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La Democrazia Alla Prova

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La Democrazia Alla Prova Copertina Scirè 20-06-2005 12:10 Pagina 1 Il libro ricostruisce una vicenda cruciale nella storia dell’Italia degli La democr anni Cinquanta e Sessanta: il dialogo pubblico e privato fra cattolici e laici, che mise “alla prova” le basi di una democrazia fondata La democrazia sull’unità delle forze antifasciste. Dal percorso personale dello scrittore fiorentino Mario Gozzini, figura centrale nel confronto culturale azia all di quegli anni, alla nascita della Sinistra Indipendente, sullo sfondo alla prova della contestazione giovanile e del dissenso religioso; dai primi passi verso un più vivo rapporto tra Chiesa e società durante il Concilio a pr Cattolici e laici nell’Italia repubblicana alla questione del divorzio. Una documentazione inedita in cui o compaiono esponenti del mondo comunista e socialista, intellettuali v a degli anni Cinquanta e Sessanta indipendenti e personalità religiose, della DC e degli ambienti cattolici più avanzati: Enzo Enriques Agnoletti, Luigi Anderlini, Franco Antonicelli, Felice Balbo, Ernesto Balducci, Tullia Carettoni, Giuseppe Giambattista Scirè Dossetti, Amintore Fanfani, Pietro Ingrao, Giuseppe Lazzati, Riccardo Lombardi, Lucio Lombardo Radice, Luigi Longo, Primo Mazzolari, Prefazione di Mario G. Rossi Lorenzo Milani, Aldo Moro, Adriano Ossicini, Ferruccio Parri, Nicola Pistelli, David Maria Turoldo. In appendice spicca il carteggio tra Enrico Berlinguer e Giorgio La Pira. Giambattista Scirè è dottorando di ricerca presso il Dipartimento Giamb di Studi Storici e Geografici dell’Università di Firenze. I suoi studi si concentrano sul rapporto tra intellettuali e politica, tra marxismo attista Scirè e cristianesimo nel secondo dopoguerra italiano. D 34,60 C Carocci STUDI STORICI CAROCCI / I lettori che desiderano informazioni sui volumi pubblicati dalla casa editrice possono rivolgersi direttamente a: Carocci editore via Sardegna , Roma, telefono , fax Visitateci sul nostro sito Internet: http://www.carocci.it Giambattista Scirè La democrazia alla prova Cattolici e laici nell’Italia repubblicana degli anni Cinquanta e Sessanta Carocci editore a edizione, giugno © copyright by Carocci editore S.p.A., Roma Realizzazione editoriale: Omnibook, Bari Finito di stampare nel giugno dalla Litografia Varo (Pisa) ISBN --- Riproduzione vietata ai sensi di legge (art. della legge aprile , n. ) Senza regolare autorizzazione, è vietato riprodurre questo volume anche parzialmente e con qualsiasi mezzo, compresa la fotocopia, anche per uso interno o didattico. Indice Prefazione IX di Mario G. Rossi Sigle e abbreviazioni XIII Premessa Parte prima Mario Gozzini e le origini del “dialogo alla prova”. Firenze e la cultura cattolica (-) . La rivista “L’Ultima” tra spiritualismo mistico e con- servazione .Gli incontri con i cattolici inquieti alla fine degli an- ni Quaranta . Le “forze cristiane di riserva” della prima metà de- gli anni Cinquanta. Dossetti e La Pira, tra profezia e cattolicesimo sociale .I progetti di rivista: la Vallecchi, la Corsia dei Servi, “Le Dodici” V . Pistelli ovvero la DC che non è stata . La seconda metà degli anni Cinquanta: gli intellettua- li quasi amici e i convegni dei cattolici . La rivista “Testimonianze”, il confronto con i laici e la polemica con la DC Parte seconda Il “dialogo alla prova” tra comunisti e cattolici (-) .Anticipi di dialogo .Da Concilio aperto a Dialogo alla prova. L’amicizia con i comunisti . La difficile eredità di Togliatti .I convegni tra marxisti e cristiani, il Segretariato per i non credenti e i vescovi “illuminati” .L’isolamento di La Pira, “Testimonianze” e le pole- miche di “Questitalia”, il Convegno di Lucca Parte terza La nascita della Sinistra indipendente (-) . Le altre componenti: l’ex Sinistra cristiana di Ossici- ni, i socialisti dissidenti, “L’Astrolabio” .I gruppi spontanei cattolici della Nuova Sinistra. I pa- cifisti e il movimento studentesco VI . Il PCI e gli incontri romani e bolognesi con i gruppi cattolici .L’accordo elettorale tra PCI e PSIUP del . L’incon- tro tra Longo e Dossetti .L’appello di Parri, la nascita della Sinistra indipen- dente. I cattolici e la “primavera di Praga” . Il dissenso religioso. Berlinguer, La Pira e la questio- ne del divorzio Appendice. Lettere e documenti inediti Indice dei nomi VII Prefazione di Mario G. Rossi Sono molti i fili conduttori che si intrecciano in questo lavoro e ne sot- tolineano la ricchezza e il significato. Uno è certamente la personalità di Mario Gozzini e il suo ruolo culturale e politico nel mondo cattolico fio- rentino e nazionale. Ma la figura di Gozzini è punto di riferimento di un confronto e di una progressiva convergenza di intellettuali e politici cat- tolici e laici, liberaldemocratici e marxisti, che costituisce l’asse princi- pale lungo cui si svolge l’insieme delle vicende trattate in queste pagine. All’origine vi è il Dialogo alla prova, la nota iniziativa di Gozzini, che rappresenta un punto di svolta del confronto tra cattolici e marxisti, non solo nel contesto italiano. Preceduto da una densa e articolata ricostru- zione delle sue scaturigini nell’ambiente cattolico e intellettuale fioren- tino, dove personalità di indubbio spessore, da La Pira a don Milani, da Ernesto Balducci a Nicola Pistelli, sono al centro di rapporti politici e culturali proiettati per lo più in una dimensione nazionale e spesso in- ternazionale, il Dialogo diventa un passaggio di fondamentale importan- za del processo di allargamento e di consolidamento della democrazia italiana, avviato con l’esperienza di governo del centro-sinistra negli an- ni Sessanta. Il confronto di cui si dà conto in queste pagine non si concentra su temi politici o economici, ma investe soprattutto visioni del mondo, si- stemi, valori: religione e cultura; le garanzie di libertà nello Stato e nella società; il pluralismo in una società socialista; lo Stato laico e non ideo- logico. Un dialogo di grandi idee e, perché no?, di utopie; che vuol es- sere prevalentemente culturale, ma i cui risvolti politici sono trasparen- ti in ogni passaggio; che tocca problemi di lungo periodo, ma insieme in- veste l’attualità e lascia intravedere soluzioni anche in termini di allean- ze e di programmi. Terreno di incontro e insieme l’obiettivo di fondo di questo dialogo è la prospettiva di un cambiamento radicale della società e dei rapporti internazionali, di cui cattolici e comunisti, portatori entrambi di conce- zioni organiche e progressive, sarebbero i protagonisti. Non sono molti IX LA DEMOCRAZIA ALLA PROVA né chiaramente definiti i richiami agli strumenti cui dovrebbe essere af- fidato il cambiamento: e certo né i principali interlocutori marxisti, da Ingrao a Lombardo Radice, né gli intellettuali cattolici coinvolti sono particolarmente attenti agli strumenti politico-amministrativi ed econo- mico-sociali rispetto ai contenuti teorici del dibattito. Anzi, affiora a più riprese una esplicita diffidenza verso una linea politica, attribuita in pri- mo luogo ad Amendola, che si teme, come scrive Gozzini nel 1965, «fi- nisca per trovare nel laicismo un terreno ricettivo e diventi una compo- nente fondamentale del grande disegno di socialdemocratizzazione eu- ropea». (E, dal canto suo, Amendola, scrivendo qualche anno dopo a Li- vio Labor, incalza: «credo che più che una proposta di società, sia ne- cessario affrontare i problemi politici ed economici, che si pongono con drammatica urgenza».) Incontro di due integralismi estranei a una moderna prospettiva riformista, potrebbe essere la conclusione di una critica superficiale e ri- petitiva. In realtà è l’ampiezza delle prospettive e delle problematiche che toglie spazio a una disamina puntuale della concreta prassi riformi- sta e tanto più all’approfondimento di specifici provvedimenti legislati- vi. Del resto, lo stesso dibattito teorico-politico sulle riforme (di struttu- ra, correttive…) già nella fase ascendente del centro-sinistra aveva mo- strato un rilevante grado di indeterminatezza, aprendo la strada alla de- lusione e al ripiegamento, di cui il dialogo degli anni Sessanta voleva es- sere un’alternativa. Inoltre la dimensione cui soprattutto si guarda e che fa costante- mente da sfondo ai temi affrontati è quella internazionale: il rifiuto del- la guerra fredda, la scelta della distensione, la liquidazione del coloniali- smo e il riscatto dal sottosviluppo. L’idea guida del “ponte”, si potrebbe dire ricorrendo a un tema centrale della simbologia lapiriana: il ponte tra Oriente e Occidente, tra ebrei e arabi, tra cristiani e musulmani; il pon- te sul Mediterraneo, fra le coste dell’Africa e dell’Europa. In questa pro- spettiva lo spazio per incontri di minore portata, per la ricerca di obiet- tivi limitati, per realizzazioni immediate si contrae inevitabilmente. Co- me scrive lo stesso La Pira a Enrico Berlinguer, nel 1969, «Chiesa catto- lica e stati socialisti (non un marxismo vago): questa “la grande” (inevi- tabile) convergenza dei decenni che sono davanti a noi». Nell’obiettivo della collaborazione internazionale tra tutte le forze di progresso si ritrova probabilmente anche l’eredità della grande alleanza antifascista della seconda guerra mondiale, rilanciata da quella che sem- brava l’apertura del sistema sovietico con Krusciov, dalle speranze su- scitate dalla breve esperienza di Kennedy, dal messaggio di papa Gio- vanni XXIII. Per contro l’Occidente democratico e cristiano si muove in una direzione opposta, che offre pochi appigli a convergenze ideali o a X PREFAZIONE un incontro sulle cose. La guerra del Vietnam rappresenta in questo
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