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Sand Ramps Or Climbing Dunes? Identification And -SAND RA1\1PS OR CLIIVIBING DUNES? IDENTIFICATION AND PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL SIG1~Il-~'ICANCE OF AEOLIAN DEPOSITS IN THE SOUTHERN KALAHARI AND BREEDE RIVER VALLEY, SOUTH AFRICA. SUSAN .TEAN TYSON Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Environmental and Geographical Science lJNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOvVN October 1999 The Untvorsf~, cl Cr.'f)e Town li~t; ~· 1 ./.K.-r-. h ri9ltJt 1D rnprodo~ tf'.lc m; .~:-i in ''1 ..ii•; i or In part. Copy·n,f.rt is ri.·.;i:J 'r:' t.11; ;,. ; nnr. ~ ----------------------------------·- ~---------- -- ---- ---- The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. ABSTRACT Sand ·ramps or climbing dunes? 'Identification :and palaeoenvironmental significance .of aeolian deposits in the southern Kalahari .and ,Breede River Valley, South Africa. The study is primarily concerned with the identification of topographical dunes and their classification as either sand ramps or climbing dunes. Topographical dunes in two semi-arid regions, namely the southern Kalahari (a summer rainfall region) and the Breede River Valley (a winter rainfall region), were investigated. The study also evaluates the palaeoenvironmental significance of the topographical dunes and attempts a palaeoenvironmental reconstruction within the study regions. The two different rainfall regimes faciliated regional comparisons with respect to environmental change, most particularly during the Quaternary. The methodology comprises a review of current literature on topographical dunes, an examination of aerial photography to identify topographical dunes in South Africa and field work to ground. truth the dunes. Field sampling, laboratory work (granular composition analysis, pH, conductivity and scanning electron microscopy) as well as statistical analyses (principal component and cluster analyses) were employed to assist in the palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. The results of the laboratory and statistical analyses do not reveal any obvious differences with respect to structure, particle size, pH, conductivity, chemical composition and the surface texture of the grains betwe~p, the different topographical dunes. The dunes comprise homogeneous quartz sand that was emplaced against topographical barriers as a result of aeolian processes. They are therefore classified as climbing dunes rather than sand ramps. Three optically stimulated luminescence dates were determined for a topographical dune from each study region. Samples from the Prynnsberg 2 dune in the southern Kalahari are dated to 100 years.. and it is suggested that this is due to current reworking of the Kalahari sands from the extensive linear dune field and from the Orange River. It is proposed that the southern Kalahari topographical dunes are currently episodically active. From the Sandput dune in the Breede River Valley, three probable humid phases are identified: 762 kyr, 28.2 kyr and 9.9 kyr. These humid periods may be coupled with episodes of cooling, which supports results from previous studies. This finding has important implications for future climatic changes in the winter rainfall region of South Africa, implying that warming in the Western Cape may be associated with a decrease in precipitation. Lastly, a short historic overview of aerial photographs shows that topographical dunes are susceptible to human impacts in the form of agriculture, overgrazing, sand quarrying and through the construction of dams and weirs on nvers. Susan Jean Tyson University of Cape Town October 1998 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -I a.Ill most tharikful to the farmers in the southern Kalahari -and Breede River Valley who willingly allowed me to work on their farms. In particuJar I thank Karl and Else Pretorius for their assistance and hospitality. Thank you to Russell Maythem from the Marine Geoscience Department, Miranda Waldon from the Scanning Electron Microscope Unit and Antoinette Upton from the Geology Department at the University Cape Town for.allowing me to use the equipment necessary to complete the laboratory work for this dissertation. I am grateful to the South African Weather Bureau and the Computer Centre for Water Research for providing the weather data. Thank you to Mark Bateman of the Sheffield Centre for International Drylands Research for doing the dating of my samples. I am very grateful for the financial support which the Foundation for Research Development· and the Rotary Club of Claremont have provided me with for the duration of this research. Thank you also to Dave Thomas of the Sheffield Centre for International Drylands Research for financially supporting my field trips to the southern Kalahari and for providing funding for six optically stimulated luminescence dates. I am especially appreciative of my friends and colleagues in the Environmental and Geographical· Science Department at UCT for all their assistance, support and encouragement. Thank you to Susan Sayers for drawing some of the diagrams -in.this dissertation, as well as to Debbie Shannon, Giles Wiggs (Sheffield University), Brett Smith, Alexander Shaw and Jeremy Main -for their thesis "tips'', assistance with field work and computer trouble shooting. To my sister, Debbie Hudson, thanks for all your advice, encouragement and friendship, and thank you to my uncle, Peter Tyson, for his valuable input and comments. I am very grateful to my supervisors, Peter Holmes, Mike Meadows and Dave Thomas, for all their continual advice, expertise and assistance. Thank you to Peter for accompanying me on my field trips, helping me in the laboratory and always being ready to chat. To Mike, thank you for funding my field trips and for our interesting discussions. Finally, Dave, I am greatly indebted to you for bringing this project to me, for all our engaging email conversations and for arranging for my samples to be dated. To my parents, Ray and Alison Tyson, thank you for always having faith in my abilities and for your continual support. To Toni, thank you for all your love and encouragement during this period. 11 .TABLE OF:CONTEN1'S ASTRA.CT ····•············~············································································~··································(i ' . ACKNOWLEDGEM:ENTS ............................................. .; ...................................................ii TABLE 0 F CONTENTS ................................................................................................... iii ·LIST 0 F FI G.URES ............................................................................................................ vi LIST 0 F TABLES ............................................................................................................... x LIST OF PLATES ............................................................................................................. xii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. I 1.2 Definitions of sand ramps, climbing and falling dunes ........................................ 2 1.2.1 Sand Ramps .................................................................................................... 2 1.2.2 Cl,imbing Dunes ............................................................................................. 3 1.3 The Potential Use of Topographical Dunes as Palaeoenvironmental 'Indicators··············································~····"~·················~············································ 3 1.4 Limitations ................................................... ~:~ .......................................................... 5 1.5 Previous Research··················································~················································· 5 1.6 The Southern Kalahari and Breede River Valley: Sand Ramps or Climbing Dunes? ............. ~···················································~···································· 9 1. 7· Aims, Objectives and Hypothesis ......................................................................... 11 1.8 Structural Outline .................................................................................................. 12 CHAPTER 2: REGIONAL SETTING ........................................................................... 13 2.1 lntroduction .............................................. ~····························································· ·13 2.2 The Southern Kalahari Environment .................................................................. 13 2.2.1 Geology ........................................................................................................ 13 2.2.2 The Kalahari Sands ...................................................................................... 14 2.2.3 The Geomorphology of the Southern Ka1ahari ............................................ 15 2.2.4 Present Climate ............................................................................................ 17 2.2.5 Vegetation ............................. ~························································'.·············22 2.3 The Breede River Valley Environment
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