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Evaluation of Ducted GE Hybrid Heat Pump Water Heater in PNNL Lab

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Evaluation of Ducted GE Hybrid Heat Pump Water Heater in PNNL Lab Building America Program Review April 24-25, 2013 Evaluation of Ducted GE Sarah Widder Hybrid Heat Pump Water Heater in PNNL Lab Homes 1 | Building America eere.energy.gov Project Partners Key PNNL Staff: – Sarah Widder, Engineer, Principal Investigator – Viraj Srivastava, Engineer, Demand Response Lead – Vrushali Mendon, Engineer, Energy Modeling – Nathan Bauman, Engineer, Metering Partners: – Brady Peeks, Engineer/Manufactured Homes; Northwest Energy Works – Jonathan Smith/Scot Shaffer, Engineers/Software & Hardware; GE Appliances – Greg Sullivan, Principal/Metering & Analysis; Efficiency Solutions – Valerie VanSchramm, CPS Energy Co-Funders: – Bonneville Power Administration, Emerging Technologies Program – DOE, Office of Electricity 2 | Building America eere.energy.gov Lab Homes Partners • Initial Partners – DOE/BT/Building America-ARRA – DOE/BT/Windows and Envelope R&D – Bonneville Power Administration – DOE/OE – PNNL Facilities – Tri Cities Research District – City of Richland – Northwest Energy Works – WSU-Extension Energy Program – Battelle Memorial Institute (made land available) 3 | Building America eere.energy.gov Primary Problem or Opportunity: National Energy Savings from HPWHs • Water heaters account for 18% of energy used in homes, or 1.8 Quads of energy use annually.1 • Electric resistance water heaters make up 41% of all residential water heaters in the U.S.1 • Heat pump water heaters (HPWH) can provide up to 62% energy savings over electric resistance water heaters.2 • 50% market penetration of HPWHs would result in savings of approximately 0.08 Quads annually. 1 EIA; 2009 Residential Energy Consumption Survey 2 Based on the DOE test procedure and comparison of an electric tank water heater (EF=0.90) versus a heat pump hot water heater (EF=2.35) 4 | Building America eere.energy.gov Primary Problem or Opportunity: Lack of Market Penetration • Currently, market adoption and utility program incentives of HPWHs are limited due to lack of understanding and field data regarding: – Impact on space conditioning energy consumption and occupant comfort. – Impact on demand response programs. – Durability in harsh water conditions. 5 | Building America eere.energy.gov Primary Problem or Opportunity: The Role of This Research Project • Evaluation of HPWHs in a highly controlled environment will help achieve market penetration of HPWHs through creation of a detailed data set that will comprehensively describe the performance of HPWHs installed in conditioned space in a number of configurations and as a demand response asset. Experiment Whole House HVAC HPWH Temperature/ RH Power/Energy Power/Energy Power/Energy at Several Use [kWh or kW] Use [kWh or kW] Use [kWh or kW] Interior Locations* [°F/%] Impact of Whole house Incremental HVAC Impact of ducting Impact of exhaust exhaust ducting energy savings systems energy and exhaust fan ducting on use/savings on HPWH occupant comfort efficiency PNNL Lab Impact of supply Whole house Incremental HVAC Impact of supply Impact of supply Homes and exhaust energy savings system energy ducting and and exhaust Experiments ducting use/savings supply air temp on ducting on HPWH efficiency occupant comfort Demand Whole house N/A HPWH power *Tank temperature response power reduction reduction during decrease during characteristics during DR events DR events DR events • This information is necessary to support regional efficiency and manufactured housing programs and encourage more widespread adoption of HPWH nationally. 6 | Building America eere.energy.gov Overview of Technology: HPWHs • HPWHs work by transferring heat from the ambient air to the water in the tank. • This process provides more energy to the water than it uses in electricity. – Tested Energy Factors (EF) for HPWHs available on the market range from 1.7 to 2.4.3 3 Ecotope; 2011 Source: U.S. DOE; energysavers.gov 7 | Building America eere.energy.gov Overview of Technology: HPWHs in Conditioned Space • HPWHs installed in interior space will use conditioned indoor air HPWH to heat water. – Benefit during cooling – Penalty during heating Interior Exterior – May affect comfort Summer Winter Summer Winter HP COP 2.3 – 2.5 3-5 1 DHW • Performance of 1,650 Energy 2,500 kWh/yr 0 kWh/yr HPWHs installed Savings outside will have Impact on +800 to reduced performance. Space -0 to 200 2,200 0 Energy kWh/yr – Most HPWH kWh/yr Use compressors do not Total operate below 40-45 F.3 300 to 2,600 kWh/yr 1,650 kWh/yr Savings 3 Ecotope; 2011 8 | Building America eere.energy.gov Overview of Technology: HPWHs with Exhaust Ducting • Modeling has found ducting exhaust to effectively mitigate some adverse space conditioning impacts in Northern Climates. – Resulted in NEEA Northern Climate HPWH Specification requiring exhaust ducting for Tier 2 products. Northern Climates ≥ 4000 HDD and Average Ambient Temp < 60F • Requires data to verify model assumptions and findings. 9 | Building America eere.energy.gov Overview of Technology: Supply Ducting • Newton’s 2nd Law – Reduced impact with exhaust ducting relies on buffering from semi-conditioned spaces. – Will result in depressurization with respect to outside. • This may be a problem for small homes (e.g., manufactured homes) and homes in high radon areas. • NEEA Tier 3 Spec requires optional supply ducting and Northwest Energy Efficient Manufactured Home (NEEM) Specification may require similar. – No products are currently available with this configuration. – Ducting directly from outside will result in decreased HPWH performance. • Need to verify performance of HPWH with supply ducting to crawlspace. 10 | Building America eere.energy.gov Overview of Technology: HPWH Demand Response Characteristics • Many utilities currently employ electric resistance water heaters to shave peak load by turning off the water heater (INC). • PNNL has also demonstrated the potential of using HPWHs to increase load (DEC) for areas with high renewable penetration and to provide additional balancing and ancillary (voltage regulation) services. • Need to understand demand response characteristics of HPWHs as compared to electric resistance water heaters, including “dispatchable kW,” “thermal capacity,” and “response time.” 11 | Building America eere.energy.gov Overview of Technology: HPWH Durability in Hard Water • Utilities and consumers are concerned about lifetime of HPWHs in areas with hard water – HPWHs typically have anode rods installed to neutralize hard water and delay tank corrosion. – Information is not widely available for what ranges of hard water conditions anode rods are designed for or how they affect HPWH lifetime and cost effectiveness. 12 | Building America eere.energy.gov Vision of Success • Clear guidance on the optimal installation of HPWHs in all climates and configurations. • Adoption of HPWHs as a fully-approved measure in BPA service territories and into other utility incentive programs, particularly in cold climates and areas with hard water. • Consideration of HPWHs for High-Performance Manufactured Homes (HPMHs) in the Pacific Northwest that go beyond the current Northwest Energy Efficiency Manufactured Home (NEEM) specifications. • Adoption of HPWHs into utility demand response product portfolios. • HPWHs are installed as “standard” technology for electrically-heated homes across the nation and contribute to 50% energy saving solutions in new and existing homes. 13 | Building America eere.energy.gov Business Plan Linking Research to Industry/Market Research results will: Present data to Present results to Provide installation Regional Technical research community guidance in BASC Forum and builders Justify and/or Inform HPWH support models and Provide modification of enable Northern industry with Northern Climate Climate Tier 3 installation best Spec and PNW product with practices Incentives supply ducting 14 | Building America eere.energy.gov Key Metrics for Each Year of Funding Anticipated 2013 • Verification and documentation of energy savings, load-balancing potential, and performance of: – energy and occupant comfort impacts of new HPWHs without ducting, with exhaust ducting, and with supply and exhaust ducting, – HPWH demand response capabilities, and – HPWH performance in hard water conditions. • Development of specifications for HPWH appropriate for adoption into utility incentive programs, particularly in cold climates and areas with hard water. • Production of data set to inform HPWH model calibrations. Beyond • Development of climate- and housing type-specific guidance for HPWH installation to maximize savings in all climate zones and configurations. • Collaboration with manufacturers to develop market-ready supply ducted units, as appropriate. 15 | Building America eere.energy.gov 2011 Primary Accomplishments • Sited and commissioned PNNL Lab Homes • Held Road-mapping Workshop 16 | Building America eere.energy.gov 2012 Primary Accomplishments Highly Insulating Windows Experiment • Side-by-side assessment in the PNNL Lab Homes demonstrated that highly insulating windows: – Save approximately 13% on whole house energy use – Reduce peak demand 25% in the summer – Improve thermal comfort through more consistent interior temperatures and higher surface glass temperatures – May decrease the risk of condensation and mold issues in regions with high humidity – Still have long PBPs - from 23 to 55 years. • Cost effectiveness could be improved through reduced costs, valuation of non-energy benefits, and accounting for system-level savings (e.g., downsized HVAC systems and optimized duct design).
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