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Taxonomic classification Number of individuals MARINE Perciformes Acanthuridae Acanthurus sp. c 4 Acanthurus achilles Shaw, 1803 4 Acanthurus coeruleus Bloch & Schneider, 1801c, d 4 Naso lituratus (Forster, 1801) c 12 Paracanthurus hepatus (Linnaeus, 1766) c 8 Zebrasoma flavescens (Bennett, 1828) 12 Zebrasoma velifer (Bloch, 1795) 3 Blenniidae Ecsenius midas Starck, 1969 2 Salarias fasciatus (Bloch, 1786) 1 Callionymidae Synchiropus sp. a 2 Chaetodontidae Chaetodon sp. 2 Heniochus acuminatus (Linnaeus, 1758) 4 Grammatidae Gramma loreto Poey, 1868 5 Labridae Anampses chrysocephalus Randall, 1958 3 Leiognathidae Secutor insidiator (Bloch, 1787) 8 Plesiopidae Calloplesiops altivelis (Steindachner, 1903) 2100 Pomacanthidae Apolemichthys trimaculatus (Cuvier, 1831) 3 argi Woods & Kanazawa, 1951 d 2 Centropyge bicolor (Bloch, 1787) 2 Centropyge bispinosa (Günther, 1860) 9 Centropyge ferrugata Randall & Burgess, 1972 2 Centropyge flavissima (Cuvier, 1831) 3 Centropyge heraldi Woods & Schultz, 1953 2 Centropyge loriculus (Günther, 1874) 2 Chaetodontoplus sp. 2 Genicanthus bellus Randall, 1975 2 Genicanthus caudovittatus (Günther, 1860) 2 Holacanthus tricolor (Bloch, 1795) 4 Pomacanthus sp. 2 Pomacentridae Amphiprion frenatus Brevoort, 1856 22 Amphiprion ocellaris Cuvier, 1830 22 Amphiprion polymnus (Linnaeus, 1758) 10 Dascyllus trimaculatus (Rüppell, 1829) 10 Neoglyphidodon melas (Cuvier, 1830) 2 Neopomacentrus violascens (Bleeker, 1848) 2 Premnas biaculeatus (Bloch, 1790) 12 11

Taxonomic classification Number of individuals Ptereleotridae Nemateleotris magnifica Fowler, 1938 5 Serranidae Pseudanthias squamipinnis (Peters, 1855) 6 Siganidae Siganus vulpinus (Schlegel & Müller, 1845) 1 Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Dendrochirus zebra (Cuvier, 1829) 1 Pterois antennata (Bloch, 1787) 1 Pterois volitans (Linnaeus, 1758) 7 Syngnathiformes Syngnathidae Hippocampus sp. 2 Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 MARINE; FRESHWATER Beloniformes Belonidae (Hamilton, 1822) c 88 Hemiramphidae Dermogenys pusilla Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1823 200 Perciformes Gobiidae Gobioides sp. 40 Gobioides broussonnetii Lacepède, 1800 d 70 Monodactylidae Monodactylus argenteus (Linnaeus, 1758) 33 Moronidae Morone saxatilis (Walbaum, 1792) 6000

Scatophagidae Scatophagus argus (Linnaeus, 1766) c 135 Pleuronectiformes Achiridae Achirus sp. 10 Achirus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758) d 6 Trinectes maculatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) d 140 Siluriformes Ariidae Ariopsis seemanni (Günther, 1864) d 3900 Hemiarius sp. 300 a with no epithet identified but considered as an additional species in the list. b Potential pest c Threat to human health d Native to Costa Rica

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