A POTENTIAL THREAT TO PUBLIC ARCHAEOLOGY • AMAZING • PRESERVING SHERWOOD RANCH PUEBLO american archaeologyWINTER 2003-04 america quarterly publication of The Aranchaeological Conserarchaeologyvancy Vol. 7 No. 4 Caracol: Archaeology Serves Tourism

34> $3.95

7525274 91765 archaeological tours led by noted scholars superb itineraries, unsurpassed service For the past 29 years, Archaeological Tours has been arranging specialized tours for a discriminating clientele. Our tours feature distinguished scholars who stress the historical, anthropological and archaeological aspects of the areas visited. We offer a unique opportunity for tour participants to see and understand historically important and culturally significant areas of the world.

Trevor Marchand in Central Asia

THE SPLENDORS OF ANCIENT EGYPT CHINA’S LIVING LANDSCAPES: BULGARIA & ROMANIA An in-depth tour of ancient Egypt, begins with six days Sacred Mountains & The Yangtze River (Ancient Peoples of the Danube Valley) in Cairo, a visit to Tanis in the Delta and the collapsed This unique tour encompasses one of China’s most While studying the complicated history of the many pyramid of Meydum and Roman Karanis in the Faiyum sacred Buddhist mountains, Emeishan, and most peoples who have occupied the lands along the Oasis. With five full days in Luxor we will have a thorough beautiful, Huangshan. Highlights include the terra-cotta Danube River, we will visit Neolithic villages and tombs, exploration of the temples and tombs of Thebes, army of the First Emperor and archaeological splendors in fortified Dacian citadels and marvelously carved and Dendera and Abydos before a five-day Nile cruise on the Xian, Beijing’s Forbidden City, Dazu’s fabulous grottoes painted Thracian tombs. We will see great monuments deluxe Oberoi Philae. The tour concludes with three carved with thousands of Buddhas, the newly installed and cities built by the Romans, fabulous Byzantine days in Aswan, the Nubian Museum and Abu Simbel. Shanghai Museum — plus four days sailing on the churches and World Heritage monasteries, as well as FEBRUARY6 – 25, 2004 20 DAYS Yangtze River and through the famous Three Gorges. uniquely Ottoman architecture. But our most amazing Led by Dr. Robert S. Bianchi, Egyptologist MAY1 – 21, 2004 21 DAYS discoveries will be in the museums, where the art and NOVEMBER 2 – 21, 2004 Led by Prof. Robert Thorp, Washington University artifacts of these diverse peoples are displayed, Led by Prof.Lanny Bell, Brown University including the remarkable 6,000-year-old gold of Varna. SICILY & SOUTHERN ITALY Our tour is completed with visits to the charming BYZANTINE TO BAROQUE Touring includes the Byzantine and Norman wooden and painted churches in northern Romania. As we travel from Assisi to Venice, this spectacular tour monuments of Palermo, the Roman Villa in Casale, MAY 24 – JUNE 12, 2004 20 DAYS will offer a unique opportunity to observe the unique for its 37 rooms floored with exquisite mosaics, Led by Dr. Mattanyah Zohar, Hebrew University development of art and history in both the Eastern and Phoenician Motya and the classical sites of Segesta, Western Christian worlds. We begin with four days in Selinunte, Agrigento and Siracusa — plus, on the SCOTLAND AND ITS ISLANDS Assisi, including a day trip to medieval Cortona. We mainland, Paestum, Pompeii, Herculaneum and the This new tour explores the fascinating prehistoric and then continue to Arezzo, Padua and Ravenna, ending incredible "Bronzes of Riace." early Christian sites scattered throughout the Scottish with three glorious days in Venice, gateway to the MAY 29 – JUNE 14, 2004 17 DAYS countryside. Our touring will span thousands of years Orient. Throughout we will experience the sources of Led by Prof. Blaise Nagy, College of the Holy Cross as we study Stone and Bronze Age monuments and visual inspiration for a thousand years of art while artifacts, Celtic remains and medieval castles. Tour sampling the food and drink that have enhanced the OCTOBER 9 – 25, 2004 17 DAYS Led by Prof.Barbara Barletta, University of Florida highlights include the enigmatic megalithic Stones of Italian world since it was the center of the Roman Empire. Calanish on the Isle of Lewis, the Machrie Moor MARCH 3 – 14, 2004 12 DAYS CYPRUS, CRETE & SANTORINI ceremonial landscape on the Isle of Arran, fascinating Led by Prof. Ori Z. Soltes, Georgetown University This tour examines the maritime civilizations linking pre- carved Pictish menhirs, Edinburgh and Glasgow, and the and ancient Greek and Roman cultures with the East. many Neolithic sites on the Orkney and Shetland Islands. MAYA SUPERPOWERS After a seven-day tour of Cyprus and five days JUNE 30 – JULY 18, 2004 19 DAYS This exciting tour examines the ferocious political explorating Minoan Crete, we sail to Santorini to visit Led by Dr. Mattanyah Zohar, Hebrew University struggles between the Maya superpowers in the Late Thera and Akrotiri. The tour ends in Athens and a visit Classical period including bitter antagonism between to Mycenae and Tiryns. Throughout, there will be time THE ANCIENT KINGDOM OF TIBET in northern and across the to enjoy the lovely beaches and countryside. As we traverse Tibet’s spectacular mountain passes border in . New roads will allow us to visit these and lush valleys, visits will be made to the famous ancient cities, as well as Copan in , MAY9 – 27, 2004 19 DAYS Led by Dr. Robert S. Bianchi,Archaeologist monasteries, temples and tombs around Lhasa, Tsdang, and the large archaeological project at Caracol in Gyantse and Shigatse. We will be introduced to the many and and in Mexico. The tour will also ANCIENT CITIES OF MARITIME TURKEY orders of Tibetan Buddhism, its art and architecture, and provide opportunities to see the still-pristine tropical forest Never far from the sea, this unusual tour begins in Izmir observe the solemnity of monks at study and prayer. in the Maya Biosphere Reserves. Our adventure ends in Throughout we will be drawn to Tibet's colorful markets colonial Campeche, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. and continues along the Mediterranean and Aegean coasts, exploring the ancient cities and sites in Karia, and enchanted by the warmth of its people. MARCH 12 – 28, 2004 17 DAYS Lycia, and Pamphylia. We will visit three of the Seven JULY 15 – AUGUST 1, 2004 18 DAYS NOVEMBER 12 – 28, 2004 Wonders of the Ancient World as well as the ancient Led by Prof.Gregory Hillis,University of California Led by Prof. John Henderson, Cornell University cities on northern Cyprus and the Greek islands of Kos and Samos ending with two days in Istanbul. ADDITIONAL TOURS MALTA, SARDINIA & CORSICA MAY 27 – JUNE 16, 2004 21 DAYS Thailand; Central Asia; Brittany; Morocco; Georgia & This unusual tour will explore the ancient civilizations of Led by Prof. Robert Stieglitz, Rutgers University Armenia; Prehistoric Caves of Spain & France; these three islands. Tour highlights include immense Portugal; Peru; No. India; Khmer Kingdoms...and more megalithic temples on Malta, Sardinia’s unique SILK ROAD OF CHINA nuraghes, and the mysterious cult sites on Corsica, as As we trace the fabled Silk Road from Xian to Kashgar well as the ancient remains of the Phoenicians, we will visit the remote Hotan oasis, famed for its jade and Romans, Greeks and Crusader knights. The islands’ silk, Ürümqi, the fascinating Sunday bazaar at Kashgar wild and beautiful settings and their wonderful cuisines and the caravan oasis of Turfan. Highlights include will enhance our touring of these archaeological sites. Labrang’s Tibetan monastery, Dunhuang’s spectacular APRIL 28 – MAY 15, 2004 18 DAYS mural and sculpture grottoes, Buddhist caves at Binglingsi Led by Dr. Mattanyah Zohar, Hebrew University and the fine museum at Lanzhou, ending in Beijing. MAY 26 – JUNE 16, 2004 21 DAYS NEW Led by Prof. James Millward,Georgetown University american archaeology a quarterly publication of The Archaeological Conservancy Vol. 7 No. 4 winter 2003-04

COVER FEATURE

12 ARCHAEOTOURISM PROJECT BY MICHAEL BAWAYA A major project by the government of Belize aims to boost tourism while ARCHAEOLOGICAL preserving the Maya’s handiwork. C A R A C O L C H A S E , 20 AN ATTEMPT AT UTOPIA? A R L E N BY DEBRA GALANT A N D The historical record indicates Feltville was a 19th-century utopian community. An archaeological investigation is challenging that notion. D I A N E 27 THE POTENTIAL THREAT OF A-76 44 new acquisition BY ELIZABETH WOLF IN MEMORYOF THE What are the consequences of a Bush administration initiative to MONONGAHELA outsource federal archaeology jobs? The Conservancy saves a prehistoric site threatened by urban sprawl and mining. 32 A CLOSE LOOK AT GEOGLYPHS BY TAMARA STEWART 45 new acquisition These fascinating images, found in the Western desert, are believed DEVELOPER DONATES to be as much as 12,000 years old. PREHISTORIC SITE IN CALIFORNIA 38 THE PRESERVATION OF SHERWOOD RANCH PUEBLO The Amador site is an example of how BY KATHLEEN BRYANT archaeology and development can co-exist. Preservation is a crucial, if challenging, component of archaeology. The Conservancy used its expertise to protect this Mogollon site. 46 new acquisition PROTECTING CADDOAN MOUNDS Researchers will be able to study this Lay of the Land 2 habitation site. 3 Letters 47 point acquisition 5 Events A PICTURE OF 19th-CENTURY 7 In the News INDUSTRY Aleutian Island Site Amazes The Conservancy acquires a Researchers • Earliest Evidence well-preserved tannery. of Mexican Warfare Found in 48 point acquisition Oaxaca • Ancient Maya Altar FORTY-THOUSAND-YEAR-OLD Recovered TOOLS? 50 Field Notes The Conservancy obtains a site that could have extremely ancient Paleo-Indian artifacts.

52 Reviews LINDAHL

54 Expeditions L A R R Y

COVER: Caracol, Belize’s largest Maya site, features a number of impressive structures. Structure A6, which is part of an astronomical complex, is seen here. Photograph by Jerry Rabinowitz american archaeology 1 Lay of the Land

The Hard Work of Preservation

hen The Archaeological Sites of different eras and differ- Conservancy acquires an ent parts of the country require di- Wancient ruin to preserve it verse and sometimes innovative tech- for posterity, often the work is just niques. In Oklahoma we are laying beginning. In this issue, we tell part down riprap to stop a stream’s mean- of the story (see p. 38) that comes der. In Mississippi, we are planting next—stabilizing and protecting the grass in an old cotton field to stabi-

ruins. Often carried out with the lize the soil and hide the artifacts POORE help of volunteers guided by our sta- from looters. In the California desert,

bilization experts, this is a critical fencing in the right place will allow D A R R E N part of the preservation process, and native vegetation to return and stop MARK MICHEL, President very often a very difficult one. We erosion—we hope. are faced with the forces of time that Often funds to acquire a prop- money and hard work to bring in are determined to turn even ruins erty are much easier to secure than 1,541 cubic yards of sterile dirt, as into dust. Erosion is our biggest and those to stabilize it. But they are both we did at Sherwood Ranch Pueblo. most powerful enemy, and the fight essential parts of the preservation But that’s what it takes to do the job. to control it is ongoing. Experience process. Delicate walls must be made and trial and error are our best to keep standing, and previous exca- teachers. vations must be backfilled. It takes

Travel with top scholars throughout the Southwest and Abroad Crow Canyon Invites you to Explore... so much more in 2004!

Southwest Programs A Workshop with R. Carlos Nakai: Foreign Explorations Rattles, Beads, and Buckskin (July 18-24 ) History & Artistry of Hopi Kachinas Scholars: R. Carlos Nakai & Jennifer Good Tracks Burma: The Golden Land (Jan 21- Feb 6) (May 10-16) Scholars: Dr.E. Charles (Chuck) Adams, Dr. (with optional extensions to Angkor,Cambodia and Laos) Barton Wright, Dr. Kelley Hays-Gilpin, Lakota Country on Horseback: Scholars: Dr. Donald Stadtner,U Moe Aung Lwin, and various Burmese archaeologists and other experts and Michael Kabotie Badlands, Buffaloes, and Beadwork (Sept 4-9) Scholars: Don Montileaux, Alex White Plume, Paulette Hiking in Navajo Country: Montileaux, and other Lakota scholars The Mysteries of Egypt (Feb 22- March 7) Ancient Sites in Hidden Alcoves (May 23-29 ) Scholars: Dr.Tarek Swelim, Dr. Zahi Hawass, Dr. Romuald Scholars: Harry Walters & Paul F. Reed Schild, Dr. Renee Friedman, Dr. Kent Weeks, and other Exploring Chaco Canyon (Sept 19-25) prominent archaeologists, conservators, and Egyptologists Solstice Markers & Puebloan Skies* Scholars: Dr. Gwinn Vivian & Dr. Jim Judge *(with new destinations!) June 19-26 Civilizations of Central Mexico: (May 5-16) Scholars: Dr. Gwinn Vivian & John Fountain Retracing Footprints in the Pueblo Teotihuacan, the Toltecs, & the Aztecs World: From the Rio Grande Back to Scholars: Dr. Ian Robertson, Oralia Cabrera, Prof. Ruben Mesa Verde (Oct 2-9) Scholars: Dr.Tessie , SUMMER SPECIAL! Treat your family to a Cabrera, & other scholars as schedules allow Four Corners Family Exploration Dr. Mark Varien, Dr.Kurt Anschuetz, and Tito Naranjo led by Crow Canyon Research Archaeologist, : (Oct 28-Nov 7) Back Country Archaeology: (Oct 9-15) Woven Jewels of Mexico and Guatemala Kristin Kuckelman and numerous Native American Hiking Southeast Utah’s Comb Ridge tribal members (July 11-18) Scholars: Margot Blum Schevill, Walter (Chip) Morris, Dolores Scholars: Dr. William D. (Bill) Lipe & Scott Ortman Ratzan, and many Maya weavers

Learning Adventures for all ages ROW ANYON Excavation and travel programs in the Southwest and the world beyond C C Near Mesa Verde in Cortez, Colorado Call now to reserve your space! 1-800-422-8975, ext. 146 or visit www.crowcanyon.org to reserve on-line.

AA12/03 CCAC’s programs and admission practices are open to applicants of any race, color, nationality, or ethnic origin. CST 2059347-50

2 winter • 2003-04 Letters

Delighted It’s Not a Prehistoric Spear Editor’s Corner and Disappointed In the article on the Kaplan- These days there is much talk of privatiz- We were both de- Hoover bison kill site in the ing some federal government services in lighted and surprised Summer 2003 issue, one cap- the . This talk is spurred by to find that a photo- tion mentions “prehistoric the presumption that privatizing some graph of a petroglyph spears called atlatls.” The atlatl services could save taxpayers money. site in Sheep Canyon was not the spear itself, but the In this issue we examine the potential won first place in spear thrower. Atlatls are basically effects of the A-76 initiative, which could American Archaeology’s photo con- a stick with a hook on the end result in what the government refers to test. We were delighted because which fits into the end of the dart. as the “outsourcing” of services. Naval Air Weapons Station China The added leverage of the atlatl al- A-76 compares the cost of govern- Lake manages Sheep Canyon as part lows a spear to be thrown much faster ment functions vis-à-vis their cost in the of the Coso National His- and farther than by hand alone, and private sector. If, in this comparison, the toric Landmark. The landmark con- they are very effective weapons. private sector appears to be able to per- tains several million petroglyphs on The World Atlatl Society form these functions more cost-effec- 90,000 acres located in the center of (http://www.worldatlatl.org/) pro- tively, then private sector workers could our secured military installation. The motes modern atlatl sporting events be hired to replace government workers. station goes out of its way to provide all over the country, and many of us A-76 is just beginning to make its occasional access to some of the also find atlatls to be an excellent impact felt in public archaeology, and landmark’s more remote sites. tool for teaching about prehistoric some archaeologists are very concerned But we were surprised that the technology. Though they are fun and about its implications. A U.S. Congress- petroglyphs in the photo were not simple enough for anyone to make man succinctly voiced one of the main identified as being on our station. and use, the difficulty of mastering complaints of a number of A-76’s We are proud of our stewardship and them inspires respect for prehistoric critics: the initiative employs a “bean of our ability to allow occasional ac- people. counter” approach to determine value. cess to sites such as Sheep Canyon. As this initiative extends across the Russell L. Kaldenberg John Whittaker length and breadth of the federal gov- Command Archaeologist Department of Anthropology, ernment, its ramifications go far beyond Naval Air Weapons Station Grinnell College archaeology. This initiative raises ques- China Lake, California Grinnell, Iowa tions as large as its reach: How do we measure value? Can we put a price on STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT, AND CIRCULATION Publication Title: American Archaeology. 2. Publication No.: such things as cultural resources? Are 1093-8400. 3. Date of Filing: September 29, 2003. 4. Issue Frequency: Quarterly. 5. No. of Issues Published Annually: 4. 6. Annual Subscription Price: $25.00. 7. Complete Mailing Address of Known Office of Publication: The Archaeological Conservancy, 5301 Central Avenue NE, Suite 902, Albuquerque, we in fact a nation of bean counters? NM 87108-1517. 8. Complete Mailing Address of Headquarters or General Business Office of Publisher: same as No. 7. 9. Names and Mailing Addresses of Publisher, Editor, and Managing Editor: Publisher—Mark Michel, address same as No. 7. Editor—Michael Bawaya, address same as No. 7. Managing Editor—N/A. 10. Owner: The Archaeological Conservancy, address same as No. 7. 11. Known Bondholders, Mortgagees, and Other Security Holders Owning or Holding 1 Percent or More of Total Amount of Bonds, Mortgages, or Other Securities: None. 12. Tax Status: Has Not Changed During Preceding 12 Months. 13. Publication Title: American Archaeology. 14. Issue Date for Circulation Data Below: Spring 2003. 15. Extent and Nature of Circulation: Average Number of Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months: (A) Total No. Copies (net press run): 32,000; (B) Paid and/or Requested Circulation: (1) Paid/Requested Outside-County Mail Subscriptions Stated on Form 3541 (Include advertiser’s proof copies and exchange copies): 20,311; (2) Paid SENDING LETTERS TO In-County Subscriptions (Include advertiser’s proof copies and exchange copies): 0; (3) Sales Through Dealers and Carriers, Street Vendors, Counter Sales, and Other Non-USPS Paid Distribution: 4,831; (4) Other Classes Mailed Through the USPS: 1,052. (C) Total Paid and/or Requested Circulation (Sum of American Archaeology 15B (1), (2), (3), and (4)): 26,194; (D) Free Distribution by Mail (Samples, complimentary, and other free): (1) Outside-County as Stated on Form 3541: 0; (2) In-County as Stated on Form 3541: 0; (3) Other Classes Mailed Through the USPS: 80; (E) Free Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or other means): American Archaeology welcomes your 700; (F) Total Free Distribution (Sum of 15D and 15E): 780; (G) Total Distribution (Sum of 15C and 15F): 26,974; (H) Copies not Distributed: 5,026; (I) letters. Write to us at 5301 Central Avenue Total (Sum of 15G and 15H): 32,000. Percent Paid and/or Requested Circulation (15C/15G x 100): 97.11%. 15. Extent and Nature of Circulation: Number Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Filing Date: (A) Total No. Copies (net press run): 31,500; (B) Paid and/or Requested Circulation: (1) NE, Suite 902, Albuquerque, NM 87108- Paid/Requested Outside-County Mail Subscriptions Stated on Form 3541 (Include advertiser’s proof copies and exchange copies): 19,085; (2) Paid In- 1517, or send us e-mail at [email protected]. County Subscriptions (Include advertiser’s proof copies and exchange copies): 0; (3) Sales Through Dealers and Carriers, Street Vendors, Counter Sales, We reserve the right to edit and publish and Other Non-USPS Paid Distribution: 3,374; (4) Other Classes Mailed Through the USPS: 1,875. (C) Total Paid and/or Requested Circulation (Sum of 15B (1), (2), (3), and (4)): 24,334; (D) Free Distribution by Mail (Samples, complimentary, and other free): (1) Outside-County as Stated on Form 3541: 0; letters in the magazine’s Letters dept. as (2) In-County as Stated on Form 3541: 0; (3) Other Classes Mailed Through the USPS: 55; (E) Free Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or other means): space permits. Please include your name, 750; (F) Total Free Distribution (Sum of 15D and 15E): 805; (G) Total Distribution (Sum of 15C and 15F): 25,139; (H) Copies not Distributed: 6,361; (I) address, and telephone number with all Total (Sum of 15G and 15H): 31,500. Percent Paid and/or Requested Circulation (15C/15G x 100): 96.80%. 16. This Statement of Ownership will be printed in the Winter 2003 issue of this publication. 17. I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete. Michael Bawaya, Editor. correspondence, including e-mail messages. american archaeology 3 WELCOME TO THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSERVANCY! 5301 Central Avenue NE, Suite 902 Albuquerque, NM 87108-1517 • (505) 266-1540 www.americanarchaeology.org he Archaeological Conservancy is the only national non-profit Board of Directors organization that identifies, ac- Vincas Steponaitis, North Carolina, CHAIRMAN quires, and preserves the most sig- Cecil F. Antone, Arizona • Carol Condie, New Mexico tnificant archaeological sites in the Janet Creighton, Washington • Janet EtsHokin, Illinois United States. Since its beginning in Jerry EtsHokin, Illinois • W. James Judge, Colorado 1980, the Conservancy has preserved Jay T. Last, California • Dorinda Oliver, New York more than 275 sites across the nation, Rosamond Stanton, Montana ranging in age from the earliest habita- Dee Ann Story, Texas • Stewart L. Udall, New Mexico tion sites in North America to a 19th- Conservancy Staff century frontier army post. We are Mark Michel, President • Tione Joseph, Business Manager building a national system of archaeo- Kerry Slater, Special Projects Director • Lorna Thickett, Membership Director logical preserves to ensure the survival Shelley Smith, Membership Assistant • Valerie Long, Administrative Assistant Administrative Assistant of our irreplaceable cultural heritage. Yvonne Woolfolk, Regional Offices and Directors Why Save Archaeological Sites? The Jim Walker, Vice President, Southwest Region (505) 266-1540 ancient people of North America left 5301 Central Avenue NE, Suite 902 • Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108 virtually no written records of their cul- Tamara Stewart, Projects Coordinator • Steve Koczan, Site-Management Coordinator tures. Clues that might someday solve Amy Espinoza-Ar, Field Representative the mysteries of prehistoric America are Paul Gardner, Vice President, Midwest Region (614) 267-1100 still missing, and when a ruin is de- 3620 N. High St. #207 • Columbus, Ohio 43214 stroyed by looters, or leveled for a shop- Joe Navari, Field Representative ping center, precious information is lost. By permanently preserving endangered Alan Gruber, Vice President, Southeast Region (770) 975-4344 ruins, we make sure they will be here for 5997 Cedar Crest Road • Acworth, Georgia 30101 future generations to study and enjoy. Jessica Crawford, Delta Field Representative Gene Hurych, Western Region (916) 399-1193 How We Raise Funds: Funds for 1 Shoal Court #67 • Sacramento, California 95831 the Conservancy come from member- ship dues, individual contributions, cor- porations, and foundations. Gifts and bequests of money, land, and securities ® are fully tax deductible under section american archaeology 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Planned giving provides donors with PUBLISHER: Mark Michel EDITOR: Michael Bawaya (505) 266-9668, [email protected] substantial tax deductions and a variety ASSISTANT EDITOR: Tamara Stewart of beneficiary possibilities. For more in- ART DIRECTOR: Vicki Marie Singer, [email protected] formation, call Mark Michel at (505) 266-1540. Editorial Advisory Board Ernie Boszhardt, Mississippi Valley Archaeological Center The Role of the Magazine: American • Archaeology is the only popular maga- Darrell Creel, University of Texas Jonathan Damp, Zuni Cultural Resources Richard Daugherty, Washington State University • David Dye, University of Memphis zine devoted to presenting the rich di- • versity of archaeology in the Americas. Kristen Gremillion, Ohio State University Megg Heath, Bureau of Land Management Susan Hector, San Diego • Richard Jenkins, California Dept. of Forestry The purpose of the magazine is to help • readers appreciate and understand the John Kelly, Washington University Robert Kuhn, New York Historic Preservation Mark Lynott, • Linda Mayro, Pima County, Arizona archaeological wonders available to • them, and to raise their awareness of the Jeff Mitchem, Arkansas Archaeological Survey Giovanna Peebles, Vermont State Archaeologist Janet Rafferty, Mississippi State University • Ann Rogers, Oregon State University destruction of our cultural heritage. By • sharing new discoveries, research, and ac- Kenneth Sassaman, University of Florida Donna Seifert, John Milner Associates • tivities in an enjoyable and informative Art Spiess, Maine Historic Preservation Richard Woodbury, University of Massachusetts way, we hope we can make learning National Advertising Office about ancient America as exciting as Marcia Ulibarri, Advertising Representative it is essential. 5401 6th Street NW, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87107; (505) 344-6018; Fax (505) 345-3430; [email protected] How to Say Hello: By mail: American Archaeology (ISSN 1093-8400) is published quarterly by The Archaeological Conservancy, 5301 Central Avenue NE, The Archaeological Conservancy, Suite 902, Albuquerque, NM 87108-1517. Title registered U.S. Pat. and TM Office, © 2003 by TAC. Printed in the United 5301 Central Avenue NE, Suite 902, States. Periodicals postage paid Albuquerque, NM, and additional mailing offices. Single copies are $3.95. A one-year mem- Albuquerque, NM 87108-1517; bership to the Conservancy is $25 and includes receipt of American Archaeology. Of the member’s dues, $6 is designated for by phone: (505) 266-1540; a one-year magazine subscription. READERS: For new memberships, renewals, or change of address, write to The Archaeo- by e-mail: [email protected]; or visit our logical Conservancy, 5301 Central Avenue NE, Suite 902, Albuquerque, NM 87108-1517, or call (505) 266-1540. For changes of address, include old and new addresses. Articles are published for educational purposes and do not necessarily reflect the Web site: www.americanarchaeology.org views of the Conservancy, its editorial board, or American Archaeology. Article proposals and artwork should be addressed to the editor. No responsibility assumed for unsolicited material. All articles receive expert review. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to American Archaeology, The Archaeological Conservancy, 5301 Central Avenue NE, Suite 902, Albuquerque, NM 87108-1517; (505) 266-1540. All rights reserved. American Archaeology does not accept advertising from dealers in archaeological artifacts or antiquities.

4 winter • 2003-04 Museum exhibits • Tours • Festivals Meetings • Education • Conferences Events

■ NEW EXHIBITS Arizona State Museum Frank H. McClung Museum University of Arizona, Tucson—The University of Tennessee, new photographic exhibition “With an Knoxville—Ancient ceramic Eye on Culture: A Helga Teiwas Photo ETHNOLOGY shaft-tomb clay figures from Retrospective” includes more than 50 A N D the West Mexican states of Na- of Teiwas’s photographs, including im- yarit, Jalisco, Colima, and Mi- ages of early 20th-century excavations choacán are featured in the and native peoples of the Southwest. ARCHAEOLOGY

O F new exhibit “Images for Eter- Helga Teiwas stands among the last nity: West Mexican Tomb Fig- century’s most accomplished documen- U S E U M

M ures.” These well-preserved tary photographers of the Southwest, figurines date between 200 and her work has resulted in landmark

P E A B O D Y B.C.and A.D. 300 and provide books on Navajo culture, Hopi carvers, invaluable clues about the and basket weavers. (520) 621-6281, mysterious ancient cultures of www.statemuseum.arizona.edu (New Peabody Museum of West Mexico. (865) 974-2144, long-term exhibit) Archaeology and Ethnology http://mcclungmuseum.utk.edu (Through January 4) Bowers Museum of Cultural Arts Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.—With the opening of the new exhibit “From Nation Santa Ana, Calif.—The new installa- to Nation: Examining Lewis and Clark’s Indian Amerind Foundation tion “First Californians” showcases the Collection,” the museum celebrates a year- Dragoon, Ariz.—A new exhibi- museum’s extensive permanent collec- long series of special events commemorating tion of Hopi watercolor paint- tion of Native American art and arti- the bicentennial of Lewis and Clark’s Corps of ings by early masters Fred facts in stone, shell, plant fiber, and Northwest Discovery Expedition. As the reposi- Kabotie, Otis Polelonema, Rod- feathers. These natural resources help tory for the only remaining Native American erick Holmes, and Mootzka tell the story of the culture of Native objects acquired by the Corps of Northwest includes representative exam- Californians. The exhibit gives special Discovery, the museum presents a number of ples of the Amerind’s superb attention to local groups that inhabited rare and important expedition artifacts from katsina doll collection. (520) the coastal regions of Southern Califor- their Lewis and Clark collection, other period 586-3666, www.amerind.org nia. (714) 567-3600, www.bowers.org objects, and works by contemporary Native (Opening reception January 10) (New permanent exhibit) American artists. (617) 495-3045, www.peabody.harvard.edu (Opens December 11) Smithsonian’s National Museum of the American Indian Battery Park, New York, N.Y.—More than 200 of the mu- seum’s finest Native American baskets are included in “The Language of Native American Baskets: From the Weavers’ View,” which focuses on the weaver’s perspective and the process of basket-making. The exhibit’s highlights

INSTITUTION include a Haida woven hat, exquisitely woven Pomo bas- kets, and a very rare early 19th-century Chumash basket woven with the design of Spanish coins. (212) 514-3700,

SMITHSONIAN www.americanindian.si.edu (New long-term exhibit) american archaeology 5 Events

■ CONFERENCES, ANTHROPOLOGY

LECTURES & FESTIVALS O F 27th Annual Pueblo Grande Museum Indian Market U S E U M December 13–14, Steele Indian School Park, Phoenix, Ariz. More than M 500 Native American artisans representing over 60 tribes will sell their

paintings, sculptures, jewelry, pottery, Kachina dolls, and other works C O L U M B I A of art at this market, which has been named one of the 10 best in the B R I T I S H

nation. The event also features traditional performances and food. O F (877) 706-4408, www.pgmarket.org

37th Annual Conference on Historical and Underwater Archaeology UNIVERSITY January 7–11, Hyatt-Regency Union Station, St. Louis, Mo. A keynote University of British Columbia speaker and plenary sessions will address this year’s theme, “Lewis and Museum of Anthropology Clark: Legacy and Consequences.” In addition to a wide variety of pa- pers on current research, several symposia related to the opening of the Vancouver,B.C., Canada—“Mehodihi—Our West have been organized. (856) 224-0995, www.sha.org, [email protected] Great Ancestors Lived That Way: Well-Known Traditions of Tahltan People” is the first 9th Southwest Symposium museum exhibit of the Tahltan First Nation’s January 9–10, Chihuahua City, Mexico. Hosted by the Centro INAH art and culture. The Tahltan live in the villages Chihuahua, the theme of this year’s symposium is “Archaeology Without of Iskut and Dease Lake on the Stewart- Borders: Contact, Commerce, and Change in the U.S. Southwest and Cassiar Highway, and Telegraph Creek, below Northern Mexico.” Scheduled sessions include ’s Relations the Grand Canyon of the Stikine River. This with the North, Detecting Social Identity in the Archaeological Record, exhibit has been collaboratively developed by and Early Agriculture in the U.S. Southwest and Northern Mexico. Con- members of the Tahltan community to highlight tact Michael Whalen at (918) 631-2370, [email protected], the links between the Tahltan and their land, www.swanet.org/zarchives/swsymposium/2004symposium.pdf culture, and heritage. (604) 822-3825, www.moa.ubc.ca (New long-term exhibit) 46th Annual Guild Indian Fair & Market March 6–7, Heard Museum, Phoenix, Ariz. This event, considered to be one of the most prestigious of its kind in the Southwest, draws more than 500 of the nation’s finest native artists and features traditional music, performances, and foods. (602) 252-8848, www.heard.org

San Diego Museum of Man San Diego, Calif.—Showcasing an array of archaeological and ethnographic artifacts,

the new exhibit “Inuit: People of the Midnight Sun” brings to life the iliqqusiq or “ways MAN

of life” of the Inuit. Previously known as the Eskimo, the Inuit inhabit a wide arctic O F terrain spanning from Russia to Alaska and Canada to Greenland. The Inuit’s creativity, innovation, and craftsmanship are demonstrated by a wide array of 19th- and 20th- M U S E U M

century artifacts such as tools for hunting and sewing, handmade games, clothing, D I E G O

masks, and kayaks. (619) 239-2001, www.museumofman.org (New long-term exhibit) S A N

6 winter • 2003-04 Aleutian Island Site in the Amazes Researchers Research at the 3,000-year-old Amaknak Bridge site reveals elaborate multiple-room houses. NEWS

rchaeologists excavating a small site in the Unalaska Bay area of A Alaska uncovered at least 10 large stone-lined dwellings contain- ing complex features and stunning artifacts. Radiocarbon dating and preliminary analysis indicate that the site was occupied year-round be- tween 2,600 and 3,400 years ago by as many as 200 people. “We were startled to find large multiple-roomed houses with elabo- rately constructed stone walls and in- terior features such as chimneys,” said Richard Knecht, director of the Museum of the Aleutians and one of the principal investigators of the project. “The artifact assemblage, in- cluding large and elaborate labrets CAPTION (lip plugs), beads, and artwork, was An aerial view of the Amaknak Bridge. The site far beyond what we expected. The is located at the foot of the mound by the conventional wisdom was that these bridge in the center of the photograph. were all correlates of a rise in cultural complexity that seemed to occur late pits and drainage systems. In some in the prehistoric sequence through- houses, whale vertebrae were used to out coastal Alaska, but here we were hold up support beams. Heated seeing all these things in a site 3,000 beach stones are thought to have years old. It really blew us away.” been used in a complex system of First discovered during the con- cooking and possibly heating. struction of military installations in “We are also very intrigued by World War II, the Amaknak Bridge the lithic assemblage, which includes site had seen only preliminary re- an amazing array of chipped and search until this past summer when ground stone knives, scrapers, drills, planned replacement of the bridge in and points,” said Knecht. “Many 2005 prompted full-scale excavations. features in the stone tool inventory The deeply stratified site con- are identical to those seen in early

ALEUTIANS tains at least 10 round or ovoid semi- sites in the eastern Arctic, particu-

T H E subterranean dwellings lined with larly with Dorset sites in Canada. O F multiple rows of boulders and large The connections between early

U S E U M cobbles. The houses, some of which Aleutian and Canadian prehistory M have multiple rooms, hearths, and are fascinating, and this site has the large stone- or whale bone-lined potential to shed some new light on This ivory figurine is among the thousands of chimneys, contain sub-floor storage these issues.” —Tamara Stewart artifacts recovered from the site.

american archaeology 7 in the Paleo-Indian Site Discovered in Ve rmont NEWS The find is the first evidence of a late Paleo-Indian occupation in the state. rchaeologists with the University of Vermont (UVM) discovered the state’s first Late Paleo- AIndian site last September in Colchester, in north- west Vermont. Parallel-flaked bases found at the site indicate that it was occupied between 9,000 to 10,000 years ago during the Late Paleo-Indian period. “This site is extremely significant within Vermont and the broader region,” said John Crock, director of UVM’s Consulting Archaeology Program, who led the ex- cavation. Archaeologists once believed that Vermont was uninhabited during this period, according to Crock.

“Though presumed-to-be Late Paleo-points exist in pri- CROCK

vate collections from Vermont sites, the Mazza site repre- J O H N sents the first unequivocally Late Paleo-Indian site in the In addition to projectile point bases, the Mazza site has yielded other state that has been systematically excavated,” he said. stone tools. Named after landowner Sam Mazza, the small, an- cient campsite was discovered during an archaeological were radiocarbon dated to the Late Paleo-Indian period. survey of the property, which will be affected by a pro- The Varney Farm site is one of the very few well-studied posed highway. The site’s parallel-flaked Agate Basin–like Paleo sites in the Northeast. Researchers will undertake lab- projectile point fragments closely resemble artifacts recov- oratory analysis of the artifacts and other materials recov- ered from the Varney Farm site in Turner, Maine, that ered from the Mazza site this winter. —Tamara Stewart Study Reveals Source of Corn Imported to Chaco Canyon Previously discarded theories of Chaco are now being reevaluated. id Chaco Canyon’s inhabitants “This is really a brilliant and suc- may also support the popular theory import food, primarily corn, cessful effort to resolve a major prob- that Chaco served as a ceremonial Dto supplement what could be lem in Chacoan archaeology,” said pilgrimage center where people grown in the canyon? This is one of Steve Lekson, an archaeologist and brought goods from afar to con- the biggest questions about Chaco, Chaco expert at the University of Col- tribute to feasting and other ceremo- which, between the 9th and 12th orado, Boulder. “It opens up a whole nial events. The earliest corn tested centuries, stood at the center of a range of possibilities for Chaco, and re- in the study from massive great house community, a opens a few discarded ideas as well.” dates to the late 9th or early 10th network of roads, and great house A popular model proposed in the centuries and was grown in the communities in the San Juan Basin late 1970s saw Chaco as a central stor- Chuska Mountain area, where sev- of north-central New Mexico. age facility or “corn bank” where sur- eral very large contemporary com- In a study published by the plus corn from outlying communities munities were located. National Academy of Science, re- was stored and redistributed to other “The study indicates that people searchers used strontium isotopes communities as needed. The model in Chaco Canyon depended for basic and elemental analyses to show was rejected when artifacts such as resources (food) on a very well or- that prehistoric corn cobs found at pottery, in which it’s believed the corn ganized network of labor that was Pueblo Bonito, Chaco’s largest may have been conveyed, did not spread over many miles,” said Linda great house, were grown as far show a pattern of redistribution from S. Cordell at the University of Col- away as 50 miles to the west along Chaco to the outliers. Now that re- orado, one of the study’s co-authors. the foothills of the Chuska Moun- searchers can locate the source of the “I suspect that it was through rituals tains and on the San Juan River 50 corn, the model can be truly tested. and ceremonies that people were to- miles to the north. The import of corn to Chaco gether.” —Tamara Stewart

8 winter • 2003-04 in the Excavation Could Prove Cannibalism NEWS A site thought to have been used by the Donner Party yields items that may include a human bone.

rchaeologists found numer- ous artifacts, including a A small bone fragment with butcher marks, at Alder Creek, which is believed to have been a camp used by the Donner Party in the winter of 1846–47. The bone fragment is that of a medium-to- large-sized mammal that could be a human, according to Julie Schablit- sky, who co-directed the investiga- tion. Should it prove to be human, it could be evidence that the Donner Party resorted to cannibalism. Last August Schablitsky, of the University of Oregon, and Kelly Dixon, of the University of Mon-

HOME tana, discovered evidence of a hearth as well as such artifacts as wagon M A R K parts, broken dishes, lead shot, cloth- These artifacts were recovered during the excavation. They include small fragments of bone, a metal ing buckles, condiment and alcohol buckle, bottle glass, ceramics, and small lead shots. bottles, and pipe bowl fragments. Archaeologists Donald Hardesty prove the theory that the original Mountains by unrelenting blizzards and Susan Lindstrom found and par- campsite is located beneath nearby and were forced to establish winter tially excavated the site, which is lo- Prosser Creek Reservoir. camps. They then faced a remarkable cated in northeastern California near It’s thought that a worn cleaver struggle for survival. Reno, Nevada, 13 years ago. They or a Bowie knife made the marks on Held back by a broken wagon suspected it might be the Donner the bone. Laboratory tests on the axle, the George and Jacob Donner camp location, but they were not bone will be done sometime in families stayed behind while the re- certain because of the lack of archae- 2004. If the bone is human it will maining 60 people pressed forward ological features such as a hearth. subsequently undergo DNA analysis to Donner Lake. The group settled Schablitsky and Dixon believe it is in an attempt to link it to living into two encampments, one at Don- the Donner camp. She said the Donner descendants. ner Lake consisting of three cabins hearth and the variety and density of The Donner Party headed west- and a lean-to, and the remaining 21 the artifacts “support an 1840s do- ward from Springfield, Illinois, to people six miles away at Alder Creek mestic camp that was occupied the California frontier in May 1846. with little more than wigwam and longer than a few weeks.” Eighty-seven people in covered wag- brush shelters. Confined by the She added that “once we posi- ons traversed the continent in hopes snowstorms for five months, over 50 tively identify human bone, the of opportunity on the western fron- percent of the expedition perished. physical evidence will prove the tier. But they made a fateful decision The 46 survivors reportedly endured Donner Party camped, lived, and to leave the main trail to take a by eating small animals and eventu- some even died at this location.” shortcut. Unexpectedly, the families ally resorting to cannibalism. Such evidence would also dis- were trapped in the Sierra Nevada —Kerry Slater

american archaeology 9 in the Chinookan Village Investigated NEWS The excavation may offer clues to the site’s abandonment. rchaeologists excavating a Chinookan village in the heart of Portland, Oregon’s industrial district have re- A covered hundreds of artifacts and revealed dozens of features that could reveal why the Chinookan people aban- doned the site. The excavation was done in advance of a railroad construction project that will affect the site. Excavators revealed 59 features, including plank molds, post molds, and fire pits at the village, known as the St. Johns site. “Some features, especially the plank molds, are direct ev- idence of houses,” said Richard Pettigrew of Cascadia Archae- ology, who directed the work last fall. Despite heavy looting

over many decades, a wide range of artifacts was recovered at ARCHAEOLOGY the site, including projectile points, flaked-stone tools, and

bone awls. Rare antler wedges, a bone wedge, and sculpted C A S C A D I A mauls were also found, as were dietary remains such as mam- Researchers excavated to a depth of more than 10 feet searching for mal, bird, and large amounts of fish bones. evidence of the village. Aluminum hydraulic shoring was installed to “Through this investigation, we hope to gather direct support the trench walls. information on the lifeway of the late-prehistoric and early- contact-period Chinookan people in the Portland Basin,” artifacts will be analyzed at the Cascadia Archaeology Lab Pettigrew explained. Based on findings of copper beads rep- in Seattle and eventually housed at the Oregon State Mu- resentative of the maritime fur trade period, researchers be- seum of Anthropology at the University of Oregon. lieve the site was occupied until the late 18th century. The —Kerry Slater

Ancient Maya Altar Recovered Villagers, archaeologists, and Guatemalan authorities help reclaim treasure. wo years after a gang of looters that a gang of drug traffickers wear- stole an elaborately carved stone ing ski masks and armed with sub- T altar from the site of in machine guns had badly beaten a the Petén rain forest of Guatemala, local woman to get information officials announced that the limestone about the altar. Apparently the loot- disc has been recovered and the loot- ers had tried to sell the altar to drug

ers arrested. Cancuén has one of the traffickers, but the two gangs had a CALLAGHAN largest Maya royal palaces ever found. falling-out followed by a gun battle

The great altar, which depicts the that was heard by nearby villagers. M I C H A E L king Taj Chan Ahk playing the royal Demarest notified Guatemalan au- Federico Fahsen, Cancuén Archaeological ball game with another Maya ruler, thorities, who, after a six-month pur- Project epigrapher, kneels next to an was placed at one end of a ballcourt suit, were able to track down the ancient Maya altar recovered from looters in A.D. 796, where it was discovered looters’ hideout and recover the 600- in Guatemala. by looters after a rainstorm washed pound artifact in a nighttime raid. away the dirt that had covered it. Demarest called the altar a “mas- days of the kingdom at Cancuén and Archaeologist Arthur Demarest terpiece of Maya art,” adding that its greatest king, Taj Chan Ahk. Four of Vanderbilt University, who is the text inscribed on the disk will be suspects have been arrested and will working at Cancuén, learned of the of great importance in helping re- stand trial in January. altar when village elders told him searchers to understand the final —Tamara Stewart

10 winter • 2003-04 in the Earliest Evidence of Mexican Warfare Found in Oaxaca NEWS Study establishes conditions for warfare and traces its evolution in Oaxaca Valley.

rchaeologists have found evidence of the first doc- umented group conflict in Mexico. As part of a A long-term collaborative study, Joyce Marcus and Kent Flannery of the University of Michigan radiocarbon- dated a palisade and burned structures at San José Mogote in Oaxaca, an early village in Mexico and home to the Zapotec people. The testing yielded dates of 1940 B.C. for a burned house and 1700 to 1400 B.C. for the palisade, making it the oldest directly dated defensive work in Mexico. The archaeologists, who have been working in Oax- aca for 15 years, were testing a theory proposed by an- thropologist Raymond Kelly, also of the University of Michigan. Kelly’s theory predicts that the first raiding be- tween groups occurred in environments rich in natural re- sources by people with facilities to store agricultural sur- plus and who could therefore afford to be in conflict with their neighbors. Additionally, the population needed to be large enough to be divided into social units like clans

ANTHROPOLOGY or lineages. Excavations of houses in the village suggest

O F that, by the time the San José Mogote palisade was built, the village had a population of more than 100 and per- U S E U M M haps as many as several hundred people. Social segmenta- tion was apparent in the use of different public buildings M I C H I G A N in different sections of the village as well as in icono- O F graphic data that indicated the inhabitants descended from different ancestors.

UNIVERSITY “This social segmentation creates a group mentality in which homicide becomes a group offense requiring a group response,” said Marcus. “Our study shows that early This carved stone found at San José Mogote depicts a slain captive with humans were not genetically programmed for warfare as his heart removed and his hieroglyphic name between his feet. The stone some scholars have argued. There is a long period of hunt- was buried under a layer of material that was radiocarbon-dated to ing and gathering without evidence of group conflict, per- approximately 770 B.C. haps only individual homicides.” Group conflicts were typically fomented by “social is- Monte Albán at about 500 B.C., according to heiroglyphic sues,” Marcus said, such as insults, witchcraft, and dis- inscriptions found there. The society evolved into a state putes over women. After chiefdoms arose in Mexico that continued the practice of conquest warfare to expand around 1500 B.C., raiding escalated because chiefs used it and become the first Mesoamerican empire. as a strategy for self-aggrandizement. Tr ue warfare with “Raiding thus begins as a group-versus-group social standing armies arose when states invested in it as a way to action,” Marcus said. “More than a thousand years later, expand their territories. In the case of Oaxaca, residents of raiding escalated into war when societies had grown San José Mogote moved to the more defensible site of greatly in both scale and complexity.”—Tamara Stewart

american archaeology 11 12 Archaeotourism exposed. in adjacent chaeologists huts thatformasmallvillage inhabitedbyahandfulofar the I T awesome proximately thatch co owering v the ers stur F Caracol isthelargestsiteinBelize andoneofthelarges way t’ in done punishing or s M her hut some It’s diest the a three aya to handiwork along long, thought many bed. ser lush several 135 110 and area. four-wheel-drive ves w feet dirt H this eeks jungle slo that dozens times, square as A ers above far w ccor her r ritual, of r oad is at oad d larger of rive ding the Sherr office one the miles a of administrative, takes southwestern that time jungle other ancient to of to and y vehicles. and and Gibbs is a Caracol. one visitors a canopy number grander workers. These more single-room home. includes Maya. estimate, and , patiently Caana to than Belize. commer A A structures—the of this badly mosquito (Sky thousands such a it place cial As match wends pole-and- co Place) huts vers she activities auster r utted, deep is her has net ap- for ar of the e e - t once tallest took z M inhabited period. structures major inv political, C the remains, finding missioner the findingtoA.H.Anderson,firstarchaeologicalcom- secret. Chase enith human-made aracol any place 1950s, It ’s of In of during

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J E R R Y RABINOWITZ Dedicated to Caracol In order to obtain a permit from the Belize government, husband-and-wife archaeologists Arlen and Diane Chase ini- tially committed to doing 10 years of research at Caracol beginning in 1984.The site has been plagued by looting and early in their investigation the Chases found a note affixed to a tree. The note, authored by a looter, informed them that the “real ar- chaeologists” were already at work and, as their services weren’t needed, they should pack up and leave.The Chases refused the advice, and they’ve been working at Cara- col ever since.“We could be doing this for the rest of our natural lives,” says Arlen. He is not speaking in hyperbole.This former metropolis covers approximately

PROJECT 110 square miles.The Chases surmise the site has some 36,000 structures, only a few of which are exposed. In short, there is work enough to occupy several lifetimes. But that’s not to say they haven’t been busy.Their count of Caracol’s structures results from having mapped more than 14 square miles of the site.“We’ve tested 107 Diane works on a scale drawing.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL residential groups outside the epicenter,” Arlen states.They’ve also done considerable work in the A, B, and C groups, the heart of Caracol. Some of their recent work com-

C A R A C O L plements that of Belize’s Tourism Development Project directed by .This project is Belize’s second attempt to promote tourism through archaeology. The C H A S E , Chases directed the initial attempt, which took place between 1989 and 1993.

A R L E N At the start of their investigation they assumed Caracol would prove to be a

A N D midsized Classic of the sort found in the southern lowlands. Major struc- tures and monuments were built in the center of these cities, and settlements were D I A N E scattered beyond the core. Caracol, they soon learned, did not fit this profile. It was Arlen reconstructs pottery. so large and dense that establishing its boundaries was a challenge. Goods such as ex- otic shells and jadeite pendants were found throughout the city, whereas in other sites such luxury items were gen- erally concentrated in ceremonial areas.Vaulted masonry tombs, usually the trappings of royalty,were discovered in humble residences as well as pyramids and temples.These tombs also indicate that the common people were engag- ing in ritual activities that normally were performed only by the elite. These findings indicated that Caracol was highly unusual in that it possessed a huge “mid-level group that devel- oped its own identity,” according to Arlen.This group,a precursor of the modern middle class, appears to have en- joyed prosperity and in return contributed to the city’s development and social cohesion. Because of the thousands of structures they’ve identified, the Chases deduce that Caracol’s population, in the late A.D. 600s, was at least 115,000 and may have reached 140,000. The sociopolitical system that produced this middle class held sway for more than three centuries, from A.D. 560 to about 790. After this time, luxury goods are found only in palaces, suggesting that they belonged exclusively to the elite. It also appears that ordinary people discontinued ritual activities. In Arlen’s estimation, Caracol was abandoned due to “political exigencies” and a possible drought. By A.D. 895 the center of Caracol was burned.The discovery of an unburied child is evidence of “rapid abandonment” that could have been caused by warfare. “Caracol is a very important site in the Maya world,” Arlen states.Take it from a real archaeologist. —Michael Bawaya

week to field his crew, and they work year-round. “When tend with. The road to Caracol crosses the Macal, and you’re doing a big research project like this, it’s all about come the rainy season the river may flood. “Last year we logistics,” he observes. Logistics “takes up easily 50 per- were stuck back here for a week,” says Awe. “We could cent of your time.” They run short of supplies, their not get out.” The river, by his estimation, rose 10 to 12 equipment breaks down. They have about six vehicles to feet over the bridge. Consequently, keeping sufficient food get the crew to and from Caracol, but they could use on hand to last for 10 days is a priority. “We might be eat- twice that. The site is so remote that two-way radio pro- ing beans and rice and canned goods,” he says, “but at vides their only communication with the outside world. least we won’t starve.” Sustaining the operation requires a variety of skills. The Hurricane Iris hit Belize in October of 2001. Having workers range from archaeologists to mechanics to cooks gotten more rain than wind at Caracol, the crew thought to artists. As it was for the Maya, water is a concern for the site had escaped serious damage. “Then I went up to Awe’s crew. They estimate their daily usage at roughly the top of Caana. We lost the whole back side of the west- 3,000 gallons. The , their nearest source of ern pyramid,” Gibbs recalls, referring to one of the small water, is 12 miles away. pyramids at the top of the structure. “It was gone.” There are also the occasional acts of nature to con- The wall forming the back of the pyramid had col-

american archaeology 17 18 The Some copy pr and ocess fiber placed of of one that glass the over of masks includes r the eplica the masks. discover originals is the painted following (Middle) ed to at pr to Caracol otect match The steps: clay them. the ar (T op) e mold color so Making A fragile is mass of cover the these that of ed original clay pr r with eplicas ecise is car fiber mask. r ved is eplicas glass. a into painstaking (Bottom ar an e exact made ) made limestone ing m quiring adds homes. They ture worker have M have which The tated grade, length B lapsed soup major velop quired and build says. toll here. demise an were case work problem. many swift themselves time. base mind rather water the soilswereve he Caracol heed such Aw 60,000 eals aya example, explains. e ” on had reakfast is Citing “W The their . Aw cooks the was believes to Aw eventually had Some millions to Nor as nonstop fur to is the to technologies of and a z stones, deforestation,” also ’s will A than of and an one,” the e to ’s of nearly the

environmental “W e. The sustainability the lot been support get water estimation, lime. They y e sitsatapicnictableandexplainsthe

wall their think The fallenstoneshadtobereco M wall. C close number population r to 100,000. the fire extreme did are was emarkable be in e’ scholars M the aana. needed summit its aya Aw Whereas t of the clearing re approximately it he he aya, . conveyed full a r ov pigs planning people of their main stones ebuilt, three-quarters their and “W was e M methodically people to construction ry talking firewood. “ r er andthediningroom,which money continues. consumed primar a stone eturned states “I goodandther people aya ’ of a but certain e that of t tails, somewhere temperature think potter of wood wood million produced had that means budget workers, was . he used t who of grew had pyramids he an he first degradation. By Caana. The the that line will thousands y lunch, from to concludes. to a large ranks living a to Chases

warfare cause, level considers y. emergency about ” “ delicacy tumbled wood while long to pay big, humans came workers The to beg “Belize 900 They increase of the natural r people.” allo of unning r winter hands is construct lime emedied of the some sustenance, of tracts w in the big e wasavailabl in and skyscrapers summit preceded degrees nearly w A together ith which to that mortar estimate paying here took population,” the the . were highlight , D of the hurricane crew for by mess,” alone cook in tr it . do the co plead to • r 140,000, arranged from y esources 600 homes,” Agricul of range crew that necessi- a because ws heating many a wn 2003-04 central empty “ such hands, as in doing factor to carr centi- heavy to hold vere ov land. ’ their little their may him that “w was feet our the the she the de- his re er- re re to of of y- as d ’s a a e e - - - - - .

B E L I Z E T O U R I S M DEVELOPMENT PROJECT J E R R Y RABINOWITZ RABINOWITZ J E R R Y

A view of structures A2 and A3. These are two of the structures that the Tourism Development Project has focused on conserving.

ing capacity” of their environments. The Maya’s technical laments Arlen Chase, who’s been driving it for nearly two prowess was evidenced in the reservoirs they built to in- decades. There are plans to improve the road and an crease their water supply as well as the terraces they con- airstrip located about 30 minutes from the site. Then structed to prevent erosion and increase the moisture in, tourism could flourish. But could a swarm of visitors and thereby the fertility of, the soil. The Maya adapted to overtax Caracol as the Maya once did? “A lot of people a degree but, he states, “ultimately they failed because they say, ‘Oh my god, would you want that many people at the abandoned this area.” site?’” Awe says, mimicking the concern in their voices. Caracol’s environmental decline had political conse- His answer, of course, is yes. Because of its size, Caracol quences. Unable to maintain their lifestyles, the people re- has a large “carrying capacity.” He adds that the limestone fused to support the ruling families who, though once used to build the structures here is more durable than that thought to be omnipotent, had seemingly lost the power used at some other Maya sites. to provide for their subjects. He admits it’s possible to be too successful, and that he wouldn’t want it to draw the huge crowds that Chichén aracol is a major archaeological site but hardly a Itzá, in southern Mexico, does. Despite the few tourists C major tourist attraction. A mere handful of tourists Caracol gets, they have caused problems now and again. A wander the plaza between Caana and B5. Of the Tourism tourist climbed a mask and damaged it. Another visitor, Development Project’s five sites, gets the most having made her way to the top of a structure, froze in tourists—approximately 800 to 1,000 a day—and Cara- fear. Members of Awe’s crew were dispatched to escort her col the least. Altun Ha benefits from its proximity to Be- down. Other tourists have ignored flagging tape and en- lize City, getting traffic from the cruise ships that dock tered restricted areas that were being stabilized. there. Caracol suffers for its remoteness. Awe and the Be- But Awe is optimistic. One of the advantages of Belize’s lize government (the Institute of Archaeology is part of archaeology department being subsumed by the tourism the Ministry of Tourism) would be happy to lure 1,000 department is that the archaeologists are in regular contact tourists a day to Caracol which now, during high season, with, and can influence the decisions of, tourism officials. gets perhaps 100. “We hope to eventually make this our “What we want is sustained tourism,” he states. “And if we anchor site,” he explains, “just like Tikal is the anchor site want to sustain into the distant future, for Guatemala.” we’ve got to manage appropriately and properly.” The main problem is the condition of the road. “I’ve destroyed I don’t know how many vehicles on that road,” MICHAEL BAWAYA is the editor of American Archaeology.

american archaeology 19 20 An N By Historical The This An D building Caked investigation ebra 19th the day this deepinthewoodswhere a12-membercrewwasex County ew of once Galant in reaching J most in ersey century housed mud, Attempt accounts mid-J , where densely is workers kneeling this uly the the . of area. saw A most populated at path small this Feltville. suggest on a densely they gar community number village It counties dener is cleared one populated Feltville of ’s

the knee two in of challenges of nine the F summers eltville pads, utopian buildings state state. was depositing was in But fr earlier om the once one ther that communities. at those cavating onahumid union, period e’ is located, s of dirt the no that them. accounts. and only evidence samples is still Utopia? Un one means stands. ion in of of Ar chaeologist Matt T winter omaso • 2003-04

J O S E P H POBERESKI N J O S E P H POBERESKI N american m lage foundation. stuff co B lish side containers, industrial-size breathless V P the tape. ever r of a lage eponymously F portant industrialcenters: supplies. belonging his religious his time.CraigdescribedF tioch that post office,amulti-denominationalchurch five d U teaches side who daily has paper F who minister liberal writer Society an Yo housing newspaper article T ector or contemporaneouswritingon elt, isc omaso hiladelphia, adgeley illage,” hole niversity ight vered rk beforestar which 1838 archaeologists community y ov walnut set ,” years: F If B of “m included made went complete Pa The holewasoncethecellarofwhat who for eltville College , summer ut article er said approximately is F Or the who v dwell agic-lik r up elt and y, ersion archaeology k.”) ar the r f a headlined society tract, It the are elies of or H

ville terms. chaeology , and on was finding waslocatedbetweenthreeim- few hole one to blank M most produced called his tree, ouse. That made has approximately F northwestern as terms that was Po “H att T P to D named and and eltville and since a e” heavily ublished Mo a w De computer with of . ting thevillage,published , deep that it was l avid H been store, itics itting become

marked of eeks book The books it and a he The ellmann omaso, a r a we refer Christianity the describes P satyrs al Views “A “F the has a 1998. 660-acre

much leading aterson, , had F as its found y, F 20 giant eltville

at a author a ex later was elt, Ne eltville. by on cellar Ho

a publisher day crew nine a “ to written and who cavating not o place free M president by in by w eluded wn me the Ne an corner dance.” to ’s founder eltville asafree as the more A ontclair upended T corner

and the 160 on of theologian 26 other ” yellow a been ustin feet. of was omaso, w the promoted search calls Ne Jo 1847 mayonnaise school, F project factor currency and where Commer Ne . eltville urnal Yo U eB feet, the team r The Beautiful w workers, ecor thrillin Fe do Raddin- F nitarian him On in w rk City ay writing is the found. “Glen eltville of J C of It of ltville, polic news house wn ersey y . S parts eB Eng- ’s Ne Yo , raig,

owls who nice d first (H An- and tate dis- one

vil- vil- de- the the the for di- , ce, ay rk in of in of w g a a e e - - , . maker’s This appar T wo ceramic bottles ently mark contained and teapot and a style mason was soda ar r jar ecover chaeologists or wer tonic. ed e among fr The om know thr the the ee privy it ar items was tifacts associated made date found to in the the in with the mid-to-late early the Commons 20th chur ch-stor 19th centur ar ea. centur e. y. The Due y. bottles to its 21 22 coor scribes Excavators capable walks, of cramped adorned the native sun dinates nearby Ev and and en and a of with flourishing work urban for today are exotic.” Thus, shade,” city seating each at a so the industrialization. , profusion of find. the arranged Raddin-Badgeley P the 400. Flagging aterson, school, bucolic article “ it of The as tape ser a flo to which atmosphere village continued. v wers marks grounds offer house. ed as seemed and the store, an Above a sharp stratigraphic agreeable shrubber are “ of them They and a laid contrast F symbol eltville is a are a y, church out variety levels string

bot also in to of is h in grid the that walls laborers purpose ing, didn other not gation. T cause breakdo is of used an ’t utopia. share. the of things, ex to wn was excavation the omaso during ercise establish of “Y Bu artifacts,” “ to socialistic, class ou reinterprethistor ’s in t

the solve by work mapping units. the structure. and industrial radical practical indicates he large a said characteristic good as lished including his als lage. County B The in These economic uses newspaper F utopias ner his brotherandbusinesspart- either becauseofthedeath have by 1845 F largely ternative the commons five original ness the who quite 19th thinks that a counts bustling community that details, leans. to,” this romanticismthatIobject redistribution eltville eltville lue He these well utopian in his include revolution, problems Civil investigation T In Though site 1964 in Deser that census of F ’s Brook Other was interests reference bit omaso abandoned eltville U

y inadifferentwaybe evident.

centur and workers, histories written anecdotal as addition accounts, 1860, a them utopias of nlike give did llude a of the Pa Wa ted Village buildings called attempts r communities ’s existed area, uin. the campus-like V rk data amisnome 1860, theorizing some J by reference village, article, said. ames r. not alley community y F the was winter experienced many F surrounding historical or eltville to that 19th to of Commission. in such is N were, of witnessed elt and King to which t succumb and , he F impression ine wealth short because his believed the of a which Ne published the eltville and at had . “ the Fe H pleasant, • other and between centur T T maps r the as investi materi- 2003-04 lacking achiev- Ther w emain, awley among ltville of U clearly omaso omaso village about, D r. place, 1847 busi gives pub- poor nion F

avid feel. The The or Or and was vil- elt, the ar ac- al- by e’ to to of in as y, ’s ’s a a a e s - - - -

J O S E P H POBERESKI N J O S E P H POBERESKI N american the ever o called interests the an who colorful urban housing, a 1916. existed called nificant F healthy ing h who eat often lives inthehouse historicalac Un nd wns elt is not munity tish Feltville. emphasized thew To A that The lanxes, t philosopher utopian pression the utopian during more depar to ers cally thinking awhile, he ion interpretive during ex F

wor In be understand or left, he bottled 19th-Centur Before gets elt U great cavation too had Nor it, forgets, ,T i Though building

“in ndustrialist S G the County environment nion of ted, d 1996 a comes and ince omaso perplexing ” occupation use roughly ar between lenside plans being built th American w the “humdinger lack T he utopian . so far ” a communities, chaeology order a the here of Though majority omaso, thinkin D It “planned those F demoralizing.” after keyed the nice obser then aw eserted County T eltville, v village Dan w or on Char omaso doesn’tconsiderFeltville arious of day upon to season considers empl of as S ay the the w site. to popular amuel war Pa is Fourier’ ork access workers endea turn . place g,

w v it small ork ofRober les it a 1882 in ed, up unable of ho understand r Bernier same who spirit

that find oy k, ds has didn’t community”—he an B had sor , radical Phalanx, w Colts the that y ” V the that ou Fourier experimented ut ee ould d adding it when- which which was and illage, To v ex urin t to to s most or—he been commune-lik beverage of it who area into period uses it a w inhabitants and and of cit philosoph y wnsend, ha , was to, ere Neck, he flourish w community a number 19th-centur be as the is g a types t - - ork ,w ve Planned success. oned a was t Ow that, an better fair

refers increasingly 1 French ho utopian Raddin-Badgeley quantities This as and to 9th-centur New Ad there. en, mostly ly of Feltville. espoused w economi- do small y, the in of irondack-style look hen beli divided. of off utopian liv e to existed a Scot wn “W J small, y social erse o the com- e S facilities, pha in clay than it eve utopian wners, But ork Felt arsparilla ex farmland. for Feltville’s as at y, v s y - - - - pipe arious Communit seen its house. landscaping, This Feltville. was most the communities w and as utopian Pipes r orkers’ found ow King, resort After most un- sig- W of an of ith in workers’ ar it a two its ea. societies. similar can uniform

pieces contemporaneous counts was T intact time,” iment inawa fact self-contained andseparateeconomies.“I be cottages omaso y style said attracted that in houses that —Debra T the wer village say ’s omaso said,referringtothefactthatstilllargely is tosuggestF it e cellar Feltville indicative and found is r epresents y, by David car Galant hole wheretheentirecommunitychangesatone went in the anticipated eful with gr of of ea histor attention the the F eltville beinvestigated. t through Feltville, elt a or ’s succession derly

y the office, of to ho ent residencesonthesite,and tionships He tity create apictureofsocialiden- and the factor phases—F has ways, gender histor class residential Raddin-B planned arrangement details the archaeologist several w

. is ex T He contacted Over the they r place, cellar esort. omaso y, y, the cavated interested community , of of ’s

ethnicity and and

constr , artifact concluded adgeley commons between discrete eltville, asarsparilla several along the of pattern particularly t’ ’s s aperfectexper of r then esidences

his uction T years, focus Matt . a privies, omaso saidhe with colleague the assemblage, , in house. themes completely the a and of and economic To area, the his is that middle- features at maso the nearb differ- to social walk- class. team rela and vil the the ar of y e - - - 23 lage was determined by its three classes. There was a lower ramic artifacts scatter, which has concentrations of less ex- class consisting of laborers, a small middle class of skilled pensive redware and yellowware found in the workers’ workers, such as printers, and an upper class consisting pri- area, while the more expensive whiteware and pearlware marily of Felt and his family and the clergy. The laborers, are concentrated in the middle- and upper-class areas. A along with the livestock, were located on the west side, the type of clay pipe known as a T.D. pipe, which was then middle class kept to the central commons area, and the popular with the lower class in the U.S., was found in upper class inhabited the east. “He most definitely wanted large quantities in Feltville’s workers’ area. Tomaso was the clergy by himself,” Tomaso said of Felt, adding that he somewhat surprised to find smaller quantities of them in was a religious man. Tomaso believes that these social pat- other parts of the village and he’s reluctant to draw any

Schoolhouse

Animal Barn

Women’s Storehouse Men’s Dormitory Dormitory Church-Store David Felt’s House Workers’ Cottages

Workers’ Cottages

Book Factory

This artist's depiction shows Feltville as it may have appeared in the 1850s. Archaeological evidence indicates that the size of David Felt’s house, shown near the center of the illustration, is greatly exaggerated.

terns persisted into, and became more rigid during, the conclusions, such as interaction between the classes, from COBB Glenside Park period. this discovery.

During the day, the time of work and education, the The excavations of two privies have also provided in- C H A R L O T T E village’s grounds were delineated by gender. Women’s per- formation about class distinctions at Feltville. Behind a B Y fume bottles have been recovered in the commons area, grouping of three workers’ cottages, Tomaso’s team dis-

which was where, it’s assumed, they did housework. The covered a single-vaulted, two-seat privy that apparently C O L O R I Z E D factory, a male domain, was in the south, and the children serviced the 30 to 48 people who, according to census attended the school in the north. Written accounts of the data, lived in the cottages nearby. Built from basalt, never school are sketchy and it no longer stands, but Tomaso mortared, and dug so deep that it entered the water COMMISSION/

has confirmed its existence and location through analysis table—Tomaso found layers of rocks that he believes the P A R K S of historical photography of the building. He’s also found residents threw into the privy in repeated efforts to raise

plenty of artifacts there that suggest children’s activities, the floor—that privy amounts to an open sewer with a C O U N T Y

such as marbles. clapboard shack over it. U N I O N “The artifacts themselves speak to the issue of class,” The excavation of the workers’ privy highlights

said Tomaso. A clear pattern can be discerned in the ce- Tomaso’s intense focus on stratigraphy. Trained in geology H A W L E Y ,

24 winter • 2003-04 J O S E P H POBERESKI N american T ologist error oftheprivyhavingbeendugtoodeep ized workers to once as spa-like. M will valuable digital E mix family 20 with awood-plankfloor can F coming expensive ers the valueofartifacttypeswould directlyreflecttheir Willow P ant, trast, diet minister F the Raddin, whotheno gating worked l might lage wouldappear the were yar tles crew disco work atthehouserevealedwasalackofupkeepthere. sites. T bottle co ness F ated eltville, eltville hadontheseenvirons.Oneofthethings eltville omaso omaso, nglish vered ontclair well ’class. the d. people. er workers to make establish By creation In The databasewasessentialin solvingthepuzzleofth The The Though of raccoon, necessarily of To porches This “F the was , bottles, also

building has it

r pork video, as his worth the contrast, maso mid-A , elt edware at in explained. privy into ar It school analytical faunal Consequently is wasn as attern P import study to area archaeology vered itemsrangingfromwineandwhiskeybot-

correlations chaeology artifacts. F and stands S was It the indicate had live-in been ’ highly yar w eltville, tate, get and ’s privy ’s the ell a ’s connections

of ’t teamfoundfaunalevidenceofturkey opossum, also field and presumed had ugust their village

ds

constructed huge of economy some deduced r part to why an thought as y emains beef Raddin-B F earlware. found the doing . in ,” hesaid. ear of dating unusual eltville the domestic r a walkways. worshippers been idea tool, T epresent notes, “B that as wned thehouse,hadtwobor

B dramatic salt surprising of F , , it database. privy T fairly , were ut eltville—the ut and house and did omaso , he was among, the , andwasapparentlyusedbyabout paper of found the F at local thro these . would the a to that elt omaso A to discerned as and through T other her adgeley for lot what found mostly F community of put rigid inputting ccor omaso originallyassumedthat more The absenceofalcoholbottles workers be ser eltville, espoused wn pearlware, suggests w work, between fish, contrast cut In people of 19th-centur son. The the was there artifact vants, ell and F there.” census number ding have

artifacts, the there elt standar them fact, said, and behind expensive found as house, box layers space ’s numerous database back shoppers. ’ preparing where suggest

area which, area to included office, seen and to that mortared temperance. not to information to one , T data, wouldn analysis. turtle, 1815 ds census a of gauge under and omaso tr was the the such in of should fairly which y the F a that y that of the buttons . “E tastes. eltville archaeological an was single photographs, includes, to his accor r general church, time. like ho ocks community ’t artifacts and F and as for water ve upper-class data,

sandstone, rectify material,” what elt eventually the It expensiv have w is relatively office T predated ry soda ders that yield ’s prior By ding the omaso , pheas investi the and deer

arche spirits stimu- in an in 1820, about effect ow

neat- table M once con- real next and and Hi up the vil- the the in- in- his re rs. n- to to in at ’s e e - - - - s - - ’ Raddin-Badgeley T pected “ indicated access cluded land onlyfiveyearsbeforecomingtoF where would world,” F r typing looking, T t F class has chase of it and asummerresidence. was The gated kno omaso here equires sho elt eltville, was F ’s w thro elt A But usefulasitis,buildingsuchanextensivedatabase Although hestillhasseveralyearsofanalysistodoon In w househasalternativelybeen referredtoasamansion of this for ed if to photographs careful ’s

the to the have quantities,” that in the the r he it wn an do M up T esidence. such so why past omaso existed.” pearlware all center omaso said. an,” T village.” been written they a extensive something many near house. examination this monkey-wrench lo expensive summer details wer-class less probably omaso had of was one stuff years,” T he “ accounts The the was expensive of never said. effort. hoping of . with floorboar is B village. said. found The 1847newspaperarticle said ceramics. mansion r the ut of esidents brought the omaso “W found the the this “A worker “ of ds to in e most This into had ctually Y had disco census found the E wrap household et, said. ngland—with was of any One the emigrated his was to tedious despite ’s eltville. community the in ve

pearlware—which such cottages up physical the explain “I r sitting ry plans. family ecor the community

honestly cellar his of ds a T entire five because stuff Fe omaso con- wild ex from “I’ there eventually of this.” that lt in evidence cavation them. , the ’s y m ears

in D upper house unex- didn goose Eng- obli- lived avid and this had the of ’t 25 26 r second. began the other blocknexttoit. slight center stumps—the co co is, of The T To F tween lieves termine thatthewidthofF trees there isnoprivacyhedge.” lots, of myster the ecover elt omaso vered vered maso those under the chur residences “ Why hefoundtheF Coming “F from the urge near ed the depression This the ch-stor y, to irst “r of by the two

didn ule mysteries. T distances of had the map length the building to the T trees viewing, of omaso’s F top e corners, of ’t eltville: just road.” trees was all, his village as center

in the have twelve.” can of will will r near F it it ehabilitated rip pr students to died a eltville area, ’s oject. be or eventually He much

sandstone did omaso the and not of turn outhouses, the when To the being measured

and kicked the and This maso hadtor elt housethisfinalsummerisone dimensions at a a whole main have out This wasareferencetoro time elt probable mansion,” T by village were count out was ser the he viewed ’s Union r to cellaris24feet,andhebe- ve ule block. at been road. to and of wandering thing and as in end cut be the is County’s investigate. once the no a multiples 36 thir his museum do an this of by even dirt Then “I where estrain himselffrom of open.” , wn—to feet, rings all omaso d, idiosyncrasy team thought thought, There his size the and Depar the of the he around and because workers. he F and on of rapidly quickly ex spacing I noticed tment houses elt He said. interpr nstead, determine noticed cavation 12 ’s to the

because

did cellar of in feet. shield etive , “ all And w of Parks and tree dis- and Bu dis- an- the de- be- he of . it center a t , and Recr and workers ish multaneously blessing. times, portant for T many egalitarian isted—“ T that, F workers. mantic subsequent Glensideera.“S their agesandconcludedthattheywereplantedduringthe sion. apparent were not DEBRA elt omaso will eation this ’s through What What

omaso, manifested accor “I house, G be buildings ALAN most t elements site. ’ in We the features said. doesn “O Though privy in ’s 1998. ding reality T this

ultimate

certain h the have writes It he with . “M who notably

bo “I ’t just ’ll The ”—that on to indicates

size t’ look y in that . at too ,” about y immediatereactionwas:I’ continue s each But r has he historical stor the epositor keeps several a the is T of omaso are has few more e like that in had that New last was the other won ve talked y thro 1999, doubts families is ry he Jersey and ’s ways on F the dwellings. There day o thattakesawaythesetworo his

’t egalitarian

eltville accounts, said, that just ’s . end

the wing stop

curatio In lor search experience of about for

at first when speculation.” addition ding that of while laughing in fieldwork, the him F stuff n a flo eltville, a facility nd 1850 New or for in field these housed it he from feeling, and class at Matt T the ov Y two to winter ork for disco of me.” to and the er season they buildings literature.” was investigating materials looking. T distinctions finding occupy it his ll neverfin dormitories chur imes the ’s omaso sighing vered if

• were no a vassals,” ch . village 2003-04 not several mix on man- that Bu im- not the the ex ar an ed si- ’s e - - - t

M A T T TOMASO The Potential Threat of A-76 A BUSH ADMINISTRATION INITIATIVE COULD HAVE GRAVE CONSEQUENCES FOR PUBLIC ARCHAEOLOGY.

By Elizabeth Wolf t’s been a long, hard year for the Southeast and drafted during the Eisenhower Administration and revised Midwest Archeological Centers. That’s by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) not because of their workload, over the years, is the government’s vehicle for con- which consists of the archaeo- ducting public-private cost comparisons. logical oversight of 122 na- President Bush says A-76 “competitive Itional parks and 780 national land- sourcing” promotes government efficiency marks. What made this year difficult and gets the most bang for the taxpayer’s for SEAC and MWAC, two of the na- buck even if the jobs ultimately stay in the tion’s three National Park Service public sector. (NPS) agencies devoted exclusively to Under A-76 regulations, the 100 em- archaeology, was getting “A-76ed.” ployees of SEAC, located in Tallahassee, This is not the same as being 86ed— Florida, and MWAC in Lincoln, Nebraska, although SEAC and MWAC wondered if had to prove they could do their jobs better the Bush administration’s plan to subject civil and cheaper than archaeologists in the private servants to competition against the private sec- sector. If the costs of their operations came in

BARBOUR tor might not amount to that. Circular A-76, first higher than private sector comparisons, they stood C L I F F NPS On the bank of the Yellowstone River, an archaeological crew carries out salvage excavations at the Fishing Hole site in Yellowstone National Park. The site, which dates to approximately 7500 B.C., contains seven components.

american archaeology 27 28 they government tor less thanthegoingratefortheirser “ to losetheirjobsorbereassigned.SEA NPS zona, ern under Wo tasks, vice awar scholar archaeologists decades tional ho bottom ticular preser fact with cross-trainedstaff able targetsforA-76inthefirstplace.Asfull-servicecenters archaeology why prior No competition,” w theydoit,andoftencreateanentirelyneworganiza .

rk ar would Archeological feasibility analysis, SEA The The The ds emplo neither chaeologist vation to is structure. St , and way calculate sites from line,” of scheduled atement C mandating be SEA A-76 of competitive . The experience yees and pr the T and is and otected. the curation, the om C says studies from Vir Gr process demonstrating Douglas MW are and eg parks. thir gin all OMB Interior Thiessen, anotedethnohistorian,received interpretation. outlining & SEA for Heide Islands committed the d AC costs, competitive MW Conser in were , thecentersperformfieldwork,arti competitive NPS database C sourcing During r heart, nor

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fields staffs not costs management, the an to tment. M agencies study to NPS a a officials J s work the ar whether ohn any ourcing “ sourcing vices intheprivatesec- Center of A-76 were chaeological the determine binding renowned more ar profit C ultimatelywonits expertise chaeologists staff Eh N at resources, they center also ational process, renhard. to than consulted MW in they at members margin.” in inventor Pe perform T baffled and sur t the , ucson, he 2004. AC and 40 rformanc battlefield were the vey informed Pa r MW centers. not centers

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NPS action than a government archaeologist. That’s because ishes, such as having ample time to investigate and revise, the contract archaeologist may fear for his job, whereas a as well as the intellectual freedom to follow hunches and government archaeologist, being a civil servant, has try new techniques. Public archaeology provides these greater job security due to “statutory protections.” conditions. He recalls a nine-year research project made Brown says public employees “can and should” ques- possible by the Bureau of Reclamation that completely re- tion the government when the need arises. “That’s why vised earlier interpretations of settlement at Waconda they’re there, and it’s clearly in the public interest that civil Lake in Kansas. A graduate student developed methods servants do that. Contract employees, lacking civil service for determining the seasons during which mussels were protection, can’t do that,” states Brown. collected and the length of the interval between large Government archaeologists also work virtually on clambakes. He was able to demonstrate that the sites were credit, a luxury contractors cannot afford. While awaiting occupied year-round and for periods of five to ten years. funding for projects they’ve undertaken, the three NPS “The structuring of contract work prevents full- centers routinely dip into their operational budgets to pay fledged science that pushes the boundaries from taking salaries. “We work on the promise that we’ll get funded; place,” Blakeslee states. “Contract archaeology typically a contractor works on the guarantee that the money is generates answers to small questions.” This isn’t because there now,” says Ehrenhard. contract archaeologists lack scientific curiosity, but be- This fiscal flexibility enables rapid response. For ex- cause they have to confine their reports to the issues ample, in the wake of Hurricane Isabel in September, identified by the employer. SEAC mobilized archaeological teams within six hours of Finally, the institutional knowledge public archaeolo- receiving a call for their services to assess the possible gists bring to their work reduces the learning curve on a damage to cultural resources. “If it had been a contractor, project and keeps costs low. Archaeologists at the Tucson it would have taken days because they’d have to modify NPS center “can go from the Great Basin to the Mojave the contract” to ensure payment, says Ehrenhard. “Those Desert because they’ve worked in both for years,” says are the sorts of things A-76 doesn’t think about.” chief archaeologist Susan Wells. “We can work efficiently Another thing A-76 doesn’t take into account, says because we have a steady workforce.” Blakeslee, is the conditions under which science flour- “We’re not thinking about anything but the cost in THE GROWING OPPOSITION TO A-76 Competitive sourcing is the most controversial component of the President’s five-part Management Agenda, the Bush administration’s strategy “to improve the management and performance of the government” in accomplishing the Pres- ident’s main priorities: national defense and revitalizing the economy. Federal unions see competitive sourcing as a bald attempt to shrink the civil service and reduce government ac- countability to American citizens. Employees in land-management agencies are concerned about the potential threats to cultural and natural resources, and the public service ethic. Government Accounting Office chief David Walker has said the President’s plan lacks “sound analysis” grounded in firm research. Members of Congress have questioned Bush’s claim that competitive sourcing saves money. And although competitions such as SEAC’s have reduced agency budgets, the cost of the process has been exorbitant in some cases. The price tag on the Forest Service’s competitive sourcing plan, for example, estimated at $10 million, prompted a Senate subcommittee in July to halt all new NFS sourcing studies until they are approved by Congress. Congressman Doug Bereuter (R-Nebraska), objecting to what he calls a “bean counter” approach to competitive sourcing, offered an amendment prohibiting the use of funds to implement the studies conducted at both the Midwest and Southeast Archeological Centers. The amendment passed 362 to 57 in the House; the final outcome will be decided in a House-Senate conference, as yet unscheduled, according to a Bereuter spokesperson. When President Bush unveiled competitive sourcing in August 2001, he originally set targets of 15 percent of all commercial functions in 2003 and 50 percent by 2006. Due to strong opposition from federal unions, government work- ers, and members of Congress, the administration abandoned these targets last July. Agencies are now graded by a “scorecard” that measures their overall compliance with the President’s manage- ment goals. The scorecard awards points for streamlining operations and conducting or scheduling competitive sourcing studies, and subtracts them for foot dragging. Overall, the Office of Management and Budget, the final arbiter of federal agency budgets, will be looking for evidence that “an agency is on board with the program,” states Donna Kalvels, NPS competitive sourcing coordinator. Though the targets have been abandoned, President Bush remains staunchly com- mitted to competitive sourcing. In September, the House voted to scratch OMB’s recent revisions to A-76, designed to speed up competitive sourc- ing studies throughout the government; the House amendment has not yet reached the Senate. Senator Harry Reid (D-Nevada) sponsored an amendment that would stop all competitive sourcing studies in the Interior Department; the bill was defeated in the Senate, 51 to 44. —Elizabeth Wolf american archaeology 29 30 and are such ser of percent the lo ologists, ologists, of competitive “A skill the e into period function source, tions arethosethatcouldbeperformedbyaprivatesector mercial 1998, whichclassifiesallgo A-76 chaeology arefargreaterthanmoneycouldeverhopetobuy dol Mammoth st cated rchaeology ved bypeoplewhounderstand the commercial NPS the lars,” t classified In hat A Critics goals. and account that as WORKS terior total initiated ” or“inherentlygo W such policymaking of on it Cave Eh plus dates is a estern ser mandates It the solid r 563 one of enhar of ’s sourcing National D ve as as IN

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C H A R L E S SWEDLUND W E S T E R N ARCHEOLOGICAL & CONSERVATION CENTER administration what theOMBwantsistoprivatize.” is thespearhead,butmoreimportantawarenessthat vance i sor american people, Eh consuming. “If terior terest expendable,” “ Each terpreted work. ment and also archaeological tually regulations complying Eh A-76,” competitions must undergoadditional win budget. came sourcing quirements spent meaning competitive ton tional would mitment centers years. their complete the face to lambastethe ploration dangered P of po ng second-class adre renhard, renhard, the and Pr in go quantity Charles T Lo This their multi-million-dollar The affect wer r center esident on for detract its I S out egular And v budgets suffer SEA w an sland objective ecretar made ernment then archaeologists an ar Agencies accor pro-business, that private plants nearparkssuchasY that private A-76 morale prompted A-76 in species competitions studies, A chaeology the of expert C’ could under ugust the while with of spent time sourcing the ’s where N Whole because of duties. The from s ever they work. the

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Ta ma ra S tewar mysterious C C t G G LOSE the LOSE EOGL EOGL W ester ear n th deser images L L YPHS YPHS OO OO t. K K winter • 2003-04

A D R I E L HEISEY A D R I E L HEISEY are mythic have than 600ofthesefigures,kno people can R geoglyphs. intaglio, orengraving,isappliedtosomeofthe to revealthelightersoilbeneath;thusterm ing thousands cre sher broken A in when, ar these har graphic have ous S terrace archaeologist attheChinaLake geo B B most 60-foot-tall foot-tall v flying at (Right) intaglios, out a snake Quar Plomosa while (Opposite “Fisherman” american arious tation ineast-centralCalifornia,wherenumer lythe, California,neartheArizonabor cr lythe side chaeologists the ated eator the association d fashioned glyphs tzsite, away geoglyphs Southwest d, The “A The t over wo Fisherman been to to features clearly course J ov from ust and r precious Mountains. abo spirit figures, animals,andgeometricdesigns quartz one chaeologists fish by page) that intaglios analogy images think date, er theareainlate1920s. in the human-like ar the earthen south geoglyphs intaglio chaeology southwest to r of ve arranging swim of why monies eaching S etched C of who, ecor figur O a A onoran which persist giant, alifornia, visible the ve be years miles the by because, difficult human are ther of outside few cobbles, and . e’s ,” below ry to accor Images ded in holds with few Colorado Quar disco rock Colorado says

head being is were away images, stable this Arizona into flakes ponder old, to northern .

’ figur a ding types tzite accompanied in a artifacts pay from The today across rocks figure D lar immensity vered, of quar suggest the alignments. . R the the in e to this ge eserts and area, River to ussell the intaglio the were ther the disco i known too in dark mmense tz-tipped my Quechan arr of understand, beliefs . geoglyphs, the of box the sun into e some facing area a River ow with who desert I first that is the spotted stone, little M vered. including mages formed have opinion, ve foothills Kaldenberg, wn asgeoglyphs, is and by geoglyphs desert of a sky that and exico Na his ry found various gr he spear non-natives of peoples, a of Arizona oup M of made estimated

makes . just val points So spear rare is attention north water been figures floor by Co the use ojave occasional an of Kumastamho, . near of the over

by pavement of There ar by far W the north v . they a 14 ceramic leaving de and ancient Ameri ripple ering shapes. dir is giants, a ethno- eapons , a , found his them, scrap- spiral and area as them car testi- mor r, ectly 170- were pilot base and and the head the ar ar ving we or to of at ’s a e a e e e - - a 33 design, facing south. The north-facing figure was once about these desert images since they were first found,” surrounded by a circular path that is largely destroyed. says Altschul, who has been working in the area for the By comparing the current conditions of the geoglyphs last 20 years. “They are surface sites, so we can’t dig them. to their former conditions in the earlier aerial photographs, We try to put them in context: What were the people who Jeffrey Altschul, president of the Tucson-based archaeolog- created these images doing in the desert? What other ical consulting company Statistical Research, Inc., notes activities took place and are they preserved in the archae- that the human and animal figures at the famous Ripley site ology of the region? Archaeologists are still wondering are deteriorating rapidly due to natural forces. He surmises where these people lived. We still haven’t found a major that these and other anthropomorph/zoomorph geoglyphs residential site along the Colorado or lower Gila rivers.” along the were made fairly recently, proba- Altschul is not satisfied with the explanation that bly within the last 500 years or so, and that they were these sites have been destroyed by the river and he’s confi- created by Yuman peoples who still occupy the land. About dent that they will be found eventually. Numerous tem- 200 of these massive geoglyphs have been discovered along porary prehistoric campsites have been recorded along the the Colorado River throughout the traditional lands of the river, where Cachora says his ancestors camped while they Yuman-speaking tribes. traveled along the trail of dreams, ceremonially visiting It was along the lower Colorado and Gila rivers of the sites. Arizona, California, and northern Mexico that the pre- historic Yuman-speaking tribes including the Cocopah, AN EXPERIMENTAL RADIOCARBON Quechan, Mojave, and Maricopa farmed, fished, and DATING TECHNIQUE THAT HAS presumably created the geoglyphs found in this area. In applications for rock geoglyphs is being developed by Nic- addition to speaking the same language, the Colorado cole Cerveny, a graduate student of Ronald Dorn, a River Indian peoples share a basic belief in the great im- prominent geoscientist at Arizona State University and a portance of dreams, considered the source of true wis- pioneer in rock art dating. Cerveny dated a nine-foot-long dom. According to Lorey Cachora, an archaeologist and rock alignment known as “Running Man” found on the tribal historian of the Quechan tribe, visions seen in ancient shoreline of Searles Lake in the western Mojave dreams are often re-created as geoglyphs or other types of Desert of California with this technique, determining that rock art to form a stronger connection between the it was created at least 6,000 years ago. dreamer and the spirit of the vision. “Running Man was made with very large cobbles that Cachora explains that the geoglyphs along the Col- have seated themselves into the soil just deep enough to orado River tell of his people’s migration along what he form a crust of calcium carbonate on the rocks’ under- refers to as the “Trail of Dreams,” an actual as well as sides,” explains Cerveny. “Basically the water in the soil mythological trail that extends along the river north evaporates leaving behind the evaporite minerals that at- from Newberry Mountain in Nevada, and south to Pilot tach to the surface of the rock as a carbonate coating. Knob Mountain in Arizona. Many geoglyphs are found Therefore the radiocarbon date from the calcium carbon- in association with ancient trails, particularly in the ate is the minimum age of the geoglyph creation event.” Yuman tribal area. Farrel Lytle, a noted x-ray spectroscopist now retired “Archaeologists have been scratching their heads from Boeing, and Nicholas Pingitore, a geochemist at the University of Texas at El Paso, are currently exploring another experimental approach to dating rock varnish using x-ray fluorescence. Using hand-held units, re- searchers can non-destructively measure the manganese and iron content in the varnish, the patina that covers rocks in this area, which reflects the time it took for the varnish-forming bacteria to slowly deposit these metals. The tremendous stability of the desert pavement that preserves the geoglyphs for hundreds and perhaps thou- sands of years also preserves the tracks of off-road vehicles that, largely unintentionally, have marred them in recent times. Due to the remote locations of many geoglyphs,

they are occasionally vandalized. The Bureau of Land UNDERWOOD Management (BLM), which manages an estimated 75

percent of all known geoglyphs in the American South- J A C K S O N Found on the ancient shoreline of Searles Lake in the western Mojave west, has fenced some of the better-known sites such as Desert of California, this nine-foot-long rock-alignment geoglyph, known the Blythe intaglios to protect them. The geoglyphs were as “Running Man,” is believed to be at least 6,000 years old. often damaged prior to being fenced.

34 winter • 2003-04 A D R I E L HEISEY american This This geoglyph giant ar snake chaeology is located was

made east by of scraping Parker , the Arizona. deser t pavement. T wo lar ge granite cobbles form the snake’s eyes. 35 The Blythe intaglios consist of six distinct geoglyphs in three locations, including these figures of a human and a cougar. They are thought to have been made by Yuman-speaking tribes in prehistoric times to mark important locations along the ritual pilgrimage trail that follows the Colorado River. HEISEY Archaeologist Jay von Werlhoff says the Colorado River geoglyphs “are all episodes out of the creation story and have been used by the people since

ancient times as memory devices to keep the story alive.” A D R I E L

36 winter • 2003-04 A D R I E L HEISEY along ric s disco ous the M b M along theColoradoRive iconic FERENCE WHITLEY NOTESTHEDIF- Kaldenberg oglyphs last the central J the southern them,” earthen ued from change “W y snake, geoglyphs s they plains be ated as between betw acts portray events duringthecreationofworldand D r native the that needs cal ap the american ay von horelines cholar upted ears een avid ojave pear puzzled e sites more archaeological P shorelines images I use “ In “I “ The r that aggressive and een ce with anamint ock have vered The mostimportantthingforthege- The made y ojave Desert,whicharemorenumer- mark t ancient documenting Whitley

peoples of ear and , Whitley to the ceremonial W says Age. Deser California slightly Y by the in no images and r ar occurred 10,000 fences Shoshone uman-made 11,000 emains possibly geoglyphs, erlhoff r be to chaeology the alignments, had been ethnography as w of No esponsive what native Coso also a geoglyphs and m Kaldenberg. the bout Altschul P examples is y we t S r V . “A ythic shorelines ear geoglyphs rimarily were as about th , at and earles their alley do along tr , whohasspentthelast30 in world-reno include other appear and are. There BETWEEN , to upland locations least to America long theColoradoRive peoples. ying at record,” a 12,000 indicating not much are P orientation

uses group used actors having those anamint 12,000 were preser myster and it.” 12,000 Lake but to have the archaeologists two of seem to along geometric etched estimated to frequently r, of suggests R in at the , has andthegeomet- area some “A get dated older they studying Colorado be y locations.” unning and vation,” came involved says functions,” in made the noted are ears wned the the y

of to member y y their ravens. been Lake preser the the ears ears the of ’r who probably no . Kaldenberg. geoglyphs. of have end interior and e important geoglyphs by ago out R east-central them.” that BLM just r that d the to w traditions ancient ago, M ecently contin ock in ago radiocarbon stresses Do THE esigns v found estern in of them. detail to inter- when made River ation are an, hav east- of oldest rn . not the the the the ex see ar and to of “ exist disco r, A the a e - - t The , and them hearth geoglyphs to and, fish This among archaeologi Kawaiisu, throughout California, vering Whitley geoglyphs date by geoglyph, dated because and the associ- to local about ne feet was to to in w of a - which of its A . the D superior . 1450. could Fisherman dition, to tached toastar-shapethatformtheimageofwhatappears that dition of see T Conser their geoglyphs AMARA STEW the be that suggest “W may condition, vancy’s a creation western in but comet. e usedtothinkofgeoglyphsassolelya geoglyph there date this a ART daily the Southwest fish it is all may is theassistanteditor of area desert,” stories more swimming shown , a the including not fair of pr be we way on ojects amount and people says as p. under look 32. back old worldviews coor Altschul. a water as It’s in cross-culturally dinator unique the of to located the , is P variability Fisherman, American Ar aleo-I a . interior r “ eplica ver There ridge on y ndian near of which the chaeology , in one is the of the Yu expressing a times.” geoglyphs landscape is of r Fisherman long more man tra ocks thought the a nd th two tra- at- we e - 37 The Preservation of

Saving an archaeological site is no easy matter. To protect this important Mogollon site, the Conservancy applied its expertise and got a lot of help from its friends. By Kathleen Bryant

t’s an unusually hot July day in the Richville Valley north of Springerville, in east-central Arizona. Temperatures hover near the century mark as thunderheads build above the White Mountains. The clouds looming to the south tease the crew working at Sherwood Ranch Pueblo with the possibility that the summer rainy season, known statewide as the monsoon, might Imake its grand entrance. The crew—a mixture of volunteers and staff of The Archaeological Conservancy—watches the horizon as closely as pueblo dwellers must have done hundreds of years ago. Though everyone working in the blistering heat is concerned about the Southwest’s long-running drought, a storm would be a mixed blessing, slowing progress on this important project. The partially excavated 300-room pueblo, a recent acquisi- tion of the Conservancy’s, is being stabilized to prevent fur- ther erosion of exposed walls. Vicki Erhardt and Lila Elam, members of the Arizona Archaeological Society, a volunteer group that assists pro- fessional archaeologists, are here from Phoenix, where this kind of heat is routine. Even then, the where they are working, measuring and piecing heavy black geotextile fabric, is beginning to feel like a solar-collecting oven. Elam plucks her water bottle from the sparse shade beneath a saltbush and pauses for a drink. “We arrived on-site Friday evening just as the sun was setting,” she says. “We saw a herd of elk grazing in the valley below as the full moon was coming up over the horizon.” It was a peaceful prelude to the race to complete the stabilization before the summer rains begin. Since then, work has proceeded quickly, and several rooms have already been backfilled with sterile soil. The Great Kiva where Elam and Erhardt labor is next. On top of features they have neatly fitted with geotextile, Erhardt arranges ceramic tiles impressed with the Archaeological Conservancy logo. The tiles will mark the extent of work to this point, a signal to future exca- (Upper left) A huge truck vators that they have reached the bottom of sterile fill. dumps sterile dirt to be used Beginning in the 1980s, the privately owned White Mountain Archaeological Center leased for backfilling. (Above) This is the 11-acre site from its owners, the Sherwood family. White Mountain dubbed it the Raven an example of the tiles that Ruin and launched a pay-to-dig program that excavated about 100 rooms and recovered some were placed on top of the geo- 70 types of pottery, along with other artifacts. Even after decades of looting and wandering live- textile to inform future stock, the site contained significant cultural deposits, including trash middens and . researchers of the depths of Unfortunately, after White Mountain ceased its operations at the end of the 1990s, partly previous excavations. The tiles excavated rooms were left exposed to the elements. Due to inadequate fencing, the site re- were made by Conservancy mained vulnerable to looters and livestock. “The kiva walls were badly eroded and needed im- employee Tione Joseph.

38 winter • 2003-04 L A R R Y L I N D A H L Sherwood american during r pueblo. at This of squar oomblocks the the r e oomblock r southern the ooms feet. Sher A ar . wer wood’s D chaeology ar . 1300s. e e is edge about constr located southern of Most nine ucted the

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D O U G L A S G A N N / C E N T E R F O R D E S E R T ARCHAEOLOGY L A R R Y LINDAHL L A R R Y LINDAHL american pr piles have shaped Backhoes about several additions,gro southern episode. used during ing Though fourdifferentmasonr essur the of “ The e a in dir nine to and construction strongly wer t the The occupation datesofthesouthernrooms hav ar southern both and roomblocks chaeology northern e square va used to 1300s.” sides ry fill

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data which schools. sho A ware type also lar and r graphs ing chitectural chaeologist against the Center wood dating. D matching D Ranch chaeologists in anelectronicdatabasethatar- by walls walls built ing, andabutment.“Ifawallwas construction s also of by which the ent at ing—the wall, pueblo tor U least pueblo analysis. rizona ecor onr w niversity esert the the to these y abutment—one from until an the times, thousands the G y been thickness. architecture will information noted ding The of called that at about A this were meet,” create eo-M corner used . center was styles, D an Arizona P the for pueblo S Tr and was Archaeology A southern . ueblo A with be tate uff obtainedsamplesof R confirmed . did interlocking of is information . funds existing ee-Ring D 1370. this D c wall esults information, of same ap D also P . Cliff onstructed potter in a evidenced . can atrick Ly 1350 S where three-dimensional occupied sent techniques, esert not key Pa 1250 Arizona photographs plans . her will wall the of exposed A documented at ons The r height, H funded for ccor time access ks. Archaeologists Po become wood component digital y different indicated of wall.” detailed eritage them to R Archaeology be construction wall half Ly two explains. to ly the sher by conditions, The to esearch ding Center 1375. chrome, S ons ’s as evidenced by of the pro her at

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mor close peri- We of par und ma- and the the the the for for ar- ar- “I up of at b g a a a e - - t f , 41 42 against could w permeable allo tic, which chaeologists usedtoco scatter tor to and Once the 150 dumptrucks.After cubic latter lic, tive grasses. of ater Ji . larger w the use which m “W The the r . ooms ed was yar all result underground This Wa don r e’ pueblo of acr ooms of ve Conser ds areas, lker applied the oss the ’t isn as were refined

doesn By of in deteriorate, ar ’t well the , theorganization sur geotextile e w late2004,whenthesiteopenstopub- dirt will cultural clear faces by vancy floors ater co ’t either as

backhoe. was appear our ed vered occur to extremely water and permeable, of ver unexposedar has be war techniques,” deposits needed, plants and by tucked are backfilled. with with stabilized virtually d, thesoilwasseededwithna- to hand inscribed ceramic and A into ’s circulate durable. The geotextile, geotextile, staggering S more being debris, and sho outhwest regionaldirec- door undisturbed. many says tiles veling, ways consequently the than with eas withblackplas- damaged naturally geotextile W as and sites, which then total alker a enough examples. or ceramic cr simple evices in accor dirt. The , by of , is is offering the which put 1,541 ex didn to water to mes- tiles, ding case cess Ar- hold in fill ’t place. the cloth Rocks throughout M ered ico, Chihuahua, ranging chaparral, encompasses desertgrassland,piñon-juniperwoodland,oak people, culture, and people black-on-white bres ticated tradingcenterinpresent-day Chihuahua;the them. ogollon flat and gathering M The ar people the e They consistedoftheresidents ofP ogollon of in who west were architectural M Arizona sage mountains ofsouthwestern contr done of expensive,” ket program interpretive tors alongatrailaroundthepueblo architectural S portions entirety which M plants. They tants farmers and zone betweentheColoradoPlateautonorth prehistoric chaeologists pithouses M variant tinct gist ter had Flores 1712 searched forgoldandsilver ponderosa, elevation ite culture. ogollon, of the ogollon ogollon, M putting y developed to value were as stewar “I H G E southwestern basin-and-range been and exico, territor that ov Having ceramics cultural of here. region. mil to mplementing Arizona eographically aur M they diverse ,” ’s ersy of the M is of traded ogollón, as to 1715. tells says of y named from H ds H and, often the raised these east being shared ogollon people W y Sher important supplemented plateau, that and and program aur the aur named styles will the constructed considered was stabilized ’s alker says.“Onsomesitesthecost Ko group a out became Anasazi. as

to belo Ve y later future y’ Where property wood with characterized steps alpine ceramic lasted czan. T keep implemented. and in s declared the enormous, south, Ne r the the of many of de of disco Rim w , honor , the in these w the countr the the is their pueblos. this this landscapes ate 3,000 River P pr in an as Ranch prized ex for M ecos meado the When our the to S ov .” Anasazi, frontier cavator ve agriculture. place traits panish northern evidence eye Southwestern them corn exico, partially the M region, look incial decades. preser area of , EmilHaur the neighbors. ry . The with 1930s, Ne guides site, y River to ogollon extending out

by will Don to w. spurred as w M noted aquimé, asophis- ex H They and with ov M “The at , a whose winter looters;

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L A R R Y LINDAHL J I M WALKER L A R R Y LINDAHL american agriculture. D west the still rived plazas the closed alargeplazaarea.ArchaeologistE.CharlesA and irrigation systems fortheirlivestock.F the greater M Corners region,leavingplaceswherethey of the the and “ of katsinaceremonialism. indicate struction. plains. rituals dispersed to monies agrees ov could that groupspresentingthebestormosteffectiveceremonies competition also “ community that come 1300s, the groups cancontributefo and T continued the 1540 expeditioncrossedM religious villages around trading calling Round trappers quibble The radition, er great unify drought land. region U case first ’s agricultural-based Residents Though “T D In Laguna good follo an

niversity in the gain lots what katsina Gr uring such

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Little addresses ancestral to the answer likely the at who ved this nation not This watch preser Little Arizona r says local nal, Sunset, Arizona uin cultural learn portant general ting ages Ly chaeology part volvement P part who lineage P work the tourism He was members sites C ueblo ueblo studied visited only dynamic ons, views in , our olorado ’s several Ly says,“Ifwearetoun past ve as traveled sites stabilization ov residents Sh changing

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public has Sh to the and S resources and otherpublications. Sh Sh future. people y. conser , includingKeith programs. w summer wor he cultural Zuni future tate , U become who ood er So them.” er er wood dship ’d is archaeologists the period River accor region, Casa a wood ntil then,the through d what wood wood

meday heritage who hear an strong agricultural U River about out P vation S trace it Society before P area, who niversity ueblo from ite , ublic essential ding Ranch.” resource by work Malpai about encour- d villages are we already several Ranc a Ranc Ranc Ranch in to When places . about St Sh “ their hav vital who her why , net- get- and ew im- can can the the the the has for in- ar- er- to at h h h e a e s - - , 43 new acquisition

In Memory of the Monongahela The Conservancy saves a prehistoric site threatened by urban sprawl and mining.

he Dividing Ridge site, located in Westmoreland County in western Pennsylvania, is a very interest- T ing example of a Late fortified village. The site was discovered in 1979 and recorded in 1981 by Bob Oshnock, an archaeologist and historian. The is most likely responsible for the habitations on the site, but due to the lack of professional work done there, little is known about the people who in- habited the hilltop more than 900 years ago. Monongahela culture flourished in the river and creek valleys of Western Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Mary- land from approximately A.D. 1050 to 1635. Dividing Ridge is unusual in that it is not on any major creek or river. The Monongahela depended on agriculture and the fertile lands were found along creeks and river bottoms. Monongahela cultural traits include stockades around

villages, an abundance of pottery, and clay artifacts such as OSHNOCK

pipes. Their structures were generally rounded and laid B O B out in rings around a central common area. Often the dead were buried beneath homes and inside the walls of The top two rows of these Monongahela artifacts are Madison-type the stockade. The people who inhabited Dividing Ridge knives; the third row, Madison projectile points. The bottom row probably moved there from a site by the river. Why they consists of (from left) a fragment of a clay pipe bowl, a pendant, two did this is not known, which adds to the importance of bone beads, and a cordmarked sherd. Dividing Ridge. Their relocation to a higher area marks an interesting cultural change. Coal mining and urban sprawl threaten sites like Other Monongahela sites such as Janitor, Consol, and Dividing Ridge. The site probably would have been af- Tu rkey Town have been found in the uplands. Their ele- fected by construction in the near future. But William vated positions and limited access suggest the inhabitants Barclay, the site’s owner and a lifelong resident of West- were concerned about defense. These sites have been dated moreland County, wanted to protect it. Consequently, he to the later part of the Monongahela existence in Western sold it to the Conservancy. As sprawl and mining compa- Pennsylvania and Dividing Ridge will probably yield simi- nies continue to threaten the vestiges of Monongahela cul- lar dates. The artifacts from Dividing Ridge also look very ture, the Conservancy will be preserving as many sites as similar to other upland sites in Western Pennsylvania. possible in Western Pennsylvania. —Joe Navari Conservancy Plan of Action

SITE: Dividing Ridge CULTURE & TIME PERIOD: Monongahela A.D. 1050–1635. STATUS: The site is threatened by urban sprawl. ACQUISITION: The Conservancy is purchasing 10 acres for $32,000. HOW YOU CAN HELP: Please send contributions to The Archaeological Conservancy, Attn: Dividing Ridge Project, 5301 Central Ave. NE, Suite 902, Albuquerque, NM 87108-1517. Dividing Ridge

44 winter • 2003-04 new acquisition Developer Donates Prehistoric Site in California The Ponderosa Ridge site is an example of how archaeology and development can co-exist.

ast summer the Ponderosa Ridge site, located east of Sacra- L mento in Amador County, be- came a Conservancy preserve. Situ- ated on a knoll overlooking Grass Valley Creek, the one-acre prehistoric site was discovered in 1991 during a survey conducted by California State University’s Institute for Archaeology. At that time a small trench revealed

DISPATCH an abundance of prehistoric artifacts including stone tools for grinding L E D G E R seeds and other food stuffs and debris from stone tool-making. “This is a very interesting small

EAGYE/AMADOR site that has all the tools of a habita-

L I S A tion site, but no midden,” said Julia Costello, owner of the archaeological (From left) Archaeologist Julia Costello, developer Bob Reeder, Miwuk Tribal representative Debra consulting company Foothills Re- Grimes, and the Conservancy’s Western regional director, Gene Hurych stand by a sign announcing sources, Ltd., who lives in the area that a portion of the subdivision has been designated an archaeological site. and helped to negotiate the agree- ment that preserved the site. “The site is very old, in the range of three tions. Negotiations with the devel- lack of midden may indicate that the to five thousand years old, and the oper, a county representative, and midden has eroded or leached away.” Gene Hurych, the Conservancy’s The site is thought to have been in- Western regional director, resulted in habited by a pre-Miwuk group, but the site being donated to the Conser- no subsurface testing has been un- vancy as a permanent archaeological dertaken to determine the dates of preserve. prehistoric occupation. The remains “This is our first preservation in of a 1930s homestead is also located Amador County and we’re very Ponderosa on the property. thankful,” said Grimes, who hopes Ridge Following the site’s discovery, that it can serve as a model solution developer Bob Reeder was faced with for developers faced with the high the cost of testing and then perhaps costs of excavating archaeological excavating the site in order to pro- sites. The subdivision will be built ceed with a planned subdivision. around the site, which will be fenced Debra Grimes, the cultural re- and monitored by the local Calaveras source coordinator with the Band of Miwuk Indians as well as Calaveras Band of people in the neighborhood. Grimes Miwuk Indians, and is working with landowners who are Costello proposed developing nearby property that con- deeding the site to a tains the remains of an extensive pre- conservation group historic midden and house structures in lieu of conducting that may be related to the Ponderosa costly test excava- Ridge site. —Tamara Stewart

american archaeology 45 46 T Researchers Protecting ern pattern. The W. first in not road chert they visited about is shortly search of and along T site, nephe roughly mounds or yler about or

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finding and M cultural family M less y. west ound southwest the wed Jamestown ound M J ott ds, north vered v ohnston the of T ound circular e, edwine trench D of vancy and do T since “lots does to A four avis, C yler exas ma- and and the the wn re it. of B is is a s - - , study search sites gr beyond found the mound Mound terial the pleted asmallex the tween were of of the cor a ound development. Archaeological HOW ACQUISITION: ST A CUL SITE: $46,000. Central good cultural Plan Conservancy . ding D mound Conser profiles A Archaeologists F . TUS: TURE are reco 1000–1400 will irm A, of and T Y A Jamestown has on OU . exas ArcheologicalR this the the to site D Av pr disappearing The vered. & .1 dates CAN ovide the is been e. lar vancy material Mounds archaeologist photograph. this TIME in mounds. were

to 000 and1400.S of thought site NE, gest The HELP: northeast, the information bank Conser for PERIOD: cavation nexttothelargepotholeontopof done Suite is of Conser Action is photographed, 1970s. threatened Jamestown’s Please the acquiring suggests J for habitation Ar ames 902, vanc to on chaeologists Early so vanc site about the be Dee the y, send Albuquer south, D fast y Attn: Br ifferent a have to future.” by eserarch Laborator is that habitation life tor plaza. intact useth Ann the Middle contributions

and purchasing agricultural Jamestown in y sayssheisdelightedthat and not que hope and the J a amesto mounds, S not fill M tor , and Caddoan —A NM been site w that a idden zones y, est few a sites.

18.64 87108-1517. village. my deposits Bob and was a lot wn is to Project, sides established. former winter seen ceramic The Period Espinoza-A were deposits of residential site. J site. occupied acres amesto S y, kiles in careful within of therange 5301 the • “M exposed, director the for 2003-04 sher back- wn ound com- thi were Ac site s be- r re ds is - -

P A T T I HASKINS NEW POINT-2 INDIANS T E X A S O F A Picture of A R T I F A C T S acquisition S T O N E 19th-Century Industry The Conservancy acquires a well-preserved tannery.

estled between the Canadian border and East Grand Lake in Forest City, Maine, are the rem- nants of a 19th-century indus- N trial site known as the F. Shaw & Brothers Tannery. Owned by Dale and Jana Wheaton, who run nearby Wheaton’s Fishing Lodge, the Shaw & Brothers tannery site, which operated from 1869 until 1896, is COMMISSION the best preserved 19th-century tan- nery site in Maine and Canada’s New Brunswick province. The Con- PRESERVATION servancy acquired the site because of its pristine state and its potential to H I S T O R I C answer a host of research questions.

M A I N E Shaw & Brothers imported hides from Texas, California, Ari-

C R A N M E R , zona, Mexico, and South America and shipped the finished leather L E O N from its plant to Boston. During its peak, the tannery produced over 600 This 1992 photo shows the remnants of the tannery’s boiler house. The boiler supplied power and tons of leather a year. Unfortunately, steam to the tannery. A corner of the building’s foundation can be seen. the depression of 1872 hit the tan- ning industry hard and the tannery placed in the context of Forest City tion associated with Canada and the struggled and then failed. and its physical, cultural, and eco- United States that affords the oppor- There are well-preserved kilns, nomic development. The Shaw tunity to study trade routes. Archae- foundations, vats, and waterways. Brothers tannery can be used to ex- ologists can not only study the routes Remains of tools, equipment, raw plore what has been termed “indus- of the raw material arriving at the material, and finished products are trial ecology”—the life of the work- site and of the finished products also likely preserved within the site’s ers outside the domestic setting and being shipped, they also can analyze archaeological deposits. This evi- the worker-employer relationship. consumer goods arriving at the site. dence will allow archaeologists to The impact of the tanning process The origin of some of these con- better understand the technology on the landscape as well as the health sumer products may add valuable in- and manufacturing processes of the of its workers and the surrounding formation to trade relations along industry and its evolution. community can also be analyzed. the U.S.–Canadian border. Research at the site can be The tannery is in a unique loca- —Donald Craib

american archaeology 47 NEW POINT-2 Forty-Thousand-Year-Old Tools? The Conservancy obtains a site that could have acquisition extremely ancient Paleo-Indian artifacts. YCKOFF W D O N

Researchers work at the Burnham site in 1989. Their findings could influence thinking as to when the first Americans arrived.

ene Burnham was grading a ogy at the Sam Noble Oklahoma owned by the Burnham family. The pond bank to build a dam in Museum of Natural History, said, Nellie Burnham Revocable Tr ust has Gthe spring of 1986 when he “We recovered chipped stone things given a preservation easement with scraped what appeared to be a bison where we shouldn’t have, and all of an option to purchase the land to the skull. The skull was that of an extinct our research was devoted to deter- Conservancy. In addition to the five- form of Pleistocene bison, bison lat- mining what these were, how they acre tract, the Conservancy pur- ifrons. While sorting soil samples got there, and when. They look hu- chased 130 acres with the potential taken from below the skull, re- manly made, and they appear to be a to yield additional cultural materials searchers discovered chipped stones lot older than 12,000 years ago.” from Gene’s brother, Vic, a life-long that appeared to be tools. Man-made Materials from the Burnham site avocational archaeologist. tools in a Pleistocene soil? submitted for testing consistently The authenticity of the stone Nearly two decades of research date within a range of 21,000 to tools and the validity of the associa- that included a multitude of differ- 40,000 years ago. tion of the tools and animal bones ent dating methods suggests that the This remarkable assemblage of are two of the site’s most contested answer may be yes. Don Wyckoff, Pleistocene fauna and cultural mate- issues. Wyckoff will publish a manu- the principal investigator of the site rials is found on a five-acre tract of script towards the end of 2003 that and the associate curator of archaeol- land in north-central Oklahoma addresses these matters. Researchers

48 winter • 2003-04 NEW POINT-2

acquisition YCKOFF

W gests that human activity did occur

D O N at this little pond in northern Okla- These are eight of the 51 flakes recovered from the site. These flakes are believed to be debris that homa thousands of years earlier than resulted from tool making. the commonly accepted date of human occupation on the continent. familiar with the geology of the re- rial for at least one flake and possibly The Burnham site perfectly rep- gion generally agree that this loca- another two are Edwards Chert, a resents the type of site the Conser- tion is a complex record of sedi- stone that’s found primarily in cen- vancy is most interested in protect- mentation, horizon development, tral Texas. ing: a significant site with substantial erosion, and water runoff deposits Proving whether or not humans intact deposits that contains an occurring roughly between 11,000 produced the lithics is only solving enigma. Thanks to the efforts of the and 40,000 years ago. half the puzzle. The other half is Burnham family, Wyckoff, and Most professionals agree that ar- proving an association between the countless other researchers, volun- tifacts and geofacts share some char- lithics and the Pleistocene fauna. teers, and students, the Conservancy acteristics. However, consistency in Testing of various materials by such will preserve the Burnham site. Per- forms within an entire assemblage is dating methods as radiocarbon, ac- haps 100 years from now archaeolo- not typical. The consistency of the celerator, uranium series, and elec- gists employing the latest innova- forms of the flakes found at Burn- tronic spin resonance indicate that tions in field methods and dating ham suggest they are man-made the lithics and the faunal remains are technologies will solve the enigma. tools. In addition, the source mate- of a similar time period. This sug- —Amy Espinoza-Ar POINT Acquisitions Tannery ★

★

Burnham

The Protect Our Irreplaceable National Treasures (POINT) Program was designed to save significant sites that are in immediate danger of destruction.

american archaeology 49 CONSERV ANCY FieldNotes

feet above the former channel on which Work Continues at Parchman Place it is located. The researchers utilized data gathered during SOUTHEAST—Researchers from the University of Mis- the previous summer’s field school (see “A Mississippian sissippi’s Center for Archaeological Research continued Colonial Center,” American Archaeology, Spring 2003), work at Parchman Place Mounds, a Conservancy preserve, which used geophysical techniques to locate scores of this past summer. Parchman Place is a Late Mississippian houses from the plaza area all the way up to Mound A. site that archaeologists believe was occupied sometime This year trenches were dug in the mound in hopes during the late A.D. 1400s to the mid-1500s. Archaeolo- they would reveal its construction sequence. During the gists Jay Johnson and Bryan Haley instructed field school previous field season, one of the test units placed on the students in state-of-the-art remote-sensing equipment as side of Mound A revealed a midden containing broken well as basic mapping and excavation techniques. pottery and animal bones. A remote-sensing image Research focused on Mound A, which rises over 45 showed what Johnson and Haley believe to be a Missis- sippian house located not far up the slope and likely the source of the trash. An excavation unit was dug in an area where Johnson correctly estimated it would intersect the edge of the house. The unit exposed a wall trench and postholes in one wall of the house. This season the field school extended the trench and exposed burned house floors and several mound construction episodes. The episodes appeared to have occurred very quickly after the burning of structures. This was indicated by the presence of charred bundles of thatch that still retained some of their original bundled shape. Johnson’s work at Parchman has confirmed the in- corporation of at least one and possibly two mounds in Mound A. Sites like Parchman Place enable researchers to test theories regarding why such mound centers were built, how quickly they were built, and why they were abandoned. Research at Bloom Pueblo Reveals Architecture and Conflict SOUTHWEST—Last summer, archaeologist John Speth of the University of Michigan directed a second season of fieldwork at Bloom Mound, a small prehistoric Conser- CRAWFORD vancy preserve located on the Hondo River just south-

west of Roswell, New Mexico. J E S S I C A Archaeologist Jay Johnson interprets the features in the profile of the Once thought to have been fully excavated by ama- trench for his students. teurs in the 1930s and 1940s, Speth and his crew found

50 winter • 2003-04 that not only had some deposits sur- vived intact, but that previously undiscovered rooms still existed to the east and north of what may be a ceremonial structure. The researchers determined that the site consists of at least 20 surface rooms arranged in an inverted, square-cornered “U” shape that surrounds the probable ceremo- nial room on three sides. The structures at the north end of the village are often called “bath- tub rooms” because of their sunken floors. Fortunately the bathtub rooms had been inadvertently buried

SPETH by the amateurs’ backdirt and

J O H N thereby saved from destruction. These deeply buried structures were Researchers work at Bloom Pueblo. While the analysis of the material found here has barely begun, filled with prehistoric plant remains, it appears that Bloom was established in the third quarter of the 13th century. animal bones, broken pottery, and discarded stone tools that provide warfare with bison-hunting groups one of the last of these villages to be the key to understanding the village’s farther out in the Plains. occupied, making it of particular in- economic history. terest to researchers studying this lit- The researchers also found the Stabilization of tle-known time period. Landowner remains of a number of elderly Peter Shumway donated the 4.6-acre men, young women, and infants Fourmile Ruin Completed site to the Conservancy last spring. who had been killed. A projectile SOUTHWEST—This summer, A particularly important aspect point found in one of the adults re- Conservancy staff and a small, ener- of the project was the preservation of sembling a Perdiz point, a type that getic group of volunteers from the the site’s unusual adobe walls. Unlike is common to the southeast of Arizona Site Steward Program and the more common monolithic adobe Roswell, indicates that the attackers the Arizona Archaeological Society walls recorded at other prehistoric may have come from the vast area completed stabilization of exposed sites in the area, the walls at Fourmile of the Edwards Plateau that extends rooms and features located within Ruin were built with adobe bricks to the east and south. The evidence the Conservancy’s recently acquired and mortar, a construction technique that has been recovered thus far in- Fourmile Ruin Preserve in east-cen- that archaeologists previously thought dicates that Bloom was the target of tral Arizona. In addition to filling the was not used in the American South- repeated raids during the tumul- areas that have been exposed over the west until the arrival of the Spanish in tuous 13th and 14th centuries. years by looters, native grass seed was the late 16th century. Archaeologist Speth believes that Bloom and other planted in the stabilized areas and a Scott Van Keuren, curator of North communities like it that were situ- fence was built around the preserve. American archaeology at the Natural ated along the interface between Fourmile Ruin, a 450-room History Museum of Los Angeles Pueblo and Plains may have been multi-story adobe and masonry vil- County, has completed detailed doc- caught up in the rapid economic lage that was first occupied around umentation of these walls and is and political changes that character- A.D. 1275 and then abandoned by preparing a site map. A management ize this period in the Southwest. 1400, was the largest of several con- plan will be prepared for the site with These changes may have caused temporaneous village sites in the Sil- input from the two tribes that claim these communities to engage in ver Creek drainage. The site was also ancestry to it, the Hopi and the Zuni.

american archaeology 51 Reviews

Colonial Encounters in a Native American Landscape: The Spanish and Dutch in North America By Nan A. Rothschild (Smithsonian Books, 2003; 282 pgs., illus., $40 cloth; www.sipress.si.edu) This is the study of two distinct colonial experi- ences that happened in 17th-century North America, but 2,000 miles apart—the Dutch in New York and the Spanish in New Mexico. The Spanish were mostly a medieval, agrarian society that came to New Mexico by way of colonial Mexico. The Dutch, on the other hand, were largely urban and at the forefront of the Renaissance and the mercantile world. The native Pueblos and Mohawks were both agricultural people who lived in Stories large villages structured by matrilineal clan-based social systems. The Spanish prima- rily sought mineral wealth. The Dutch sought wealth from the fur trade. on Stone Noted archaeologist Nan A. Rothschild of Barnard College, Columbia Uni- By Jennifer Owings Dewey versity, uses archaeological techniques to weave social theory with detailed material (University of New Mexico Press, evidence to give us a well-balanced understanding of the experience. At the end of 2003; 32 pgs., illus.; $15 cloth; the experience, the Pueblos were thriving in New Mexico, and the Mohawks had www.unmpress.com) long since disappeared from the Hudson and Mohawk valleys. Rothschild demon- strates that the reasons are complex and paradoxical. In New Mexico, the Spanish Noted children’s author sought to annihilate the Pueblo culture, which may have produced the resistance and illustrator Jennifer that led to survival. The Dutch kept the Mohawks at a distance, interacting with Dewey introduces young them only for trade. The Mohawks finally moved to Canada to survive. people (ages seven and Rothschild’s multidisciplinary approach to the issue underscores the similari- up) to the fabulous rock ties and differences that led to these results. Colonial Encounters in a Native Amer- ican Landscape provides fresh and exciting insights to a little understood chapter of art of the American the American experience. Southwest. Drawing on her personal experiences Indians of Central and South Florida: 1513–1763 as a child in New By John H. Hann Mexico, Dewey takes (University Press of Florida, 2003; 256 pgs., illus., the young reader $40 cloth; www.upf.com) through the artistic Historian John Hann has produced the first survey techniques of rock art of Florida’s natives who lived south of a line roughly and its meaning to the through Orlando that includes some of the richest ancient people of the cultural history in the nation. Focusing first on the Southwest. Superbly “Fierce People,” the Calusa of the southern Gulf illustrated with accurate Coast, Hann draws on the latest archaeological re- detail, Stories on Stone is search to try to explain these people as they resis- ted Spanish colonialism in vain. a perfect Christmas This volume also tells the story of the addition to your Tequesta of Miami Circle fame on the Atlantic coast. Chapters favorite child’s library. on religious beliefs and political and economic organization make this a well- rounded study with an interest and significance far beyond the region.

52 winter • 2003-04 Reviews

One Vast Winter Count: The Native American West before Lewis and Clark By Colin G. Calloway (University of Nebraska Press, 2003; 631 pgs., illus., $40 cloth; www.nebraskapress.unl.edu) Colin Calloway has pro- duced a magnificent, sweep- ing history of the Native On the Trail of the Maya people of the American Explorer: Tracing the West from their arrival Epic Journey of some 12,000 years or John Lloyd Stephens more ago to the Euro- By Steve Glassman pean-American arrival in (University of Alabama the early 19th century. Press, 2003; 296 pgs., Blending archaeology, illus., $30 cloth; ethnology, and colonial www.uapress.ua.edu) and frontier history, Calloway provides an unparalleled study of the people who For those of us who love the adventure of dominated the West for generations. The West is always travel to remote and wondrous areas of the world, there is hard to define, and this volume suffers from a vague defini- no better travel book than John Lloyd Stephens’ Incidents of tion that at times includes the entire continent west of the Travel in Central America, Chiapas and Yucatan. In October Appalachians, but usually describes the area between the 1839, Stephens climbed on a mule in the Mico Mountains of eastern Guatemala to explore an obscure land with “vol- Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains. canoes and earthquakes, torn and distracted by civil war.” For 10,000 years the American Indians were on foot, and Accompanied by the talented and intrepid illustrator, Freder- they existed in a sometimes harsh and hostile environment. ick Catherwood, Stephens embarked on an epic journey to For most of this time they were nomads, following the food find and describe the lost cities of the Maya. Incidents of sources from season to season. The first dramatic change Travel appeared in 1841 and was an instant success, selling came with the introduction of corn agriculture around A.D. an unheard number of 20,000 copies in the first three 500. Hunter-gatherers became farmers. Populations grew and months. by A.D. 1500 small cities were abundant. Spreading north and Bored with the practice of law on Wall Street, Stephens east from Mexico, corn agriculture revolutionized the Native learned travel writing and archaeology in Europe and the Mid- way of life, even in the arid parts of the West. dle East. But he was much more than a travel writer. He was A second great change came in the 18th century when the first to recognize that the human portraits that adorned horses became widely available. Thanks to Lewis and Clark Maya ruins were those of “deified kings and heroes.” He cor- and to Hollywood, most Americans are at least somewhat rectly guessed that the Mayan hieroglyphs told the history of wars and kings and their great cities, now recaptured by the familiar with the great horsemen of the Plains—Sioux, tropical forest. Cheyenne, Arapahoe, and Comanche. But few of us realize Author Steve Glassman, a professor of English, retraces that this was only the end of a long and distinguished his- Stephens’ route, visiting the same Maya ruins, Spanish colo- tory. Horses allowed them to move freely and prosper for nial towns, markets, and churches, many of them hardly only about 100 years before the conquest. changed in the 170 years since Stephens and Catherwood Of course horses were a mixed blessing, for the Euro- visited. Intertwining history, anthropology, and the environ- peans that brought them to the New World also brought ment, Glassman presents a wonderful tale of Stephens’ ad- measles and smallpox and a lust for land. Calloway pulls venture and his own. This is a fun and informative book for all these threads together in a coherent story that is skill- lovers of Mesoamerica who are drawn to the mysteries of fully written. —Mark Michel the ancient and modern Maya. american archaeology 53 THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSERVANCY

Sojourns in the South PEOPLES OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY When: April 17–24, 2004 Where: Tennessee, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi How much: $1,545 per person ($230 single supplement)

Beginning in Memphis and following the Mississippi River south to Natchez, our weeklong journey covers everything from ancient earthen mounds to Civil War battlefields and spans more than 5,000 years of history. The trip offers an exciting opportunity to learn more about the rich and complex moundbuilder cultures that flour- ished along the Mississippi River Valley until the arrival of the Europeans. While taking in the charms of the Old South,

you’ll visit important sites, including Emerald Mound, the GRUBER

third-largest Mississippian mound in the United States. At , you’ll tour one of the country’s most complex A L A N Mound A at the in Mississippi is the fifth-largest and oldest prehistoric sites. Several of the Conservancy’s pre- mound in North America. serves, such as Watson Brake Mounds, which may be the old- est mound site in North America, are also featured on the tour. You’ll also visit sites from historic times, including the Grand Village of the Natchez and the Civil War battlefield at Vicksburg. A Spectacular River Trip Y AMPA RIVER When: May 29–June 5, 2004 Where: Colorado and Utah How much: $1,595 per person ($85 single supplement)

Join us for a downriver adventure through the spectacular scenery of Dinosaur National Monu- ment, including Whirlpool Canyon, which was first described by the explorer John Wesley Powell. In addition to the beautiful scenery, your 70-mile journey down the Yampa and Green rivers offers

an opportunity to visit remote archaeological sites, NOBLE including Fremont-culture rock art panels and pre- historic rock shelters. David Grant Noble, a noted G R A N T

photographer and author of Ancient Ruins of the D A V I D Southwest, will guide the tour. The Yampa River offers breathtaking scenery.

54 winter • 2003-04 Machu Picchu remained a secret to the outside world until 1911, when archaeologist Hiram Bingham dis- covered it almost by accident. Perched on a ridge more than 2,000 feet above the Urubamba River, this an- cient city is among the most spectacular sites in all of the Americas. And Machu Picchu is just one of the many highlights of the Conservancy’s two-week Peru- vian tour. From the coastal city of Lima to the mag- nificent tombs of the Moche at Sipán, you’ll explore some of Peru’s most fascinating sites. Accompanied by an expert in Peruvian archaeol- ogy, you’ll learn about the vast empires that once WALKER reigned in the land. The adventure begins with visits J I M The complex architecture of Machu Picchu is a testament to the sophistication to several archaeological museums in Lima, allowing of the Incas. you to become familiar with the country’s past cul- tures. Next, you’ll explore the pyramids at Sipán and Túcume, as well as the recently excavated ruins of La A Peruvian Adventure Huaca El Brujo. At Chan Chan, you’ll tour the re- LAND OF THE I NCA mains of one of the largest pre-Columbian cities in the When: June 25–July 9, 2004 New World. Several days in the Inca capital of Cuzco Where: Peru, including Cuzco, the Urubamba Valley, will give you ample time to explore sites such as Cori- and the North Coast cancha, an Inca temple where the walls were once cov- How much: $3,995 per person ($650 single supplement) ered in gold. TOUR UPDATE — STILL OPEN The More of Wondrous the Maya World MAYA OF AND YUCATÁN MICHEL

of the When: February 7–17, 2004 M A R K MACICA Where: Southern Mexico Chichén Itzá was occupied until the 13th century. A N D Y Maya How Much: $2,495 Temple I dominates the Great Plaza at Tikal. ($295 single supplement) GUA TEMALA When: January 18–28, 2004 From A.D. 300 to 1200, the Maya flourished in the Yucatán Where: Guatemala Peninsula of Mexico. Their splendid cities, which still tower How Much: $2,495 ($340 single supplement) over the rain forest, testify to the sophistication of the mys- terious people who built them. Our tour will visit some of Our tour delves into the world of the Maya—from the most spectacular of these cities. You’ll explore the Pyra- Guatemala City to the rain forest of the Petén, which mid of the Magician at , one of the largest of the holds the vast ruins of Tikal. You’ll spend several days ex- Maya cities. At , you’ll see the stone mosaic of masks ploring this ancient city, which once spanned 25 square that adorns the Palace of the Masks. At Chichén Itzá, a mag- miles and had a population exceeding 75,000. You will nificent city founded in the 5th century and occupied until visit Iximché, the capital city of the Cakchiquel Maya the 13th century, you’ll see the largest ballcourt found in from the late 1400s until the early 1500s. At Yaxhá, you Mesoamerica as well as El Caracol, a two-tiered astronomi- will explore one of Guatemala’s largest sites, containing cal observatory dating from the 10th century. more than 500 structures. Other than Tikal, Yaxhá has Located deep in the rain forest is the city of Palenque, the only known twin pyramid complex. Other destina- where you’ll spend a day touring many architectural won- tions include the market town of Chichicastenango and ders. Inside the Temple of the Inscriptions is the tomb of the colonial city of Antigua. John Henderson, noted Pacal the Great, who ruled Palenque from A.D. 615 to 683. Maya scholar and author of The World of the Ancient Accompanying us on our tour will be John Henderson, one Maya, will guide the tour. of the nation’s leading scholars of the Maya.

american archaeology 55 Since the inception of the Patrons of Living Conservancy’s Living Spirit Circle in 2002, participation has grown Preservation to over 50 members. These Spirit dedicated members have included The Archaeological Conservancy would like to the Conservancy in their long-term planning to ensure that America’s thank the following individuals, foundations, Circle past will always have a future. and corporations for their generous support The Archaeological Conservancy This elite group is open to those who wish to make a lasting during the period of August 2003 through contribution by including the Conservancy in their will or estate plans, October 2003. Their generosity, along with or by making a life-income gift such as a charitable annuity. The the generosity of the Conservancy’s other Conservancy would like to thank the following Living Spirit Circle members for their thoughtfulness and generosity. members, makes our work possible.

Anonymous Mark Michel, New Mexico LIFE MEMBER GIFTS Dee Aiani, Illinois Janet E. Mitchell, Colorado Carol M. Baker, Texas James A. Neely, Texas OF $1,000 OR MORE Olive Bavins, California David Noble and Ruth Meria, New Mexico David T. Arthur, Illinois Earl C. Biffle, Missouri Jan and Judith Novak, New Mexico Betty Banks, Washington Denis Boon, Colorado Lee O’Brien, Indiana Helen Ann Bauer, Illinois Jean Carley, Oregon Michael R. Palmer, New Mexico Susan J. Bauer, Georgia Deborah Chastain, Colorado Margaret P. Partee, Tennessee Hester A. Davis, Arkansas Elva B. Cook, California Marguerite B. Peterson, Florida Donna Cosulich, New York Donald E. Pierce, New Mexico Anne H. Dibble, Texas Richard Dexter, Wisconsin Barbara A. Reichardt, California (in memory of David S. Dibble) Patricia H. Douthitt, Ohio Caryl Richardson, New Mexico Stephen D. Jones, New York Professor and Mrs. Robert C. Dunnell, Mississippi Joy Robinson, California Roger and Frances Kennedy, Arthur and Mary Faul, Arizona Susan J. Rudich, New York New Mexico Preston Forsythe, Kentucky Lorraine Schramm, Missouri Linda Koch, Ohio Veronica Frost, Ohio Walter Sheppe, Ohio Carl W. Kohls, New York Derald and Bridget Glidden, California Harriet N. Smith, New York Susan Mayer Reaves, Florida Grace E. Hartzel, Ohio Dee Ann Story, Texas William J. and Priscilla Robinson, Barbara J. Jacobs, Washington, D.C. Paula M. Strain, Maryland Walter and Allene Kleweno, New Mexico Ann M. Swartwout, Michigan Arizona Lavinia C. Knight, California Ron and Pat Taylor, Virginia Catherine Symchych, Wyoming Derwood Koenig, Indiana Steven Vastola, Connecticut Kathleen Tweed, California Jay Last, California James B. Walker, New Mexico Beryl Zimberoff, California Deborah Leitner Jones, Maryland Karl and Nancy Watler, Colorado Margaret A. Lussky, Minnesota Ron Whiddon, New Mexico ANASAZI CIRCLE GIFTS Osceola W. Madden, Florida Katheryne Willock, Arizona Laura Marianek, Ohio Kathrin W. Young, Alaska OF $2,000 OR MORE Robin Marion, New Jersey Robert Zimmerman, Nevada Barbara and Nance Creager, Texas Neil E. Matthew, Arizona Wendell E. Zipse, Arizona Stewart Findlater and Sherry Brallier, California June Stack, Pennsyvlania GIFTS OF DISTINCTION The Anasazi Circle is an elite group of members who contribute $2,000 or more annual- FOUNDATION/CORPORATE ly to the Conservancy’s ongoing efforts to permanently preserve America’s cultural treas- GIFTS OF $5,000–$29,999 ures. Since its inception in 1993, participation in the Anasazi Circle has increased by The Beirne Carter Foundation, 267 percent. Virginia Anasazi Circle member support is essential to the Conservancy’s ability to expand its archaeological preservation goals. G. and S.T., Conservancy members since 1999, The Philip R. Jonsson Foundation, joined the Anasazi Circle this year.“We must preserve the information we have of our Texas predecessors to better understand the past,”says S.T. “Too often information is destroyed before it can be analyzed and the knowledge is gone forever. With donated funds, the Conservancy can step in and act quickly to get an area preserved.” TO MAKE A DONATION The benefits of Anasazi Circle membership include discounts on tours, recognition OR BECOME A MEMBER CONTACT: in American Archaeology magazine, and an invitation to an exclusive seminar weekend. The Archaeological Conservancy The 2003 Anasazi Circle explored the ancient mounds of Alabama in October. By send- 5301 Central Avenue NE • Suite 902 ing in your donation of $2,000 or more today, you can ensure your invitation to The Albuquerque, NM 87108 Archaeological Conservancy’s engaging 2004 Anasazi Circle Weekend. —Kerry Slater (505) 266-1540 www.americanarchaeology.org

56 winter • 2003-04 BOOKS

Show Pride in America’s Coyote Press Archaeological Resources! P.O. Box 3377 Archaeological Conservancy Salinas, CA 93912 T-shirt: 100% cotton $12, plus $1.75 S&H Specializing in Archaeology, Rock Art, circle size: S M L XL XXL Prehistory, Ethnography, Linguistics, Native American Studies and anything To order, send your check to: closely related. The Archaeological Conservancy We stock thousands of new books and 5301 Central Ave. NE, Suite 902 reprints, used and rare books, and the Albuquerque, NM 87108 back issues of many journals.

NAME Browse or shop online at our newly redesigned e-commerce website:

ADDRESS WWW.COYOTEPRESS.COM CITY E-mail: [email protected]

STATE ZIP Proud sponsors of: www.californiaprehistory.com Make your mark in time. Some Conservancy members think the only way to help save archaeological sites is through membership dues. While dues are a constant lifeline, there are many ways you can support the Conservancy’s work, both today and well into the future. And by Sugarloaf Pueblo, AZ supporting the Conservancy, you Atop Sugarloaf Mountain not only safeguard our past for A Conservancy preserve since 1991 your children and grandchildren, you also may save some money.

Place stock in the Conservancy. Evaluate your investments. Some members choose to make a difference by donating stock. Such gifts offer a charitable deduction for the full value instead of paying capital gains tax.

Give a charitable gift annuity. Depending on your circumstances, you may be able to make a gift of cash and securities today that lets you receive extensive tax benefits as well as an income for as long as you live.

leave a lasting legacy. Rooms with a view 600 years ago. Many people consider protecting our cultural heritage by remem- bering the Conservancy in their Part of our cultural heritage today. will. While providing us with a dependable source of income, bequests may qualify you for an estate tax deduction.

Whatever kind of gift you give, you can be sure we’ll use it to preserve places like Sugarloaf CKA

JA Pueblo and our other 275 sites E R R Y

J across the United States.

Yes, I’m interested in making a planned-giving donation to The Archaeological Conservancy and Mail information requests to: saving money on my taxes. Please send more information on: The Archaeological Conservancy ❏ Gifts of stock ❏ Bequests ❏ Charitable gift annuities Attn: Planned Giving 5301 Central Avenue NE Name: Suite 902 Street Address: Albuquerque, NM 87108-1517 City: State: Zip: Or call: Phone: ( ) - (505) 266-1540