Att Upprätthålla Och Stärka Legitimitet Maintaining and Strengthening

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Att Upprätthålla Och Stärka Legitimitet Maintaining and Strengthening Att upprätthålla och stärka legitimitet En analys av NASA:s visuella kommunikation Maintaining and Strengthening Legitimacy An Analysis of NASA’s visual communication Viktor Ekblom Designprojekt: Resist – An Incomplete Look at One Hundred Years of Protest Design Grafisk design Examensarbete på kandidatnivå, 30 hp VT 2020 Handledare design: Martin Farran-Lee Handledare uppsats: Staffan Schmidt Abstract Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka och utveckla förståelse för hur USA:s civila rymdmyndighet NASA:s grafiska kommunikation bidrar till att stärka och bibehålla dess legitimitet. Detta analyseras utifrån ett visuellt material bestående av fem utvalda bilder som publicerats av NASA i olika typer av medier. Analysen sker i två steg, först genom en semiotisk bildanalys som sedan utvecklas vidare i en kritisk diskursanalys. Resultatet visar på likheter mellan de olika medierna i det visuella materialet som syftar till att stärka centrala teman i NASA:s kommunikation. Det högteknologiska och vetenskapliga, människan och mångfald samt möjligheter och optimism är alla teman som används på olika sätt och syftar till att bibehålla och stärka NASA:s legitimitet och handlingsfrihet. Resultatet tas slutligen upp i en diskussion, där det grafiska, det politiska och det historiska kopplas samman. Sökord diskurs, grafisk design, legitimitet, myndigheter, nasa, semiotik, visuell kommunikation Innehållsförteckning 1 Inledning ...........................................................................................................................................1 2 Designprojekt ...............................................................................................................................2 3 Bakgrund ........................................................................................................................................3 4 Problemområde, syfte och frågeställning ......................................................................7 4.1 Problemområde .............................................................................................................7 4.2 Syfte ..................................................................................................................................8 4.3 Frågeställning ................................................................................................................8 5 Forskningsansats .......................................................................................................................9 6 Teori och relaterade studier .................................................................................................9 6.1 Legitimitet .......................................................................................................................10 6.2 Semiotik ..........................................................................................................................11 6.3 Representation ...........................................................................................................12 6.4 Diskursteori ..................................................................................................................13 6.5 Relaterade studier .....................................................................................................14 6.6 Källkritisk reflektion ..................................................................................................16 7 Material och metod ..................................................................................................................17 7.1 Material .............................................................................................................................17 7.2 Urval och avgränsning ..............................................................................................17 7.3 Semiotisk bildanalys .................................................................................................19 7.4 Kritisk diskursanalys .................................................................................................19 7.5 Diskussion av metod ...............................................................................................20 8 Analys ............................................................................................................................................21 8.1 Semiotisk bildanalys ..................................................................................................21 8.2 Kritisk diskursanalys ...............................................................................................29 9 Resultat och tolkning .............................................................................................................32 10 Diskussion och slutsats .....................................................................................................33 11 Avslutande sammanfattning ..............................................................................................35 12 Referenser ................................................................................................................................37 12.1 Tryckta källor ..............................................................................................................37 12.2 Webbkällor .................................................................................................................38 13 Figurförteckning ......................................................................................................................41 Bilaga 1: Designprojekt .............................................................................................................43 1 Inledning Olika typer av organisationer kommunicerar på olika sätt, och beroende på vad man är verksam inom finns det olika nivåer av komplexitet i verksamheten. Detta gör att arbetet med att kommunicera internt och till omvärlden också måste anpassas därefter. Myndigheter, de organ som ingår i en större statlig organisation svarar emot och kommunicerar med fler instanser än många andra. Den styrande makten är ofta någonting som accepteras och tas för givet så länge den står på demokratisk grund enligt de normer som finns, och i mångas ögon är den ett nav i ett fungerande samhälle. Förtroendet för en myndighet är viktigt för att den ska kunna vara verksam och dess handlingar måste anses vara legitima av allmänheten, dess uppdragsgivare samt andra myndigheter och organisationer. Inställningen till många myndigheter är ofta neutral så länge de inte utför handlingar som anses var illegitima. Det finns dock de som har utvecklats till någonting bortom det neutrala. En av dessa är NASA, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, USA:s civila rymdmyndighet. Föreställningen av NASA och dess varumärke som någonting ikoniskt inom amerikansk vetenskaplig framgång är starkt förankrad. Bilden av sig själva som NASA kommunicerat ut under historiens gång har tillsammans med vetenskapliga framgångar bidragit till att myndighetens popularitet och legitimitet stärkts. NASA svarar mot och vänder sin kommunikation till en komplex uppsättning instanser så som USA:s federala regering, allmänheten, inhemska privata aktörer samt olika typer av utländska aktörer. Stödet för NASA från allmänheten och den federala regeringen har förändrats över tid vilket medfört att myndigheten aktivt arbetar med att förmedla en viss bild av sig självt för att stärka och bibehålla sin popularitet (Launius 2017: 8). Den visuella kulturen vi lever i idag påverkar vår uppfattning om vår omvärld i stor utsträckning då vi dagligen tar in en omfattande mängd intryck från flera olika medier. Den visuella kommunikationen har en central roll i NASA:s verksamhet. Myndigheten kommunicerar genom ett stort antal olika medier så som hemsidor, olika typer av tryckt material, sociala medier och även fysiskt ute i världen i form av grafisk design applicerad på medarbetares kläder och på teknologi i diverse projekt. 1 Att analysera NASA:s visuella kommunikation motiveras av att försöka nå ökad förståelse för fenomenet om hur en myndighet vinner legitimitet för sig själv, och hur den arbetar med att förmedla en specifik bild av sin verksamhet till omvärlden för att bibehålla denna. Denna uppsatsen analyserar ett utvalt bildmaterial som NASA publicerat i olika medier. Den inleds med en kort presentation av myndigheten som leder in på en genomgång av det valda problemområdet och syftet med uppsatsen som sedan resulterar i en frågeställning. Efter det följer det teoretiska ramverket som ligger till grund för analysen och diskussionen. Metoderna som används i analysen består av två kompletterande delar, en semiotisk bildanalys och en kritisk diskursanalys som tillsammans utgör ett resultat. Avslutningsvis presenteras diskussionen och slutsatsen där uppsatsens föregående delar sammanställs för att möta syftet och svara på frågeställningen. 2 Designprojekt Det designprojekt som genomförts i anslutning till denna uppsats är formgivningen av en bok med titeln Resist – An Incomplete Look at One Hundred Years of Protest Design. Boken undersöker och presenterar hur grafisk design använts inom olika proteströrelser under de senaste hundra åren. Tidslinjen startar i Konstruktivismen i början av 1900- talet och leder via bland annat Medborgarrättsrörelsen i USA och de Olympiska protesterna i Mexiko fram till samtida proteströrelser så som Extinction Rebellion och Gula Västarna. Projektet vänder sig i första hand till grafiska formgivare med syftet att belysa en alternativ historia inom grafisk design
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