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Bone Anatomy and Histology What Is Bone? What Is Cartilage?

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Bone Anatomy and Histology What Is Bone? What Is Cartilage? Bone Anatomy and Histology by Luis Filgueira What is bone? Connective Tissue Cells <> Extracellular Matrix Bone forming cells <> Bone resorbing cells Organic matrix <> Inorganic matrix Collagen <>Calcium apatite Bone Tissue <> Bone Marrow Function(s)? What is cartilage? Connective Tissue Cells <> Extracellular Matrix Cells = Chondrocytes Bone <> Cartilage YES Calcified Matrix NO YES Blood vessels/nerves NO YES Repair/Remodelling NO 1 Bone = live tissue with high turnover = specialised connective tissue Principles of connective tissue Types of connective tissue 1. Embryonic connective tissue 2. Connective tissue proper 3. Fat tissue 4. Cartilage 5. Bone Cells <> Extracellular matrix Principles of connective tissue Cells <> Extracellular matrix Cells 1. Connective tissue proper <> Fibroblasts/fibrocytes 2. Fat tissue <> Adipocytes 3. Cartilage <> Chondrocytes 4. Bone <> Osteoblasts/osteocytes Extracellular matrix produced and secreted by the cells 1. Ground substance 2. Fibres 3. Minerals 4. Water Bone remodelling Continuous adaptation of bone depending on Age Mechanics Hormones Nutrition Formation of new bone tissue Resorption of old bone tissue Osteoblasts Osteoclasts 2 Addition/growth of bone = appositional growth Osteoprogenitor cells are recruited onto the bone surface Osteoblasts Arrange in a row on the surface of bone Produce new matrix = osteoid Enclose themselves inside the matrix Osteoblasts become osteocytes New matrix is calcified Differentiation and function of osteoclasts is under tight control of osteoblasts Teitelbaum and Ross, Nature Reviews Genetics 2003, 4, 638 Osteoclasts Haematopoietic Stem Cell Erythrocyte Granulocyte Blood Monocyte Lymphocyte Osteoclast Macrophage Dendritic cell 3 What happens if there is no RANK? Osteoblasts/osteocytes Chondrocyte Stromal Stem Cell Osteoprogenitor Cell Fibroblast Osteoblast Muscle Cell Fat Cell/Lipocyte Osteocyte 3 principles of skeleton formation Direct formation of bone tissue Embryonic bone formation = Bone remodelling intramembranous ossification Bone repair Formation of cartilage tissue = Only during embryology cartilage skeleton First formation of cartilage model and secondary replacement of Embryonic bone formation cartilage by bone tissue = Bone growth enchondral ossification 4 Mesenchymal cells of head and neural crest 3 principles of skeleton formation intramembranous ossification most of skull cartilage skeleton Nose Ears Larynx Articular cartilage enchondral ossification Axial skeleton Skeleton of limbs Primary bone tissue <> Intramembraneous ossification Embryonic formation of most bones of the skull Bone repair Differentiation of stem cells to osteoblasts Production of Cells enclose extracellullar themselves into matrix the matrix Osteoblasts become osteocytes Osteocytes = functional syncytium Matrix is calcified 5 First formation of cartilage model and secondary replacement of cartilage by bone tissue = enchondral ossification Alcian blue / Alazarin red Enchondral ossification 6 Osteoblasts/osteocytes SOX9 Chondrocyte Stromal Stem Cell RUNX2 Osteoprogenitor Cell Fibroblast Osteoblast Muscle Cell Fat Cell/Lipocyte Osteocyte Cbfa1/Runx2 Deficiency 7 Cbfa1/Runx2 Holoprosencephaly and cleidocranial dysplasia in a patient due to two positioneffect mutations RUNX2 mutation Osteoblasts/osteocytes SOX9 Chondrocyte Stromal Stem Cell RUNX2 Osteoprogenitor Cell Fibroblast PPAR Osteoblast Muscle Cell Fat Cell/Lipocyte Osteocyte 8 Osteoblasts/osteocytes SOX9 Chondrocyte Stromal Stem Cell RUNX2 Osteoprogenitor Cell Fibroblast PPAR Wnt Osteoblast Muscle Cell Fat Cell/Lipocyte Osteocyte 9 Oropharyngeal Skeletal Disease Accompanying High Bone Mass and Novel LRP5 Mutation 10 Why enchondral ossification? 1. Bone template of cartilage 2. Longitudinal growth 3. Articular cartilage Most bones undergo enchondral ossification Enchondral ossification Epiphyseal growth plate <> Longitudinal bone growth 11 Bone Morphogenetic Protein BMP Joints Summary of cells and factors Soluble Extracellular Factors Nuclear Transcription Factors 12.
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