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Intonation in Anglesey Welsh and Uses the Patterning to Discuss an Appropriate Underlying Phonological Representation of the Intonation

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Intonation in Anglesey Welsh and Uses the Patterning to Discuss an Appropriate Underlying Phonological Representation of the Intonation INTONATION IN ANGLESEY WELSH Sarah E. Cooper School of Linguistics and English Language Bangor University PhD 2015 Abstract This thesis investigates the intonation system of Anglesey Welsh, an under researched variety with regards to its suprasegmental aspects. The main aim of this thesis is to provide a fine-grained intonational investigation into the realisation of the structural components of the intonation system. The secondary aim considers a functional hypothesis proposed by Haan (2002), that there may be a trade-off between the amount of lexico- syntactic marking used to cue interrogativity (e.g. inversion, wh-words) and the amount of intonational marking (e.g. higher and later accent peaks). With regards to the phonetic realisation of the structural elements, two features are investigated: the vertical scaling (or height) and the temporal alignment to the segmental string. The materials were manipulated to test the effect that a) grammatical function and b) temporal constraints had on the scaling and alignment of the structural components. The results show that the scaling (height) was significantly affected by the grammatical function of the test sentences, with the structural components in questions being realised higher than statements. With regards to alignment, there was evidence of significant adjustments in the location of some structural components as a function of the number of syllables available in the sentence. The final part of this thesis discusses issues surrounding a phonological analysis of the intonation system using the scaling and alignment data. It is proposed that Anglesey Welsh questions and statements are best analysed as having a rising L+H* in both prenuclear and nuclear position, followed by a low boundary tone L%. This thesis contributes to knowledge on prosodic typology by analysing the structure and function of the intonation system using a widely used approach to intonational analysis (the autosegmental-metrical approach). Furthermore, it tests questions about the phonetic implementation of intonation in Anglesey Welsh and uses the patterning to discuss an appropriate underlying phonological representation of the intonation. Table of contents Chapter One: Introduction and Background ................................................................. 19 1 Intonation ................................................................................................................ 21 2 The autosegmental-metrical (AM) approach to the study of intonation ........... 23 3 Autosegmental-metrical transcription models ..................................................... 28 4 Phonetic realisation ................................................................................................ 34 Chapter Two: Welsh ......................................................................................................... 41 1 Background ............................................................................................................. 41 2 Welsh syntactic structure ....................................................................................... 43 3 Research on Welsh prosody ................................................................................... 45 3.1 Stress ................................................................................................................. 45 3.2 Prosodic structures ............................................................................................ 56 3.3 Intonation .......................................................................................................... 58 4 Summary and thesis outline .................................................................................. 68 Chapter Three: Scaling of tonal targets .......................................................................... 69 1 Factors affecting the scaling of tonal targets ........................................................ 69 2 Hypotheses and Research Questions .................................................................... 75 3 Method ..................................................................................................................... 76 3.1 Materials ............................................................................................................ 76 3.2 Speakers ............................................................................................................ 88 3.3 Recording procedure ......................................................................................... 89 3.4 Elicited data ....................................................................................................... 90 3.5 Labelling and Measurements ............................................................................ 91 3.6 Calculations ....................................................................................................... 94 4 Results ...................................................................................................................... 95 4.2 Dialogue Reading Task ..................................................................................... 97 4.3 Map Task ......................................................................................................... 103 5 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 104 5 Chapter Four: Alignment of tonal targets .................................................................... 109 1 Factors affecting the alignment of tonal targets ................................................ 109 2 Hypotheses and research questions .................................................................... 113 3 Method ................................................................................................................... 115 3.1 Speakers .......................................................................................................... 115 3.2 Materials .......................................................................................................... 115 3.3 Elicited data ..................................................................................................... 119 3.4 Segmentation, measurements and calculations ............................................... 120 4 Results .................................................................................................................... 123 4.1 Statistical Analysis .......................................................................................... 123 4.2 Dialogue Reading task .................................................................................... 123 4.3 Map Task ......................................................................................................... 134 5 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 136 Chapter Five: Intonational phonology .......................................................................... 141 1 Issues with AM transcription .............................................................................. 141 2 The autosegmental representation of Anglesey Welsh intonation ................... 147 2.1 The starred tone ............................................................................................... 148 2.2 ‘Prenuclear L2’ ................................................................................................ 149 2.3 Boundary tone or phrasal accent? ................................................................... 151 2.4 Wh-words ........................................................................................................ 154 2.5 Previous findings for welsh ............................................................................. 154 Chapter Six: Summary and conclusions ....................................................................... 159 1 Main observations and findings .......................................................................... 160 1.1 Scaling ............................................................................................................. 160 1.2 Alignment ........................................................................................................ 161 1.3 Phonology of Anglesey Welsh intonation ....................................................... 162 2 Implications of findings ........................................................................................ 163 2.1 Relevance for theory of intonational phonology ............................................. 163 2.2 Relevance of findings for Welsh ..................................................................... 164 3 Recommendations for future research ............................................................... 165 6 Appendices Appendix A: Pilot reading list ........................................................................................ 169 Appendix B: Material design .......................................................................................... 175 Appendix C: Participant background questionnaire and responses .......................... 187 Appendix D: Statistical tests for Scaling Chapter ........................................................ 191 1 Scaling of prenuclear L1, H and L2 .................................................................... 191 2 Scaling of nuclear L1, H and L2 .......................................................................... 193 3 Comparison
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