Geologic Investigations of the 1988 Tennant Creek, Australia, Earthquakes Implications for Paleoseismicity in Stable Continental Regions
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Geologic Investigations of the 1988 Tennant Creek, Australia, Earthquakes Implications for Paleoseismicity in Stable Continental Regions U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 2032-A "C f^f \. ?;?K Ungava, 1989 .J ,y-^f Cutch, 1819 Guinea, 1983 -. Sudan, 1966 Accra, 1939 Tennant Creek, 1988 Meckering, 1968 Marryat Creek, 1986 Calingiri, 1970 ^ 5 ' v Cadoux, 1979 j / Cover: Global map showing the location of the 10 historical earthquakes that have caused surface faulting in the stable interior of continents. Geologic Investigations of the 1988 Tennant Creek, Australia, Earthquakes- Implications for Paleoseismicity in Stable Continental Regions By ANTHONY J. CRONE, MICHAEL N. MACHETTE, and J. ROGER BOWMAN PALEOSEISMOLOGICAL STUDIES IN AUSTRALIA U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 2032-A Investigations of the paleoseismology, deformation, and Quaternary stratigraphy associated with reverse faulting caused by three major earthquakes in the interior of the Australian craton UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1992 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MANUEL LUJAN, JR., Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director For sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section U.S. Geological Survey Federal Center, Box 25286 Denver, CO 80225 Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Crone, Anthony J. Geologic investigations of the 1988 Tennant Creek, Australia, earthquakes implications for paleoseismicity in stable continental regions : investigations of the paleoseismology, defor mation, and Quaternary stratigraphy associated with reverse faulting caused by three major earthquakes in the interior of the Australian craton /by Anthony J. Crone, Michael N. Machette, and J. Roger Bowman. p. cm. (U.S. Geological Survey bulletin) (Paleoseismological studies in Australia) 1. Faults (Geology) Australia Tennant Creek Region (N.T.) 2. Earthquakes- Australia Tennant Creek Region (N.T.) 3. Geology Australia Tennant Creek Region (N.T.) 4. Geology, Stratigraphic Quaternary. 5. Seismology Australia Tennant Creek Region (N.T.) I. Machette, Michael N. II. Bowman, J.Roger. III. Title. IV. Series. V. Series: Paleoseismological studies in Australia. VI. Series: Paleoseismological studies in Australia. QE75.B9 [QE606.5.A8] 557.3 s dc20 92-20137 [551.2'2'0994295] CIP CONTENTS Abstract................................................................................................................................. Al Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 2 Intraplate Earthquakes................................................................................................. 4 Acknowledgments....................................................................................................... 6 The 1988 Tennant Creek Earthquake Sequence................................................................... 6 Geologic Setting of the Tennant Creek Earthquakes............................................................ 11 Trenching Investigations....................................................................................................... 15 Method of Study.......................................................................................................... 16 Trenching of the Eastern Lake Surprise Scarp...................................................................... 17 Characteristics of Fault Scarps Near the Trench......................................................... 17 Stratigraphy in the Trench........................................................................................... 17 Structural Features in the Trench................................................................................ 18 Observations Pertinent to Prehistoric Rupturing......................................................... 19 Trenching of the Western Lake Surprise Scarp.................................................................... 20 Western Lake Surprise Trench 1........................................................................................... 21 Characteristics of Fault Scarps Near the Trench......................................................... 21 Stratigraphy in Trench WLS-1................................................................................... 21 Structural Features in Trench WLS-1......................................................................... 23 Observations Pertinent to Prehistoric Rupturing........................................................ 24 Western Lake Surprise Trench 2 .......................................................................................... 26 Characteristics of Fault Scarps Near the Trench......................................................... 26 Stratigraphy in Trench WLS-2................................................................................... 26 Structural Features in Trench WLS-2......................................................................... 28 Observations Pertinent to Prehistoric Rupturing........................................................ 28 Trenching of the Kunayungku Scarp................................................................................... 29 Characteristics of Fault Scarps Near the Trench......................................................... 29 Stratigraphy in the Trench........................................................................................... 29 Structural Features in the Trench................................................................................ 30 Observations Pertinent to Prehistoric Rupturing......................................................... 33 Evidence of Quaternary Faulting.......................................................................................... 34 Structural Controls of Faulting.................................................................................... 34 The Recurrence of Surface-faulting Earthquakes in Stable Intraplate Settings.................... 35 Implications Concerning Seismic Hazards in Continental Interior Settings......................... 36 References Cited................................................................................................................... 37 Description of Units Exposed in the Trenches...................................................................... 40 Eastern Lake Surprise Trench (ELS).......................................................................... 40 Western Lake Surprise Trench 1 (WLS-1)................................................................. 41 Western Lake Surprise Trench 2 (WLS-2)................................................................. 44 Kunayungku Trench (KS)........................................................................................... 46 III IV CONTENTS PLATES [Plates are in pocket] 1. Maps of surface faulting, 1988 Tennant Creek earthquakes 2. Maps of trenches across fault scarps, 1988 Tennant Creek earthquakes FIGURES 1. Index map of Australia showing the location of historic earthquakes that produced surface ruptures and prehistoric fault scarps............................................................................................................................................ A2 2. Index map of the Tennant Creekregion................................................................................................................. 3 3. Photograph of the Tennant Creek fault scarps along the eastern part of the Lake Surprise scarp......................... 4 4. Map of measured horizontal fault displacements on the Tennant Creek fault scarps............................................ 8 5. Plots of surface offset on the 1988 Tennant Creek fault scarps versus distance east of the western edge of thepaddock..................................................................................................................................................^ 10 6. Plot of grain-size data for samples of eolian sand from the four trenches excavated across the 1988 Tennant Creek fault scarps ................................................................................................................................................... 12 7. Plot of thermoluminescence and electron-spin-resonance age determinations for eolian sand from the four trenches excavated across the 1988 Tennant Creek fault scarps............................................................................. 14 8-18. Photographs showing: 8. Calcrete mounds about 150 m east of Lake Surprise.................................................................................... 15 9. Panorama of Lake Surprise............................................................................................................................ 16 10. Western wall of eastern Lake Surprise trench ............................................................................................... 19 11. Schematic diagram of the extended eastern Lake Surprise trench................................................................ 20 12. Western Lake Surprise fault scarp adjacent to western Lake Surprise trench 1............................................ 21 13. Open fissures and extensional fractures adjacent to western Lake Surprise trench 1 ................................... 22 14. Hematitic quartzite in western Lake Surprise trench 1.................................................................................