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Racial Anglo-Saxonisms: from Scholarship to Fiction in England, 1850-1960

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Racial Anglo-Saxonisms: from Scholarship to Fiction in England, 1850-1960 Racial Anglo-Saxonisms: From Scholarship to Fiction in England, 1850-1960 (Spine title: Racial Anglo-Saxonisms) (Thesis format: Monograph) by Michael R. Kightley Graduate Program in English A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies The University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada © Michael R. Kightley 2009 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington OttawaONK1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-54302-3 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-54302-3 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. 1+1 Canada THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO SCHOOL OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES CERTIFICATE OF EXAMINATION Supervisor Examiners Dr. Russell Poole Dr. D. M. R. Bentley Supervisory Committee Dr. Michael D. C. Drout Dr. Allan Pero Dr. Richard Moll Dr. Vladimir Tumanov The thesis by Michael Robert Kightlev entitled: Racial Anglo-Saxonisms: From Scholarship to Fiction in England, 1850- 1960 is accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Date Chair of the Thesis Examination Board n Abstract In Racial Anglo-Saxonisms, I examine the role of Anglo-Saxon Studies in the discourses of race in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This research has two main purposes. The first is to plot the development in this scholarship of conceptions of the origins and nature of the English race, particularly in relationship to the so-called "northern" (Scandinavian and Germanic) and "southern" (Romance) races. The second purpose is to track how these conceptions were transmitted from the domain of Anglo- Saxon Studies to much wider, popular circles, through historiographical and imaginative fictions. I identify three main currents of Old English scholarship in this period: the early to mid nineteenth-century histories of the Anglo-Saxons, the mid to late nineteenth- century translations of Old English poems, and the nascent Old English literary criticism of the early twentieth century. For each current, I select an influential writer both of scholarship on Old English and of popular fiction addressing Englishness. Using a case study approach, I demonstrate that these three figures - Charles Kingsley, William Morris, and J. R. R. Tolkien - function as gatekeepers of the scholarly discourses that arose around medieval representations of race. I show how these writers actively shape their medieval sources, both primary and secondary, into intricate (and often problematic) theorizations of race, which they then adopt into their popular fiction for broader consumption. in Keywords: Anglo-Saxonism, medievalism, race, community, nation, Old English literature, Anglo-Saxon literature, Old Icelandic literature, Old Norse literature, nineteenth-century literature, twentieth-century literature, Old English scholarship, Anglo-Saxon scholarship, reception of Old English literature, Charles Kingsley, William Morris, J. R. R. Tolkien IV Acknowledgements I wish to begin by thanking the Ontario Graduate Scholarship program and the School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies at the University of Western Ontario, whose assistance made this research possible. I am fortunate to have been influenced by a number of quality professors in my years of graduate study. At Queen's University in Kingston, George Clark and Paul Stevens exposed me to ideas that led directly to this doctoral research and, furthermore, sparked the passion to follow those ideas through to the finish. At the University of Western Ontario, Allan Pero deserves particular thanks for his careful reading, considered comments, and encouragement at key moments. My appreciation also to Jane Tolmie, Jane Toswell, and Richard Moll for giving so generously of their time in helping a latecomer to Medieval Studies learn the tools of the trade. My heartiest thanks are reserved for Russell Poole, who demonstrated from the very beginning a reassuring and supportive faith in the worthiness of this project; moreover, his willingness to delve into ideas, texts, and movements both in and out of his (impressively wide-ranging) fields of speciality deserves extra recognition and gratitude. For treasured hours of conversation, feedback, distraction, and support, I wish to thank Karen Bourrier, Mike Buma, Anne and Brian Clark, Alex Conde, Robin Crozier, Cheryl Dudgeon, Conrad van Dyk, Kaya Fraser, Allison Hargreaves, Dave Ko, Ambrose Lau, Chris Lobban, Andrew Moore, Selma Purac, Karis Shearer, Mark Smith, and especially Leif Einarson and Sean Henry, whose influence on this project was far greater than they probably know. v Finally and most importantly, to my loved ones, Laurel Ryan, Kristin Kightley, Woden Kightley, Kish Kightley, and Gord Kightley: accept my simplest and deepest thanks, and in lieu of words insufficient to the task of gratitude, I dedicate this effort to you. VI Table of Contents Page Certificate of Examination ii Abstract and Keywords iii Acknowledgements v Table of Contents vii Introduction. The Developing Image of the Anglo-Saxons 1 Chapter 2. "The Viking of the New Age": Charles Kingsley and the Anglo-Saxon Histories 25 Chapter 3. Translation, Socialism, and the Germanic Folk: William Morris's Old Nothernism 89 Appendix to Chapter 3. Opening Lines to Nineteenth-Century English Translations of Beowulf 170 Chapter 4. J. R. R. Tolkien, Literary Criticism, and the Sorrowful Anglo-Saxons 177 Conclusion. Their Image and Ours 261 Works Cited 268 Vita 291 vn 1 Introduction: The Developing Image of the Anglo-Saxons T. A. Shippey has argued that the Anglo-Saxons are an "undeveloped image," that in the past two centuries "there have been only hints and fragments of a popular image of pre-Conquest or Anglo-Saxon history" ("Undeveloped" 236). He contrasts "the oblivion that has overtaken Anglo-Saxondom" with two related sources of imagery: on the one hand, the much more robust image of the Viking in modern popular culture, an image which "has remained clear and powerful right up to now" (217), and on the other, the even more ubiquitous images of Arthurian England. "[I]n the process of English linguistic victory and political domination," Shippey suggests, "something got lost: one part of that loss was Anglo-Saxon England" (225). These insights compose the most direct motivating impulse behind this dissertation, in which I track the changing and contested image of the Anglo-Saxons in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century England. As perceptive as Shippey's argument is, however, equally significant to this project are its limitations, the issues raised at its edges. These limitations are threefold, all of which Shippey acknowledges. First, his argument is relative, rather than absolute. The image of the Anglo-Saxons may indeed be undeveloped when compared to the pervasive cultural presence of the Vikings, whose ahistorical horned helmets have achieved a distinct, almost iconic, resonance. But in absolute terms, the image of the Anglo-Saxons was also pervasive, particularly in the wake of the scholarly work of Sharon Turner at the beginning of the nineteenth century and of the publication in 1819 of Walter Scott's highly influential Ivanhoe. This leads into the second limitation of Shippey's argument. This limitation is chronological: the 2 Anglo-Saxons may be fairly indistinct in current popular consciousness, but that does not mean that they were always so.1 It is difficult to gauge precisely how deeply the works of Scott and those who followed him affected the popular discourse around the Anglo- Saxons, but that the influence was indeed deep is equally difficult to deny.2 That this influence is no longer obvious does not mean that it is no longer present. After all, many of our current notions of the English race have their roots in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, when the evocative power of the Anglo-Saxon image was at its peak. The third limitation of Shippey's argument is that he confines his analysis to popular writings, consciously excluding the scholarly works of the period,3 in which the origins and natures of the Anglo-Saxons were hotly disputed. This raises the question of how distinct these two discourses actually were: to what extent did the image of the Anglo- Saxons as constructed in scholarship disseminate into the popular consciousness? Shippey's argument and these issues at its margins are all central to the two main purposes of this thesis.
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