BULLETIN 472 FEBRUARY, 1931
Bloom Period and Yield of Apples
C. W. Ellenwood
OHIO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Wooster, Ohio
111111111111111111 llllllllllllllllllili~llij~flll~~~iil~liji~~~~~3 6267 01222027 6 This page intentionally blank. BLOOM PERIOD AND YIELD OF APPLES
A 20-YEAR A VERAGE--1910-1929
C. W. ELLENWOOD
The relation of date of bloom to frost injury and also to cross pollination is recognized as having an important bearing on the fruitfulness of apple orchards. The 20-year record of date of bloom and yield of the several varieties included in these records is presented in the hope that the data may be of some value to persons planting orchards. The data on blooming dates may be helpful in correcting trouble in bearing orchards due to lack of compatible varieties for purposes of pollina tion. Bearing habits and age at which profitable production is reached are also important factors in securing and maintaining profitable yields. The blooming dates as shown in the accompanying tables would probably be actually applicable to a rather narrow latitude. How ever, the relative variation in dates of bloom of the several varieties at Wooster would likely hold true in other sections; for instance, Oldenburg in southern Ohio is known to be an early blooming variety while Rome Beauty in all sections of the State is one of the later blooming varieties. Since soil and climate no doubt influence yields, the record of yields here presented might vary for orchards in certain other sections; for example, Delicious at Wooster, on a silt loam soil, has not come into bearing as early as it probably would on sandy soils. Baldwin, a standard mid-winter variety for northern Ohio, becomes a late fall variety in southern Ohio. The data supplied in this bulletin are therefore presented as representative of trees of aver age vigor growing in the Station orchard, approximately 55 miles inland from Lake Erie. One hundred and fifty-nine varieties are considered in this bulletin. A number of these varieties were not bearing at the beginning of the period, and these exceptions are noted in the tables. In addition to yield and date of bloom, information on the regularity of bearing and trend of production at various ages is presented. Crop failures, as used here, refer to trees yielding less than 1 bushel in any year. (1) 2 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 472
TREATMENT OF ORCHARDS Most of the Station orchards considered in this bulletin were cultivated for the first half dozen years, then seeded down, and maintained under the grass mulch system. Grass mowed in the orchard was used for mulch. Straw and similar materials from outside the orchard were also added where necessary to provide a satisfactory mulch. For the last 7 years of the period, 1923-1929, a moderate amount of nitrogen fertilizer was used annually ; phos phorus was also applied occasionally, but not annually. The trees were given an annual light to moderate dormant pruning. An effort was made to train the trees to a modified leader type of tree. The spray treatment varied from year to year, and each year a number of different dust and spray formulae were used in various sections of the orchard. In recent years the tendency has been towards the use of dusts and dilute summer sprays rather than stronger solutions. On the whole, it may be said that the spray treatment was compatible with good commercial care. Thinning was quite regularly done but probably not to the extent of modifying total yields. Bees in sufficient numbers to provide proper pollination were kept in or nearby the orchard throughout the entire period.
PERIOD COVERED BY RECORD The first comprehensive notes on date of bloom and yield in the Station apple orchards were taken in 1910. Each year since that time data have been compiled for all varieties represented in the Station orchards showing the date on which the variety opened its first bloom and the date on which the maximum number of blossoms were open (full bloom). The date of picking and the yield per tree were also recorded annually. The period here reported upon embraced the years 1910 to 1929, inclusive; thus, for those trees old enough in 1910 to bloom and bear fruit the record covers a 20-year period. Reports on date of bloom and yield of many of the varieties included in this report were made at the conclusion of the first 10 years (2) and again at the end of 15 years (3). It was thought that a 20-year record of date of bloom ought to provide an even more reliable average. The average dates of full bloom of 28 well known varieties for the first 10-year period, the 15-year period, and, finally, the full 20-year average are presented in Table 1. BLOOM PERIOD AND YIELD OF APPLES 3
TABLE 1.-Date of Full Bloom 10-, 15-, and 20-year period
Variety 10-year period 1S-year period 20-year period 1910-19 1910-24 1910-29
Astrachan ...... May6 MayS May4 Baldwin ...... May6 MayS May6 Ben Davis ...... May9 May10 MayS Delicious •...... MayS May9 MayS Fallawater ...... May9 MayS MayS Grimes ...... May7 May7 May6 Jonathan ...... May9 MayS MayS King •...... May7 May7 May6 Mcintosh ...... May7 May7 May7 Mann ...•...... May6 May6 MayS Northern Spy •...... Mayll May10 May10 Northwe stern (Greening) ...... MaylO May 10 May9 Oldenburg ...... MayS MayS MayS Ralls•...... May16 May 1S May14 Rambo...... MayS MayS May7 Red Canada •...... MayS MayS MayS Rhode Island (Greening) ...... MayS MayS May7 Rome Beauty ...... May 12 May12 Mayll Roxbury (Russet) ...... May9 MayS MayS Stark ...... MayS May7 May6 Stayman ...... May9 MayS MayS Wealthy •...... May9 May9 MayS White Pippin .•...... MayS May7 May7 Winter Banana...... MayS May6 MayS Winesap ...... MaylO MaylO MayS Yellow Bellflower ...... May7 May7 May7 Yellow Transparent ...... May9 May9 MayS York Imperial •..••.••...... MayS May9 May9 Average ...... MayS.4 MayS.2 May7.6
The average date of full bloom for the first 10 years was prac tically the same as it was for the 15-year period, but the average date of full bloom for the 28 varieties for the full 20-year period was almost a day earlier than it was for the first 10-year period. This is accounted for by the fact that there were more years when full bloom was reached before the average date during the latter half of the 20-year period than was true for the first 10-year period. Taking into consideration 10 commercial varieties, Table 2, it will be noted that in only one year (1910) of the first 10 years did these 10 varieties show an average date of full bloom as early as May 1. There were four years, 1921, 1922, 1925, and 1929, in the second 10-year period (1920-1929) when the same varieties had an average date of full bloom of May 1 or earlier.
RELATION OF DATE OF BLOOM TO FROST INJURY During the 20-year period the Station orchards were exception ally free from commercial frost injury. This was at least partly due to their being located on land well elevated above the surround ing country. Frost destroyed a considerable number of fruit buds, but not to the extent of seriously affecting total yields in 1910, 1913, 1925, and 1929. The most serious loss from this source prob- "'"
TABLE 2.-Date of Full Bloom of 10 Standard Varieties 0 1!:: 20-year period, 1910-1929 >-1
I 0 Mean Minimum No. days temper- t.".J Yellow Averages temper- Mean temperature ature dropped Olden- Rome ature temper- following full below freezing Trans- burg Wealthy Mcintosh Grimes Jonathan DeliciouS: Baldwin Stayman 10 ~ parent Beauty varieties for March ature bloom and following full t.".J and for May prior to bloom and prior April June 1 to June 1 ~ ------is: t.".J 1910 .. Apr. 22 Apr. 13 Apr. 29 Apr. 20 Apr. 17 Apr, 22 Apr. 25 Apr. 24 Apr. 26 May 1 Apr. 23 4S. 7 54.S 25 5 1911 .. May12 Mayll May12 Mayll Mayll May 12 May14 May12 May13 May 15 May 12 40.7 63.6 33 0 z 1912 .. MayS May6 May7 MayS May7 May7 MayS May10 MayS MayS MayS 40.2 61.2 36 0 >-'3 1913 .. May5 May4 May6 May4 May4 MayS MayS MayS May6 May7 MayS 43.7 S7.9 2S 3 r:n. 1914 .. May 1S Mayll May 16 May10 May12 May 14 May12 May 12 May12 May 1S May13 41.3 S9.S 30 1 191S .. May10 May4 May10 May9 MayS May 10 May9 MayS MaylO May 12 May9 42.2 5S.6 2S 2 1916 .. May17 Mayll May16 May 12 May12 Ma.v 13 May 12 May13 May1S May 16 May14 39.4 60.2 34 0 1917 .. May22 May19 May20 May20 May21 May20 May21 May21 May21 May24 May21 42.1 S2.6 34 0 ~ 191S .. May6 MayS May6 May6 May6 Ma.v7 May6 May7 May7 May9 May7 45.9 6S.O 37 0 0 1919 .. MayS May6 May6 May6 MayS May? May6 May6 May6 MayS May6 44.2 SS.1 3S 0 z 1920 .. May1S May 12 May19 May 17 May 17 May20 May19 May19 May19 May21 May1S 43.0 S6.4 42 0 1921.. Apr. 21 ...... Apr. 22 Apr. 19 Apr. 21 Apr. 21 Apr. 21 Apr. 21 Apr. 20 Apr. 2S Apr. 22 Sl.6 60.6 31 1 1:0 1922 .. Apr. 30 Apr. 26 May1 Apr. 30 May2 May2 May2 May2 May2 May6 May1 46.2 62.2 33 0 q 1923 .. May 14 MayS May14 May 14 May 13 May1S May 1S May 1S May15 May 1S Ma.v14 42.1 S6.9 35 0 1924 .. Mayll Ma.v S May12 May12 May 12 May12 May12 May 12 May13 May 17 Mayll 41.7 54.5 32 0 t"' 1925 .. Apr. 26 Apr. 26 Apr. 26 Apr. 26 Apr, 26 Apr. 24 Apr. 26 Apr. 26 Apr. 26 Apr. 27 Apr. 26 46.1 53.6 29 5 t"' 1926 .. May16 Ma.v 14 May16 May16 t.".J Mayl7 May17 May17 May17 Ma.v1S May 19 May17 37.S 5S.O 40 0 >-'3 1927 .. May4 ...... MayS MayS May6 May7 May6 May7 May7 May9 May7 45.3 59.0 37 0 >-1 192S .. Mayl2 May 10 Mayll May 13 May 12 May 11 May13 May12 May15 May 16 May 13 41.3 57.4 30 1 z 1929 .. Apr. 2S Apr. 24 Apr. 27 Apr. 26 Apr. 26 Apr. 2S Apr. 2S Apr. 2S Apr. 2S May 1 Apr. 27 4S.4 57.7 2S 4 .,.. -'1 Av... MayS May5 MayS May 7 May 7 MayS MayS May6 MayS Ma.vll MayS 43.6 5S.3 ...... I ...... 1:-:>
------·-· ·- ·-· ------~---~--- BLOOM PERIOD AND YIELD OF APPLES 5 ably occurred in 1910. It will be noted that these years when frost injury to buds occurred were years when full bloom was reached several days prior to the average for the 20 years. There was con siderable damage from frost to apples in various sections of the State. By reference to Table 2 it will be seen that in each of these 4 years not only was the date of full bloom earlier than the average but there were also 3 or more days after full bloom when a minimum temperature of less than 32° F. was registered at Woos ter. Data on the production of apples reported by Hauck (6) showed that the total crop in Ohio in 1910, 1913, 1921, and 1925 was much less than the 10-year average. Years in which there was frost injury were generally, but not always, years of relatively high mean temperatures in March and April followed by mean temperatures lower than normal in May, Table 3.
TABLE 3.-Maximum, Minimum, and Mean Temperatures* March, April, May-1910-1929
March April I May Mean for March and Max. Min. Mean Max. Min. Mean Max. Min. Mean April ------1910 ...... 84 18 47.2 81 23 50.2 82 25 54.8 48.7 1911...... 67 4 35.0 77 16 46.4 92 28 63.6 40.7 1912 ...... 68 6 30.4 78 23 50.0 86 36 61.2 40.2 1913 ...... 74 1 38.5 83 20 48.9 86 25 57.9 43.7 1914 ...... 67 6 34.2 87 19 48.4 91 29 59.8 41.3 1915 ...... 54 8 31.2 88 21 53.2 78 28 55.6 42.2 1916 ...... 76 -1 32.0 78 21 46.8 86 34 60.2 39.4 1917 ...... 72 2 36.3 82 20 47.8 86 31 52.6 42.1 1918 ...... 76 17 43.1 79 22 48.6 89 31 65.0 45.9 1919 ...... 68 16 39.7 77 15 48.7 94 35 58.1 44.2 1920 ...... 75 6 41.6 80 19 44.4 85 29 56.4 43.0 1921...... 77 20 48.0 85 21 55.2 87 31 60.6 51.6 1922 ...... 74 12 41.2 80 22 51.2 83 33 62.2 46.2 1923 ...... 63 7 36.8 77 7 47.3 84 29 56.9 42.1 1924 ...... 73 15 35.1 75 21 48.3 85 32 54.5 41.7 1925 ...... 76 1 40.2 90 24 52.0 90 29 53.6 46.1 1926 ...... 67 -1 32.6 81 18 43.0 85 31 58.0 37.8 1927 ...... 73 14 41.4 83 24 49.1 87 30 59.0 45.3 1928 ...... 75 10 36.9 79 19 45.7 88 29 57.4 41.3 1929 ...... 81 10 45.0 84 25 51.7 90 28 57.7 48.4 ------Average .... 72.0 8.6 38.3 81.2 20.0 48.8 86.7 30.2 58.3 43.6
*From Bull. 445 ( 1) Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, and Weather Records of Ohio Experiment Station ( 8).
While it is well known that there is a considerable variation in the susceptibility of different varieties to frost injury a tempera ture of 28° F. or less after the full-bloom stage is reached may often destroy much bloom on the more tender varieties. Serious damage usually results when the temperature drops below 25° F. after the trees have reached full bloom, although the extent of the damage is modified by weather conditions during and following the frost. 6 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 472 Some varieties which may be said to be rather susceptible to frost injury are Delicious, Arkansas, Winesap, and Stayman Winesap. Varieties which are reasonably resistant to frost injury are Olden burg, Wealthy, Grimes, Mcintosh, and some of the Crabs, especially Dolgo. Rome Beauty, Northern Spy, Golden Delicious, and Ralls all bloom appreciably later than the average for all varieties, and hence the chance for injury by frost to the bloom of these varieties is diminished. The value of the inherent characteristic of a variety to bloom late cannot be emphasized too much, granted that the variety is a good commercial sort. Much attention has been given by Experi ment Stations to the development of late blooming varieties by breeding. While the characteristic of late blooming is rather easily transmitted to seedlings, it is much more difficult to secure seed lings of sufficient merit to warrant their introduction.
RELATION OF DATE OF BLOOM TO GROWING SEASON Temperature, sunshine, and rainfall influence the relative growing season of varieties, and so the order of ripening at Woos ter would probably not be applicable in southern Ohio. There is a considerable variation in the number of days between full bloom and the date of picking from year to year in the case of practically all varieties. The longest growing seasons of 10 standard varieties, Table 4, have generally been those years when full bloom occurred earlier than the average, as in 1921 and 1925. Conversely, most varieties have had their shortest seasons in years of relatively late bloom, as for instance in 1920 and 1923.
TABLE 4.-Number of Days From Full Bloom to First Picking 20-year average, 1910-1929
Fewest number Greatest number Number of days of days from full of days from full Variety from full bloom bloom to first pick- bloom to first pick to first picking ing in any season ing in any season during 20 years during 20 years
Yellow Transparent ...... 76 67 85 Oldenburg ...... 93 74 104 Wealthy •...... 115 96 131 Mcintosh ...... 134 132 141 Grimes...... 148 143 154 Delicious ...... •...... 153 141 163 J"onathan ...... 154 142 159 Baldwin ...... 163 150 166 Rome Beauty ...... 166 155 178 Stayman Winesap ...... 168 163 183 BLOOM PERIOD AND YIELD OF APPLES '1 BLOOMING PERIOD IN RELATION TO POLLINATION The length of the blooming period for a 4-year average (1927- 1930) of 48 varieties is presented in Table 5. The blooming period in this table is divided into two sections: first, the number of days from the date the first blossoms opened until the maximum number of blossoms were open, which is referred to as "full bloom"; second, the number of days from the date "full bloom" was reached until the date the petals began to fall. The average number of days for the 4 years of the combined period of bloom for the 48 varieties was 10.3 days. Theoretically, this is the period during which pollina tion of a given variety may occur, assuming the presence of suitable
TABLE 5.-Length of Period of Bloom 4-year average, 1927-1930
Number days Number Variety from first to days in full bloom full bloom
Arkansas (M. B. Twig) ...... 7.8 3.5 Astrachan...... 8.0 4.0 Baldwin ..•...... 6.0 3.0 Baltimore ...... 9.8 3.7 Ben Davis•...... 6.7 3.0 Boiken ...... 7.0 3.0 Delicious ...... 7.0 3.2 Early Harvest ...... 8.0 3.5 Ensee ....••...... 7.0 3.7 Fallawater •...... 5.8 3.2 Fameuse ...... 7.0 3.3 Golden Delicious •...... 5.8 3.1 Grimes ...... 6.6 3.2 Hubbardston ...... 7.6 3.0 Hyslop•...•...... 5.8 4.0 Jonathan ...... 7.0 3.0 Joyce .....•...... 7.8 3.2 King ..•...••...... 6.8 3.8 King-David•...... 6.6 3.0 Mcintosh ...... 6.5 3.5 Maiden Blush ...... 7.0 3.8 Melba...••...... 7.5 4.0 Northern Spy••...... 5.6 3.3 Northwestern (Greening) ...... 5.2 3.0 Ohio Nonpareil •...... 9.6 3.7 Oldenburg ...... ; ...... 9.0 3.1 Oliver (Senator) ...... 7.0 3.2 Ralls ...... 5.3 3.2 Rambo ...... •...... 6.0 3.0 Red Canada...... 6.6 3.8 RedJune ...... 7.2 3.0 Rhode Island (Greening) ...... 6.6 3.0 5.3 3.3 ~~:~!1~~~w:·R:j;;~~)::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 6.0 3.5 Stark ...... 7.5 3.5 Stayman Winesap •...... 8.0 3.5 Sutton...... 6.8 4.0 Summer Rambo ...... 7.0 4.0 Transcendent...... 10.0 4.2 Wealthy ...... 7.4 3.5 White Pippin ...... 7.9 4.0 Winesap •...... •••...... 6.2 3.2 Winter Banana...... 5.8 3.0 Wolf River...... 5.6 2.5 Yellow Bellfiower ...... 7.0 2.8 Yellow Newtown ...... 5.8 3.2 Yellow Transparent...... 5. 7 3.5 York•••••.•...... 5.6 3.0 Average ...... 6.9 3.4 8 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 472
pollen nearby and sufficient bees. However, conditions unfavorable for bee flight shorten this period considerably practically every year. In some years there may be only a few hours during the entire period when pollination may take place. It should be borne in mind that although individual flowers may be receptive for pollen during the last day or two of full bloom, it is likely that the pollen may then be worthless for transfer due to the drying up of the anthers.
Fig. 1.-Grimes Golden tree in full bloom
The blooming season of the pollinizing variety must, at least in part, overlap that of the variety to be pollinated. This does not mean that the two varieties must reach full bloom at the same time but the pollinizing variety must have at least a few of the central flowers open and the anthers dried sufficiently to allow the pollen to be removed by contact with bees. The anthers are usually sufficiently dry to permit the transfer of pollen within a few hours after the pistils on the same flower are exposed. Pistils of any variety are receptive practically as soon as they are exposed and remain receptive for from two or three days to a week, depending upon weather conditions. Ten days is about the average period during which at least some pistils on a tree of a given variety are receptive. Thus, the period when pollination may occur is about equal to the combined periods of bloom in Table 5, but may not be exactly concurrent with that period. BLOOM PERIOD AND YIELD OF APPLES 9
Cha.rt Showina Ranae from Fir.st to fllll Bloom. AveraQ{for 20 vears. \A · t Jl. ril 11\ LU a.rte Y 'af,l7ZK2'1 ?fJ I 113 Lf 5 {; 71 K '1 '0 If '2 13 1'1 OHIO NONPARIEL ASTRACHAN BALTIMORE EARLY HARVEST MANN GOLD£N RUSSET SANKS OLDENBURG KING WEALTHY BALDWIN GRIMES STARK SUTTON CHARLAMOFF LOWELL M~INTOSH PARADISE · RAMBO WHITE PIPPIN YELLOW B£LLFLOW£R ARKANSAS HUBBARDSTON ROXBURY STAYMAN TWENTY OUNCE WOLf RIVER YELLOW TRANSPARENT FAME USE KING DAVID R.I. GREENING BEN DAVIS DELICIOUS FALLAWATER GANO JONATHAN OLIVCR SUMME"R RAMBO MAIDEN BLUSH WINTER BANANA RED CANADA WINESAP YORK IMPERIAL NORTHWESTERN GREENING NORTHERN SPY ROME BEAUTY MOTHER RALLS Chart 1 10 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 472 A 20-year average of the length of time from first to full bloom is shown graphically in Chart 1. In using this chart it should be noted that the period from full bloom to the beginning of petal fall is not included and due allowance should be made for extending the range of bloom to cover at least a portion of that period. This is shown in Table 5 to be on an average 3.4 days. Although reaching full bloom relatively late, Rome Beauty, as shown by Howlett (7), may generally be counted upon as a satis factory variety for pollinizing such varieties as Yellow Trans parent, Grimes Golden, Jonathan, and Delicious. He suggests, however, that under unseasonable weather conditions these varie ties may not always adequately pollinize Rome Beauty due to the short period of time the blooming season of these varieties and that of Rome Beauty overlap. Early blooming varieties nearly all have a longer period of bloom than those blooming late.
AGE AT WHICH VARIETIES REACH PROFITABLE PRODUCTION Early bearing, although desirable, should not be overempha sized. It is more important that an apple tree be productive of good sized commercial crops at 12 or 15 years of age than that it produce scattering fruit within a few years from planting. Some varieties tend to bear so heavily at an early age as to affect the size of the tree. For instance, Charlamoff comes into bearing rather early and often bears so heavily in its early years that the tree remains small and incapable of producing very large crops at any period. Other varieties like Northern Spy are notably tardy in reaching productive bearing, b:nt once in fruiting produce good crops. In Table 6 an attempt has been made to classify some of the varieties into three groups, according to the age when they have reached bearing age at Wooster. Since it usually takes approxi mately a bushel of apples to equal the operating expense per tree, that amount is here considered as the production necessary in a single year to rate it as of "bearing age". In the table the several varieties are divided into 3 groups: first, those which have produced a bushel or more of apples at 8 years or less from planting; second, those varieties which have reached production between 9 and 11 years from planting; third, those which have not reached bearing age until 12 or more years from planting. BLOOM PERIOD AND YIELD OF APPLES 11
TABLE 6.-Age at Which Varieties Have Reached Profitable Production at Wooster
8 years or less from planting 9 to 11 years from planting 12 years or more from planting
Baltimore Arkansas Liveland BenDavis Baldwin Northern Spy Ben Hur Banks Rhode Island (Greening) Black Ben Blenheim Sutton Beauty Cortland Delicious Yellow Newtown Golden Delicious Dol go York Imperial Jonathan Ensee King David Fameuse Oldenburg Gold Crab Stayman Winesap Grimes Wealthy Hubbardston Wagener Joyce Winter Banana Mcintosh Melba Mother Opalescent Rome Beauty Summer Rambo Winesap
Included in the first group are a number of the standard com mercial sorts, but the second group contains a greater number of the varieties recommended for planting in Ohio Bulletin 394 (5).
BEARING HABITS OF VARIETIES Varieties divide themselves into Annual, Alternate or Biennial, and Irregular bearers. Individual trees may depart from the average behavior for the variety and even a variety as a whole may vary to a considerable extent under different soil and climatic con ditions. Methods of pruning, fertilization, and the arrangement of varieties in an orchard as regards possible pollination also con tribute to the bearing habits of a variety. Varieties also change their bearing habits as the trees grow older; for instance, Olden burg, Wealthy, and Yellow Transparent may bear almost annually when young only to become alternate bearers in later years. Just what effect thinning may have on the bearing habits of a variety has not been fully determined. Most of the thinning experiments have been conducted on trees already of full bearing age when the experiment was started, although thinning experiments on trees just starting to bear fruit are now in progress. Annual bearers.-Varieties which have tended to produce fair sized crops annually at Wooster are Aiken, Baltimore, Ben Davis, Gallia Beauty, Golden Delicious, Grimes, Northwestern (Greening), Rome Beauty, and Stayman Winesap. Alternate bearers.-Varieties which produce a moderate to heavy crop one year followed by a light but commercially profitable crop the next year are Banks, Charlamoff, Delicious, Fallawater, 12 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 472
Jonathan, Mcintosh, Ohio Nonpareil, Rhode Island (Greening), Stark, Sutton, and Winter Banana. Nearly all of these varieties have satisfactory average yields. As a subdivision of this group may be listed a number of varieties which produce a crop one year and little or no fruit the following, being almost biennial in their habit of fruiting. In this list are found such varieties as Arkansas, Baldwin, Boiken, Hubbardston, Jefferis, Northern Spy, Oldenburg, Oliver, Summer King, Wealthy, Yellow Newtown, Yellow Trans parent, and York Imperial. In spite of the tendency of this group to bear almost no fruit in the "off" year many of them have good average annual yields. Irregular bearers.-In this fourth group are a list of varieties with light average annual yields. They may produce a fair sized crop one year following which there may be several seasons in which little or no fruit is produced. In this group are such varie ties as Golden Russet, Greenville, King (Tompkins), Lankford, Pecks, Red June, Winesap, and Yell ow Bellflower.
TABLE 7.-Varieties Increasing in Production at 37 Years From Planting Average annual yield by period
10 years 10 years 15 years 20 years 1910-1919 1920-1929 1910-1924 1910-1929
Bteshels Bushels Bushels Bushels (48 lb.) (48 lb.) (48lb,) (48 lb.) Arkansas Black ...... 12.5 14.5 11.0 13.5 Astrachan...... 6.8 10.3 8.2 8.6 Babbitt ...... 9.4 14.9 10.1 12.1 BenDavis ...... 14.5 16.2 14.3 15.4 Boiken ...... 12.1 20.2 15.3 16.3 Gano...... 24.3 26.4 24.7 25.4 Greenville ...... 6.8 12.2 8.3 9.5 Grimes ...... 20.0 22.9 20.4 21.4 Jonathan ...... 9.2 19.1 11.9 14.1 Northern Spy ...... 9.2 17.9 11.6 13.6 Northwestern (Greening) ...... 15.4 25.3 18.3 20.3 Oldenburg •...... 9.5 16.2 12.6 12.8 Ralls ...... 10.0 15.4 12.7 12.7 RedCanada ...... 11.2 13.7 11.8 12.5 Rhode Island (Greening) ...... 10.0 23.4 13.3 16.7 RomeBeauty ...... 14.4 19.5 16.2 16.9 Stark...... 10.9 12.9 11.6 11.9 Wealthy ...... 6.1 9.3 7.4 7.7 White Pippin ...... 14.9 19.9 16.2 17.4 York Imperial•...... 8.7 15.5 10.6 12.2 Average ...... 11.8 17.3 13.3 14.6
AGE WHEN MAXIMUM PRODUCTION IS REACHED Many of the varieties planted in 1893 steadily increased their average annual production to and including 1929, Table 7. How ever, a few of these varieties apparently passed the peak of pro.. duction and in some instances were declining in yield, Table 8. BLOOM PERIOD AND YIELD OF APPLES 13 ,, The average increase or decrease in yield during the latter years of the 20-year period (18th to 37th years from planting) was very slight from year to year. The average annual yield for the 20 varieties, Table 7, for the first 10 years of the record was 11.8 bushels per tree; the second 10 years, 17.3 bushels. The 15-year average was 13.3 bushels and for the full 20-year period, 14.6 bushels.
Fig. 2.-A 37-year-old orchard
Alternate or irregular bearing influences average yields. A 10- or 20-year record embracing an even number of years offers an opportunity to make allowance for alternate high and low yielding varieties better than a 5- or 15-year record. In Table 8 it will be noted that the average for the 6 varieties remained nearly stationary during the last 10 years. The full record of these varieties for the latter years disclosed a general levelling off of the yield and in some instances a marked decline.
TABLE 8.-Varieties Declining in Production at 37 Years From Planting Average annual yield by periods
10 years 10 years 15 years 20 years 1910-1919 1920-1929 1910-1924 1910-1929
Bushels Bushels Bushels Bu1hels (48 lb.) (48lb.) (48lb.) (48lb.) Arkansas ...... 12 .6 9. 7 11.2 11.1 Baldwin ...... 14.8 15.1 16.4 14.9 Fallawater ...... 17.0 16.3 16.4 16.6 Late Strawberry ...... 11.4 11.2 10.7 11.3 Rambo...... 11.6 11.3 10.9 11.4 Yellow Transparent ...... 8.2 12.6 10.5 10.4 Average ...... 12.6 12.7 12.7 12.6 14 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 472 The age at which a variety may reach maximum production, as ., well as the age when declining yields may be expected, is so closely associated with the care given the orchard that conclusions should not be hastily drawn. The effects of a given program of pruning and fertilization, as well as the distance of planting, are not the same on all varieties. Baldwin, for instance, suffers more from crowding than certain other varieties. This is shown by the light crops borne on the lower sections of mature Baldwin trees when the distance of planting is relatively close. Judged by the records in the Station orchards it seems fair to expect most varieties to reach maximum annual production per tree 35 to 40 years from planting and relatively slight increases in yield per tree will occur after the trees are 30 years old. HIGH YIELDING VARIETIES Of the well known varieties planted in 1893 the ten highest yielding have ranked as follows for the 20-year record reported here:
TABLE 9.-20-year Average Annual Yield 10 varieties
Variety Yield in l;>nshels (48lb.)
Grimes...... ···· 21.4 Northwestern (Greening)...... , ...... 20.3 Rome Beauty ...... 16.9 Rhode Island (Greening) ...... 16.7 Fallawater ...... 16.6 BenDavis. •...... 15.4 Baldwin...... 14.9 Winter Banana ...... 14.3 Jonathan ...... 14.1 Northern Spy ...... 13.6
Baltimore, Boiken, Gano, Mcintosh, and Stayman Winesap are some of the varieties represented by younger trees in the Station orchards, other than those included in the preceding table, which have been productive. The total production of a given area is dependent upon the number of trees per acre as well as yield per tree. Distance of planting is at least partly dependent upon the size attained by the several varieties. Thus, Wealthy could be planted much closer than Rhode Island (Greening) and the difference in yield per acre would be much less than would appear by a consideration only of yield per tree. The following table shows the comparative size of several varieties in the Station orchards 31 years from planting. BLOOM PERIOD AND YIELD OF APPLES 15
TABLE 10.-Comparative Size of 31-year-old Apple Trees in Station Orchards*
Variety Diameter of head of tree
Ft. Rhode Island (Greening) ...... I 42.2 37.0 36.0 36.0 1 35.5 ~irkt~~f¥~4;i;~; ~: ~::: ·~ ·~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~;; ~ ~ ·~ ~ ~: ~: ~ ~: ~ ·:; ~ ~: ~ ~ ~:: ~: ~::: ~:: ~;. ~ 34.4 Ben Davis.••...... 33.0 Jonathan ...... 31.2 Rome Beauty ...•...... · · · 31.0 Grimes Golden •...... 30.7 Oldenburg •...... 30.7 Winesap ...... 29.5 . Wealthy ...... 25.7 Wagener•...... 25.5
*Gourley (4).
While the yield per tree of Wealthy is comparatively low because of the small size of the tree it is possible to plant this variety much closer than many others. In addition to being small trees, both Wealthy and Wagener come into bearing early and are therefore often used for filler trees.
SUMMARY
A record of the average yield per tree and date of bloom for 159 varieties is presented. The average date of full bloom for standard varieties for the 10-year period, 1910-19, was May 8.4 and for the 20 years, 1910- 1929, May 7.6. Early bloom of 1921, 1922, 1925, and 1929 resulted in advancing the 20-year average almost a day over the 10-year average from 1910-19. Heaviest damage from frost injury occurred in years when full bloom was reached at Wooster May 1 or earlier. High temperatures in March and April followed by low tem peratures in May generally result in frost injury to apple blossoms. The average length of blooming season of standard varieties was 10.3 days. Early blooming varieties have a longer period of bloom than late blooming varieties. The period of bloom of all but a few exceptionally early bloom ing varieties and a small number of late blooming kinds overlaps sufficiently for purposes of pollination. 16 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 472 The average annual production for 26 standard varieties (Tables 6 and 7) from the 18th to 37th years from planting was 14.1 bushels ( 48 pounds). Maximum production per tree for most varieties was not reached under 35 years from planting.
LITERATURE CITED
1. Alexander, Wm. H. and C. A. Patton. The climate of Ohio. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 445, 1929. 2. Ellenwood, C. W. Ten-year yield record of apples. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bimon. Bull. March-April, 1921. 3. Ellenwood, C. W. Blooming period and yield of apples, a 15-year average. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 385, 1925. 4. Gourley, J. H. Comparative size of apple trees. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bimon. Bull. March-April, 1924. 5. Gourley, J. H. and C. W. Ellenwood. Dependable Fruits. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 394, 1926. 6. Hauck, Chas. W. Apple Industry of Ohio. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 418, . 1928. 7. Howlett, F. S. Apple pollination studies in Ohio. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 404, 1927. S. Patton, C. A. Weather Records for 1929. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. (Not published). BLOOM PERIOD AND YIELD OF APPLES 1'1
TABLE 11.-Average Date of Bloom and Picking and Yield per Tree Trees planted 1893-1899, 20-year record
Average date Average annual yield Highest Lowest Crop Tree Variety annual annual failures* Full First 191Q- 191Q- 191o- yield yield bloom picking 1919 1924 1929 --1------1------No. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. No. 262 Arkansas (M. B. Twig) ...... May 8 Oct. 26 13.0 11.9 12.0 31.0 1.2 4 264 Arkansas (M. B. Twig) ...... May 8 Oct. 26 12.2 10.4 10.2 27.0 2.0 5 252 Arkansas Black.. May 8 Oct. 28 12.6 10.8 13.5 33.4 1.0 0 301 Arkansas Black. . May 8 Oct. 27 12.4 11.3 13.5 32.5 1.0 0 281 Astrachan...... May 4 July 28 6.8 8.2 8.6 19.3 2.0 6 213 Babbitt...... May 5 Oct. 14 11.7 12.9 15.4 34.5 1.0 0 299 Babbitt...... May 4 Oct. 13 7.0 7.2 8.8 19.0 1.0 1 117 Baldwin...... May 6 Oct. 16 14.7 16.4 14.3 34.0 1.8 3 118 Baldwin...... May 6 Oct. 16 12.7 14.4 12.8 31.1 2.4 3 119 Baldwin ...... May 5 Oct. 14 18.3 19.4 17.4 35.7 4.0 2 126 Baldwin...... May 8 Oct. 16 15.6 17.2 15.8 35.0 3.9 4 128 Baldwin...... May 6 Oct. 16 12.9 14.8 14.4 33.5 1.5 3 85 BenDavis ...... May 8 Nov. 4 12.3 12.5 12.9 35.0 1.2 3 86 Ben Davis...... May 9 Nov. 4 13.1 13.6 14.1 36.0 1.0 0 87 Ben Davis...... May 8 Nov. 4 16.4 16.3 17.4 46.6 1.2 1 143 BenDavis ...... May 8 Nov. 3 16.8 15.8 16.5 31.6 7.2 0 170 Ben Davis...... May 8 Nov. 3 16.6 16.2 18.1 35.4 7. 7 0 197 Ben Davis...... May 7 Nov. 2 11.8 11.5 13.2 24.0 4.3 0 394 Boiken...... May 11 Oct. 20 12.1 15.3 16.3 46.0 2.0 3 106 Bottle Greening . . May 7 Oct. 22 4.9 8.0 6.9 13.1 1.1 1 181 Celestia ...... May. 8 Oct. 8 6.6 9.0 12.6 40.0 1.1 1 104 Centennial ...... May 8 Aug. 28 12.5 13.4 14.0 30.9 3.5 3 180 Charlamoff...... May 7 Aug. 8 6.1 7.5 7.6 16.6 1.0 1 108 Collins...... May 8 Oct. 31 5.0 4.8 12.2 24.0 1.3 2 105 Delicious.. . • ...... May 8 Oct. 10 7.8 8.5 9.2 22.4 1.3 0 102 Duling ...... May 6 Aug.24 14.2 16.0 15.5 29.6 2.5 1 179 Early Harvest.... May 6 July 22 8. 7 8.6 9.0 17.0 2.0 0 268 Fallawater ...... May 8 Oct. 4 14.4 13.8 15.2 37.0 2.1 3 269 Fallawater...... May 8 Oct. 3 19.6 18.9 18.0 34.8 1.9 0 330 Fall Jennetting .. May 10 Sept. 4 8. 7 8. 7 8.0 20.8 1.8 10 331 Fall Jennettiug . . May 9 Sept. 5 8.4 10.3 10.5 27.1 1.3 3 332 Fall Jennetting .. May 9 Sept. 4 8.2 9.6 10.0 22.2 1.7 2 355 Fanny ...... May 6 Aug-.13 4.5 5.2 7.3 15.9 2.9 5 148 Gano...... May 8 Nov. 2 24.3 24.7 25.4 52.2 12.3 0 107 Gideon...... May 6 Sept. 7 6.0 9.5 10.4 23.5 2.3 3 97 Giffin...... May 8 Oct. 4 14.8 16.7 16.9 32.2 1.3 0 98 Giffin ...... May 8 Oct. 4 13.1 14.7 14.2 32.0 1.5 4 188 Golden Russet . . . . May 6 Oct. 26 8. 7 11.0 11.0 36.7 1.4 0 315 Greenville...... May 8 Oct. 10 7.9 10.1 11.1 22.5 1.5 0 316 Greenville...... May 8 Oct. 10 7. 7 8.6 9.2 19.0 1.0 3 317 Greenville...... May 8 Oct. 10 4.8 6.2 8.1 26.2 l.Z 3 195 Grimes...... May 6 Oct. 2 24.0 23.3 24.8 44.9 5.5 0 196 Grimes...... May 6 Oct. 2 16.0 17.4 18.0 34.2 6.0 1 214 Jefferis ...... May 8 Sept. 1 8.5 8.0 8.6 25.9 1.8 8 243 Jonathan...... May 8 Oct. 8 10.3 13.9 15.6 44.3 4.0 1 244 Jonathan...... May 7 Oct. 9 8.1 9.9 12.6 41.3 1.5 2 219 King (Tompkins) May 6 Oct. 3 7.3 7.2 9.4 27.4 1.1 1 248 Lankford , ...... May 8 Oct. 29 7.3 8.1 8.9 24.0 2.0 2 250 Lankford...... May 8 Oct. 30 5.9 6.6 6.9 17.4 1.5 4 10.5 11.4 12.4 33.5 1.0 3 199 Lansing-burg..... May 6 Nov. 1 283 Late Strawberry. May Sept. 4 10.5 9.0 9.4 20.8 1.0 3 284 Late Strawberry .. May 6 Sept. 6 12.3 12.3 13.2 29.8 2.7 1 333 Lowell ...... May 7 Aug. 30 8.4 9.2 9.4 27.2 1.6 4 151 Loy ...... May 10 Oct. 22 14.2 16.3 15.7 40.5 3.5 8 139 Mann ...... May 4 Oct. 26 12.6 15.3 15.3 31.9 2.8 1 216 Mann ...... May 5 Oct. 25 11.3 13.9 16.4 45.0 1.9 4 293 Mann ...... May 5 Oct. 26 8.9 9.8 10.2 31.3 2.5 3 294 Mann ...... May 6 Oct. 25 13.3 13.0 13.2 28.2 1.1 5 129 Moyer...... May 8 Oct. 12 14.2 15.5 14.8 40.8 3.2 6 327 Munson Sweet.... May 6 Aug. 31 12.3 12.6 12.7 34.8 6.3 7 328 Munson Sweet.... May 6 Aug. 26 10.4 10.3 10.3 28.9 1.5 4 329 Munson Sweet.... May 7 Aug. 26 12.1 12.8 14.0 34.7 1.9 4
*Less than one bushP 1. 18 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 472
TABLE 11.-Average Date of Bloom and Picking and Yield per Tree-Continued Trees planted 1893-1899, .20-year record
A veraJre date Average annual yield Highest Lowest Tree Variety annual annual Crop yield yield failures* Full First 191o- 191o- 1920- bloom picking 1919 1929 1929 ------No" Bu. Bu. Bn. Bu. Bu. No. 144 Northern Spy •... May 10 Oct. 9 4.5 5.2 6.8 22.6 1.0 4 145 Northern Spy .... May10 Oct. 9 12.8 15.1 15.3 32.0 4.0 3 146 Northern Spy .... May10 Oct. 10 3.8 5.1 6. 7 31.4 1.1 6 167 Northern Spy .... May10 Oct. 9 5.9 8.2 9.4 29.2 1.8 5 169 Northern Spy .... May10 Oct. 10 16.9 21.4 23.8 59.5 2.5 1 176 Northern Spy .... May 10 Oct. 10 3.9 7.0 10.8 43.7 1.0 4 178 Northern Spy .... May10 Oct. 10 16.7 19.3 22.2 52.5 1.1 2 175 Northwestern .... May 8 Oct. 20 11.7 13.8 15.8 40.0 2.1 1 352 Northwestern •... May10 Oct. 22 19.0 22.8 24.8 42.1 4.0 1 132 Oldenburg ...... May 5 Aug. 6 9.0 11.5 11.6 30.8 2.1 8 133 Oldenburg ...... May 4 Aug. 5 10.0 13.7 14.1 46.2 1.0 7 155 Oliver (Senator) .. May 8 Oct. 14 8.4 8.6 10.4 28.3 1.6 4 357 Oliver (Senator) .. May 8 Oct. 15 6.9 8.0 10.4 30.7 1.8 5 323 Paradise (Winter Sweet) ...... May 7 Oct. 24 11.9 13.5 14.8 29.8 4.6 1 340 Pecks (Pleasant) . May 8 Oct. 19 6.4 7.6 8.4 19.7 1.0 1 239 Ralls•...... •..... May14 Oct. 29 12.6 14.3 14.1 32.6 3.8 2 240 Ralls .•...... May14 Oct. 29 9.6 13.0 12.9 29.6 1.1 2 241 Ralls..••.•...... May14 Oct. 28 7.9 10.8 11.1 31.0 2.3 7 334 Rambo •...... May 7 Oct. 10 11.6 10.9 11.4 22.4 3.0 3 342 Red Canada ...... May 8 Oct. 16 8.6 9.6 10.8 32.4 2.0 3 343 Red Canada ...... May 8 Oct. 16 11.0 10.8 11.0 23.9 1.5 3 344 Red Canada .••... May 7 Oct. 16 14.1 15.0 15.6 39.0 3.8 5 227 Rhode Island (Greening) ...... May 7 Oct. 6 10.1 13.6 17.2 46.0 1.4 0 229 Rhode Island (Greening) ...... May 7 Oct. 6 9.9 13.0 16.1 39.5 3.0 0 324 Rome Beauty ..... Mayll Oct. 22 13.1 15.7 16.6 29.8 2.6 0 325 Rome Beauty ..... Mayll Oct. 22 19.2 20.7 20.6 34.6 8.5 1 326 Rome Beauty ..... Mayll Oct. 22 10.9 12.2 13.6 28.0 1.5 0 101 Roxbury Russet .. May 8 Oct. 14 14.8 14.6 15.3 34.0 2.7 4 224 Salome•••...... May 6 Oct. 26 11.2 14.9 16.7 41.5 2.0 1 91 Stark ••••••.•..... May 6 Oct. 20 10.6 10.1 11.4 23.9 1.4 2 92 Stark ••••••...... May 6 Oct. 20 8.4 9.6 10.2 34.2 1.0 2 121 Stark ...••••...... May 7 Oct. 20 16.4 16.2 14.9 33.6 5.5 2 136 Stark .••••..•..... May 6 Oct. 22 8.3 10.3 11.0 39.4 1.0 5 158 Stayman •...... May 8 Oct. 23 8.0 9.9 12.2 27.5 1.5 2 212 Stayman •...•.... May 8 Oct. 22 6. 7 6.0 6.4 16.0 1.0 7 312 Stayman ...... May 8 Oct. 24 15.5 14.6 13.7 31.8 1.0 1 354 Summer King .... May 8 Aug.15 8.5 10.4 12.0 39.3 1.1 9 112 Twenty Ounce .... May 8 Oct. 7 5.8 9.8 11.6 26.0 1.0 2 124 Walbridge ...... May 6 Oct. 28 8.1 8.9 10.3 25.0 1.0 1 125 Walbridge ...... May 8 Oct. 30 9.5 9.5 10.2 24.6 1.0 1 289 Wealthy ...... May 8 Aug. 30 6.2 7.3 7.6 19.9 2.6 4 290 Wealthy ...... May 8 Sept. 1 6.1 7.3 7.6 12.7 2.3 0 291 Wealthy ...... May 9 Sept. 1 5.9 7.5 7.8 21.0 1.3 7 310 Western Wonder .. May 9 Sept. 23 7.8 9.2 10.8 23.4 1.0 3 245 Whinery ...... May 7 Oct. 27 12.8 11.9 12.2 27.0 1.2 2 247 Whinery ...... May 6 Oct. 27 14.2 12.2 13.2 32.5 1.0 4 88 White Pippin ..... May 6 Oct. 25 11.4 14.1 15.2 35.1 1.4 1 89 White Pippin ..... May 6 Oct. 24 17.2 19.0 20.9 46.5 2.0 1 90 White Pippin ..... May 6 Oct. 24 16.0 15.6 16.0 30.5 2.9 1 259 White Pippin ..... May 8 Oct. 21 7.6 8.8 12.6 35.7 1.5 6 100 Winesap ...... May 8 Oct. 27 6.3 6.5 6.8 16.9 1.5 2 266 Winter Banana.. . May 8 Oct. 12 13.7 16.3 14.3 36.4 2.0 1 114 WolfRiver ...... May 8 Sept. 20 12.3 13.1 13.4 36.1 1.0 5 251 Yellow Bellflower. May 7 Oct. 24 5.2 6.0 6.8 26.0 1.1 1 83 Yellow Trans· parent ...... May 8 July 24 8.7 11.1 11.5 32.0 1.1 7 84 Yellow Trans- parent...... May 8 July 24 9.8 12.4 12.2 29.7 1.3 7 232 Yellow Trans- parent ...... May 8 July 22 6.0 8.0 7.4 20.2 1.5 7 111 York Imperial. ... May 8 Oct. 26 11.3 15.1 16.1 37.8 1.5 4 309 York Imperial. ... May 9 Oct. 23 5.0 6.1 8.3 27.0 1.2 5 *Less than one bushel. • BLOOM PERIOD AND YIELD OF APPLES 19
TABLE 12.-Date of Planting, Average Date of Bloom and Picking, and Yield per Tree Trees planted, 1900-1919
Average date Average annual yield High- Low- Year First est est Crop Tree Variety planted crop annual annual fail- Full First 1920- From yield yield ures* bloom picking 1929 1st crop to 1929 ------No, Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. No, 494 Aiken...... 1912 May 7 Oct. 29 1925 ...... 7.2 11.6 2.7 0 567 Alexander .••••... 1909 May 6 Sept. 10 1924 ...... 2.4 4.5 1.5 0 621 Allington Pippin. 1916 May 9 Oct. 1 1923 ...... 3.4 8.4 1.1 1 644 Allington Pippin. 1917 MaylO Oct. 1 1923 5.6 14.0 2.0 2 401 Arkansas ...... 1900 May 8 Oct. 28 1911 "9:i' 8.3 22.6 1.8 3 424 Arkansas ...... 1904 May10 Oct. 25 1914 9.2 7.6 18.2 1.1 2 361 Arkansas Black .. 1900 May 9 Oct. 29 1913 9.0 8.0 23.3 1.0 2 476 Arkansas Black .. 1905 May 8 Oct. 27 1914 9.8 7.3 36.9 1.0 2 359 Baldwin ...... 1912 May 7 Oct. 14 1922 ...... 9.4 24.4 2.1 0 395 Baldwin ...... 1912 May 9 Oct. 16 1924 6.0 10.0 3.0 1 204 Baltimore..•...... 1913 May 5 Oct, 16 1918 "9:5· 8.1 18.1 1.0 2 210 Baltimore...... 1913 May 5 Oct. 17 1923 ...... 2.9 5.0 1.0 0 510 Banks (Red Gra venstein) ... 1905 May 5 Aug. 26 1916 11.9 9.6 38.6 1.5 3 480 Bayard ...... 1905 May 9 Oct. 18 1914 7.5 6.5 17.2 1.1 1 448 BenDavis ...... 1904 May 9 Nov, 1 1911 13.6 10.2 26.9 2.0 3 481 Ben Hur ...... 1905 MaylO Oct, 23 1911 10.3 6.8 22.0 1.0 3 391 Black Ben ...... 1900 May 8 Oct. 30 1 13.4 10.4 23.6 1.5 1 453 Black Ben ...... 1904 May 8 Oct. 28 1911 14.8 10.7 25.7 1.7 0 153 Blenheim ...... 1903 May 6 Sept. 16 1913 9.8 8.1 23.0 1. 7 3 272 Blenheim ...... 1903 May 8 Sept. 20 1913 9.4 9.4 19.6 1.1 1 455 Blenheim ...... 1905 May 8 Sept. 20 1916 12.5 10.1 32.0 1.7 1 612 Blythe ...... 1916 May 6 Oct. 21 1925 4.6 7.4 1.0 0 ' 484 Bottle Greening•.. 1905 May 8 Oct, 23 1916 · i2:.r 9.6 23.0 1.1 1 493 Carolina Beauty•. 1905 May 7 Oct. 16 1914 10.7 9.0 24.2 1.4 2 154 Charlamoff ...... 1909 May 8 Aug. 10 1918 2.2 2.0 4.5 1.4 4 201 Charlamoff •...... 1909 May 7 Aug.ll 1920 5.3 5.3 13.8 1.0 2 414 Corps Choice.•.... 1915 May 7 Oct. 22 1921 ...... 6.9 18.5 1.3 1 211 Cox Orange...... 1912 May 9 Sept. 29 1921 ...... 3.5 10.7 1.2 2 263 Cox Orange•...... 1913 May 8 Oct. 5 1923 3.1 6.6 1.1 2 392 Collins ...... 1900 May10 Oct. 29 1912 'iii;' 12.2 24.0 1.3 2 279 Delicious •••...... 2 May 7 Oct. 10 1919 15.4 15.1 24.8 5.1 0 451 Delicious ...... 1904 May 8 Oct. 10 1914 10.5 8.9 21.0 2.1 1 452 Delicious ...... 1904 May 8 Oct. 10 1915 12.4 9.9 23.2 1.2 1 496 Early Melon .••... 1905 May 5 Sept. 11 1919 4.8 4.4 13.5 1.0 4 656 Early Straw- berry (Crab) ... 1917 May 7 Aug. 16 1925 ...... 2.3 4.8 2.3 2 627 Elmer...... 1916 MaylO Oct. 20 1924 ...... 4. 7 9.9 1.0 0 443 English Rambo... 3 May 6 Oct, 16 1921 ...... 9.9 23.0 2.1 1 474 Ensee ...... 4 May 5 Oct. 24 1925 5.3 12.3 1.1 1 411-1 Ensee ...... 1904 May 7 Oct. 20 ...... "5:9· ...... 18.9 1.0 1 411-2 Ensee ...... 1904 May 7 Oct. 20 ...... 3.6 ...... 8.2 2.6 3 411-3 Ensee ...... 1904 May 7 Oct. 20 4.1 7.5 1.8 2 472 Esopus...... 6 May 7 Oct. 25 "i923' ...... ""5:6'" 12.6 1.0 2 469 Estelline ..••...... 1916 May 4 July 31 1923 4.0 7.5 1.4 1 654 Evelyn...... 1917 May 8 Oct. 11 1925 .. 5:s· 5.8 9.5 1.2 0 390 Fall J ennetting... 1900 MaylO Sept. 7 9.8 8.1 30.9 1.3 7 501 Fameuse...... 1905 May 7 Oct. 6 . i9i4' 12.9 8.6 32.9 1.0 4 502 Fameuse...... 1905 May 7 Oct. 6 1914 5.6 3.9 13.1 1.0 5 94 Family ...... 1901 May 6 Aug.l3 1911 6.0 5.3 15.2 1.0 8 95 Family ...... 1901 May 7 Ang. 13 1911 6.5 5.4 18.2 2.0 9 466 Fenville ...... 1909 May 9 Oct. 26 1916 4.4 3.6 11.5 1.7 7 OS-16 Gallia Beauty •... 1915 May12 Oct. 25 1923 5.6 12.5 1.0 0 429 Garden Royal .... 6 May 5 Aug, 23 1919 "3:9' 3.6 12.7 1.0 4 632 Garnett ...... 1916 May 5 Sept. 26 1925 ...... 7.2 13.2 2.2 0 623 Gasgoigne Scarlet ...... 1916 May10 Sept. 8 1925 3.8 8.1 1.2 0 255 Giant Jeniton..... 1909 May 9 Oct. 28 1918 "s:s· 3.6 11.0 1.5 5 634 Glenton ...... 1916 Mayl2 Sept. 15 1925 ...... 5.9 12.3 1.3 0 82 Gold Crab ...... 1912 May 5 Aug.15 1922 ······ 3.1 8.1 1.0 2 *Less than one bnshel. lFirst crop prior to 1910. •Tree 279 top grafted in 1914 on a tree planted in 1893. •Tree 443 top grafted in 1915 on a tree planted in 1909. •Tree 474 top grafted in 1916 on a tree planted in 1909. •Tree 472 top grafted in 1916 on a tree planted in 1905. 'Tree 429 top grafted in 1915 on a tree planted in 1905. 20 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 472
TABLE 12.-Date of Planting, Average Date of Bloom and Picking, • and Yield per Tree-Continued Trees planted, 1900-1919
Average date Average annual yield Hjgh- Low- Year 1st est est Crop Tree Variety planted crop annual annual fail- Full First 192Q- From yield yield ures* picking 1929 1st crop bloom to 1929 ------No. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. No. 215 Gold Crab ...... 1912 May 4 Aug. 14 1921 4. 7 12.0 1.0 1 454 Golden Russet .... 1905 May 6 Oct. 26 1915 ··4:9· 4.1 12.7 1.0 4 363 Greenville ...... 1900 May 8 Oct, 12 1911 14.8 10.9 26.6 1.3 1 421 Hathaway ...... 1905 May 8 Oct. 9 1914 9.8 7.8 24.2 1.5 2 403 Heiges ...... 1900 May 7 Oct. 25 1911 4.0 5.1 16.0 1.2 5 613 Hewes Vir~dnia Crab•...... 1916 May 7 Oct. 24 1925 ...... 4.1 :7.5 1.4 0 165 Hibernal ...... 1909 May 7 Sept. 7 1922 ...... 5.6 16.7 1.5 2 May Sept. 7 1925 3.3 5.8 1.6 1 485 Hibkee ...... 1919 3 "(jj" 335 Hubbardston ... 1903 May 9 Oct. 5 1914 8.1 21.8 6.5 8 417 Hubbardston ..... 1905 May 9 Oct. 6 1915 6. 7 6.1 16.9 1.0 2 360 Hubbardston ..... 1913 May 7 Oct. 4 1922 6.4 10.6 1.6 0 206 Huntsman ...... 1905 May 8 Oct. 24 1913 . ii:4· 10.1 24.0 5.0 5 445 Jonathan ...... 1912 May 5 Oct. 6 1918 4.4 4.0 9.0 1.0 2 629 Joyce ...... 1916 May 5 Aug. 23 1925 4.4 11.4 2.4 2 202 King David ...... 1909 May 7 Oct. 5 1917 .. s:o· 6.7 24.8 1.3 2 254 Kinnard ...... 1909 May 7 Oct. 23 1918 7.8 7.4 20.0 1.5 1 261 Kinnard ...... 1909 May 6 Oct. 23 1918 6.1 5.4 13.0 1.6 1 437 Kinnard ...... 1905 MaylO Oct. 31 1915 6.0 4.5 10.1 1.4 4 464 Linville ...... 1905 May 8 Oct. 31 1913 10.5 8.0 19.2 1.0 2 450 Liveland ...... 1904 May 4 July 23 1917 4.9 4.2 14.4 1.5 4 470 Magnet ...... 1911 May 7 Sept. 21 1924 5.6 10.1 2.8 0 358 Maiden Blush .... 1900 May 9 Sept, 10 1914 "4:4· 3.2 8.1 1.1 5 162 Malinda ...... 1909 May 8 Oct. 6 1921 8.2 13.5 1.1 1 428 Mcintosh ...... 1905 May 7 Sept. 21 1916 "7:4" 5.8 16.7 1.6 2 110 Mcintosh ...... 1903 May 7 Sept. 17 1911 17.7 14.0 38.5 1.1 4 338 Mcintosh ...... 1903 May 7 Sept. 19 1913 16.0 11.9 30.0 1.6 2 388 Mcintosh ...... 1903 May 7 Sept. 17 1911 21.7 17.1 41.7 3.0 3 633 Melba ...... 1916 May 6 Aug. 15 1925 2.5 6.0 1.9 2 122 Milwaukee ...... 1909 May 3 Sept. 12 1918 "4:i" 3.6 12.5 1.0 1 131 Milwaukee ...... 1909 May 4 Sept. 10 1918 7.9 6.9 24.0 1.3 2 270 Minkler .....•.... 1916 May 6 Nov. 2 1924 1.8 4.5 1.0 2 375 Missing Link ..... 1900 May 7 Oct. 26 1 . i3:5" 14.1 27.4 1.1 4 376 Missing Link ..... 1900 May 6 Oct. 26 1 10.7 7.4 23.6 1.0 3 456 Moneymaker ..... 1905 May 8 Oct, 17 1912 10.4 7.5 21.0 1.0 2 615 Moore Sweet ...... 1916 May 7 Oct. 23 1924 ...... 5.2 10.7 1.5 0 238 Mother •...... 1913 May 9 Sept. 8 1922 3.8 11.8 1.0 1 441 Mother ...... 1909 May 9 Sept. 16 1918 "8:2' 7.2 20.5 1.0 2 442 Mother ...... 1909 May 9 Sept. 17 1920 5.1 5.1 11.9 1.7 2 278 Moyer ...... 8 May 7 Oct. 10 1917 15.5 13.2 34.8 1.1 2 630 Nemo ...... 1916 May 7 Oct. 4 1924 4.5 10.8 1.7 2 304 Nero ...... 1909 May 4 Oct. 18 1918 ··~;:~;· 5.6 14.6 1.0 3 362 Nero ...... 1909 May 6 Oct. 21 1916 6.4 6.0 20.3 1.6 2 626 Niobe ...... 1916 May10 Oct. 19 1924 5.8 8.4 1.5 0 381 Nottingham ...... 1900 May 8 Oct. 21 1911 'i2:3' 9.0 26.3 1.5 2 382 Nottingham ..... 1900 May 9 Oct, 21 1914 13.9 11.0 22.5 1.0 0 183 Ohio Nonpareil. .. 1915 May 4 Sept. 18 1922 ······ 7.9 18.0 1.1 1 234 Okabena •...... 1909 May 7 Aug.23 1920 4.0 11.0 1.0 2 400 Oldenburg ...... 1900 May 7 Aug. 3 1911 'ii:i" 8.5 23.7 1.4 6 402 Oldenburg ...... 1905 May 5 Aug. 3 1914 5.4 4.1 11.8 1.3 6 387 Oliver ...... 1900 May 6 Oct. 16 1912 5.0 5.3 16.0 1.3 7 427 Oliver ...... 1904 May 9 Oct. 11 1914 9.7 7.3 20.7 2.0 4 548 Opalescent ...... 1916 May 4 Oct, 3 1925 ...... 4.3 8.0 2. 7 1 431 Ortley ...... 9 May 9 Oct. 24 1923 7.0 15.1 2.4 1 208 Patten Greening.. 1909 May 4 Sept. 18 1918 .. s:o· 6.9 22.0 1.5 3 423 Payne ...... 1904 May 9 Oct, 28 1911 9.0 6.5 19.9 2.0 5 us Porter ...... 1915 May 8. Sept. 12 1924 4.5 18.5 1.0 2 461 Ramsdell Sweet .. 1905 May 8 Sept. 28 1915 'i2:2' 9.5 22.3 2.0 1 486 Red Canada ...... 10 May 8 Oct. 24 1922 8.0 17.1 1.4 1 295 Red June ...... 1903 May 7 Aug. 4 1913 "5:2" 4.0 10.0 1.5 2
'First crop prior to 1910. 80riginal tree set in 1893, top grafted in 1912. •Original tree set in 1909, top grafted in 1916. lOOriginal tree set in 1905, top grafted in 1916. BLOOM PERIOD AND YIELD OF APPLES 21
TABLE 12.-Date of Planting, Average Date of Bloom and Picking, and Yield per Tree--Concluded Trees planted, 1900-1919
• Average date Average annual yield High- Low- Year est est Crop Tree Variety planted 1st annual annual fail- Full First crop 1920- From yield yield ures* bloom picking 1929 1st crop to 1929 ------No. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. JVo. 499 Red June ...... 1905 May 7 Aug, 5 1916 6.4 5.3 10.6 1.4 3 500 Red June ...... 1905 May 17 Aug. 4 1917 5.1 4.4 13.7 1.3 5 628 Rocket...... 1916 May10 Sept. 17 1923 3.7 12.9 2.2 3 430 Rome Beauty..... 1905 May12 Oct. 25 1916 "8:2' 6.2 18.9 1.1 2 371 Rutledge...... 1900 May 7 Oct. 29 1912 6.7 5.9 17.3 1.2 2 372 San Jacinto (W. R. June) ... 1900 May 8 Aug, 31 11 11.8 9.3 24.3 2.3 8 434 San Jacinto (W. R. June) ... 1905 May 9 Sept. 1 1914 11.8 9.3 20.6 1.1 1 435 San Jacinto ...... 1905 May 8 Sept. 2 1914 8. 7 6.6 21.0 1.1 2 488 Sheriff ...... 1905 May10 Oct. 31 1905 6.3 5.0 12.0 1.0 2 182 Shiawassee ...... 1903 May 8 Oct. 12 1914 7.2 5.2 15.3 1.0 4 413 Shirley ...... 1905 May 8 Nov. 1 1916 ...... 5. 7 12.2 1.4 1 653 Sou lard Crab ..... 1917 May 8 Oct. 22 1925 5.2 9.0 4.0 1 433 Stark ...... 1905 May 8 Oct. 23 1915 "7:8' 5. 7 20.0 1.2 2 511 Starr ...... 1916 May 7 Aug.20 1923 3.3 6.5 1.5 2 134 Stayman Winesap 1901 May 8 Oct. 23 11 'io:s· 8.7 14.7 1. 7 1 374 Stayman Winesap 1900 May 9 Oct. 27 1912 7.3 6.4 13.5 1.2 1 425 Stayman Winesap 1904 May 9 Oct. 25 1912 13.4 10.0 27.3 1.1 0 426 Stayman Winesap 1904 May 9 Oct. 24 1913 12.0 9.4 18.9 1.0 1 659 Success Crab ..... 1917 May 2 Sept.10 1925 ...... 1.0 3.5 1.7 3 ' 418 Summer Banana . 1909 May 6 Sept.12 1923 ...... 4.7 11.0 2.3 0 150 Summer Champion ...... 1909 May 5 Aug.12 1918 5.8 5.0 14.4 1.0 3 479 Summer King .... 1909 May 8 Aug.21 1923 ...... 5.1 13.1 2.2 3 465 Summer Pearmain ...... 1909 May 8 Sept. 2 1915 5.1 3.7 9.8 1.1 4 458 Summer Rambo .. 1905 May 8 Sept. 4 1914 11.0 8.2 23.9 1.1 3 412-1 Sutton ...... 1904 May 6 Oct. 10 1918 7.2 6.9 18.7 3.6 3 412-2 Sutton ...... 1904 May 6 Oct. 10 1918 8.3 7.6 25.2 1.1 1 412-3 Sutton ...... 1904 May 6 Oct. 12 1918 7.1 6.7 20.7 1.2 2 412-4 Sutton ...... 1904 May 6 Oct. 11 1918 4.8 4.5 15.3 1.5 3 405-1 Swaar ...... 1905 May 8 Oct. 26 1914 9.1 6.8 19.8 1.0 0 384 Texas Red ...... 1900 May 9 Oct. 31 1911 8.1 6.9 22.5 1.0 7 609 Transcendent Crab ...... 1916 May 5 Aug.27 1923 2.4 4.3 1.3 1 473 Uncle Sam ••..... 1905 May 8 Oct. 3 1914 'i2:9· 9.2 24.8 1.1 1 120 University •...... 1909 May 7 Sept. 5 1923 ...... 8.1 17.0 1.0 0 490 Virginia Beauty. 1909 May 8 Oct. 20 1923 3.9 9.0 2.7 1 491 Virginia Beauty.. 1909 May 7 Oct. 25 1919 "6:6· 6.1 17.5 1.1 2 639 Walker Beauty ... 1917 May 7 Oct, 9 1925 3.2 3.2 9.3 3.0 2 457 Wallace Howard.. 1909 May 6 Oct. 1 1921 7.4 20.6 1.5 1 463 Wealthy ...... 1905 May 8 Sept. 3 1915 "s:o· 3.9 15.4 1.0 4 368 Whinery ...... 1900 May 7 Oct. 28 11 9.3 9.0 21.1 1.0 1 369 Whinery ...... 1900 May 7 Oct. 28 11 7.5 7.3 18.6 1.1 3 364 Winesap ..•...... 1900 May 9 Oct. 27 11 3.2 3.6 9.0 1.4 3 365 Winesap ...... 1900 May 9 Oct. 27 11 5.8 4.6 18.0 2.0 2 389 Winter Banana .. 1903 May 9 Oct. 14 1911 14.7 10.6 25.4 1.0 1 404 Winter Banana .. 1903 May 9 Oct. 14 1912 8.9 7.2 20.7 1.7 4 529 Wismer ••••••.•... 12 May 6 Sept. 13 1924 ...... 9.0 17.2 6.5 1 624 Worcester Pearmain ...... 1916 May 7 Sept. 5 1923 2.2 7.2 1.2 3 482 Yellow Newtown. 1905 May 7 Oct. 26 1917 . Til' 6.0 19.5 1.0 5 483 Yellow Newtown. 1905 May 7 Oct. 26 1917 6.8 5.7 20.5 2.2 5 610 Yellow Siberian Crab ...... 1916 May 4 Sept. 28 1924 2.4 5.0 2.5 2 377 York ...... 1900 May10 Oct. 26 1913 'i2:4' 10.2 32.1 1.3 1 378 York ...... 1900 May11 Oct. 26 1913 8.4 8.5 17.6 1.4 2
llFirst crop prior to 1910. l20rigina1 tree set in 1905, top ~;rafted in 1916. • •
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