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Encuentro Con El Caribe Francés

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Encuentro Con El Caribe Francés literatos de investigadores de arqueología y etnohistoria arqueólogos antropólogos historiadores Un encuentro entre literatos, historiadores, arqueólogos y antropólogos de Haití,Guadalupe, Martinica y Puerto Rico. Fundación Cultural Educativa Inc. - Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña encuentrocon el caribeUn encuentro entre literatos, francés historiadores, arqueólogos y antropólogos de Haití, Guadalupe, Martinica y Puerto Rico. Este encuentro ha sido organizado por la Fundación Cultural Educatión Inc. Todos los derechos reservados. La adaptación, reproducción total o parcial, por cualquier medio, queda estrictamente prohibida sin autorización previa del autor o del Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña. El material contenido en esta publicación puede ser citado siempre que se dé el crédito correspondiente. El contenido y estilo de los artículos es responsabilidad de sus autores. No significa que el Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña se solidariza con los puntos de vista expuestos por el autor. © 2010 Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña créditos JUNTA DE DIRECTORES JUNTA DE DIRECTORES Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña Fundación Cultural Educativa Inc. Dr. Rafael Colón Olivieri Dr. Sebastian Robiou Lamarche Presidente Interino Presidente Dr. José Alberty Monroig Prof. Angel Olmeda Vicepresidente Vicepresidente Dr. Gonzalo Córdova Profa. Grisselle Merced Hernández Secretario Secretaria General Dra. Loretta Phelps de Córdova Sr. Jorge Maisonet Dr. Rodolfo Lugo Ferrer Tesorero Prof. Manuel Álvarez Lezama Junta de Directores Fundación Cultural Educativa Inc. P.O. Box 9403 Prof. Mercedes Gómez Marrero San Juan, PR 00908 Directora Ejecutiva Arqla. Laura Del Olmo Frese Directora del Programa de Arqueología y Etnohistoria PRODUCCIÓN Editorial Arqla. Laura Del Olmo Frese Editora Edna Isabel Acosta Diseño y Diagramación Contenido Introducción 8 Dr. Sebastián Robiou Lamarche - Presidente, Fundación Cultural Educativa Inc. Mensaje 13 Ricardo E. Alegría Mensaje - André Malraux y la metamorfosis del imaginario antillano 14 Hon. Dr. Marc Jean Bernard - Cónsul Honorario de Francia en Puerto Rico Historia El Caribe francófono, el antillanismo y el(hispano)americanismo 28 en la era de las revoluciones. Dr. Antonio Gaztambide - Puerto Rico Intraislas: historiografia, y presencia francesa en el Caribe 46 (siglos XVIII y XIX) Dra. Libia González - Puerto Rico Literatura A modo de presentación. La cultura del Caribe desde variadas 54 perspectivas: Diálogos sobre hispanidad, negritud, creolización, género, identidad y otredad Profa. Grisselle Merced - Puerto Rico Negritude, feminidad y creolización: reflexiones sobre la narrativa 56 femenina de Martinica y Guadalupe y la conceptualización de la identidad Dra. Mayra Nadal - Puerto Rico Literatura e invención del Caribe 66 Dra. Carmen Rita Centeno Añeses - Puerto Rico Les enjeux de la Creolite 78 Ernest Pepin - Guadalupe Arqueología La construcción del Caribe desde la perspectiva arqueológica 86 Arqlo. Miguel Rodríguez - Puerto Rico Los Caribes de las Antillas Menores: teniendo en cuenta la historia 96 Dr. Henri Petitjean-Roget - Guadalupe Intersecciones históricas entre Puerto Rico y las Antillas Mayores 104 y en tiempos precoloniales Dr. Reniel Rodríguez - Puerto Rico Antropología El cementerio como centro de investigación multidisciplinaria 118 Dr. Ignacio Olazagasti - Puerto Rico Bioarqueología en restos humanos precolombinos en el Caribe insular 128 Dr. Edwin Crespo - Puerto Rico Calibán en el espejo del Quimbois 138 Dr. Rafael López Valdés - Puerto Rico El simbolismo ritual de la cohoba 148 Dr. Osvaldo García-Goyco - Puerto Rico 162 Conferenciantes 165 Auspiciadores Introducción Introducción Dr. Sebastián Robiou Lamarche Presidente, Fundación Cultural Educativa Inc. Palabras de la Ceremonia Inaugural del Encuentro con el Caribe francés. Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Puerto Rico y el Caribe, jueves, 10 de marzo de 2010. Buenas noches, amigas y amigos. Esta es una noche maravillosa. Una noche que culmina un esfuerzo extraordinario de varios meses para poder celebrar este Encuentro con el Caribe francés junto a todos Uds. Bienvenidos a la noche inaugural de este simposio dedicado al Dr. Ricardo Alegría por su decidido interés en la documentación histórica del Caribe. Don Ricardo tiene una vasta ejecutoria cultural. Entre otros tantos logros, fue el fundador y director por años del Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña y de este Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Puerto Rico y el Caribe. Como lee la carta que le entregamos en enero de este año: De esta manera reconocemos su esfuerzo en múltiples investigaciones, ediciones y publicaciones de documentos y libros de esta área geográfica, entre los cuales resalta Crónicas francesas de los indios caribes (1981) y Crónicas de las poblaciones negras en el Caribe francés (1996). Ambas publicaciones se fundamentan en la traducción al español de las crónicas en francés del siglo XVII relativas a las Antillas Menores, lo cual ha permitido el acceso a estos raros documentos a los investigadores de habla hispana. Asimismo, estas atinadas investigaciones han permitido ensanchar nuestra visión en el tiempo y el espacio del Caribe. Ante todo, conviene dar un vistazo a la historia del Caribe insular, de las Antillas Mayores y Menores en particular, para de este modo presentarles el programa del simposio. En cuanto a nuestra historia precolombina, mal llamada prehistoria, ésta resulta ser el resultado de un complejo proceso de unos 8,000 años, según afirman los arqueólogos. En ese lapso de tiempo, se documentan los restos de diversas migraciones de seres humanos provenientes de Centro y Suramérica, cuyas interacciones culturales en el tiempo y el espacio insular culminaron en los llamados taínos y caribes encontrados por los europeos. Esa mirada al lejano pasado, proyectada al presente y al futuro, será el tema de las interesantes conferencias de la Sección de Arqueología y Antropología que aquí se ofrecerán el próximo sábado durante todo el día. En relación a nuestra historia colonial, cabe recordar que luego del fortuito descubrimiento español del llamado Nuevo Mundo, que de nuevo no tenía nada, el Caribe se convirtió en el centro de atracción de los principales imperios europeos. Desde principios del siglo 16, Francia, Inglaterra y Holanda buscaron compartir las riquezas de España en las nuevas tierras. Por su estratégica posición en el Mar Caribe, Puerto Rico se llamó la “llave de las Indias”. Desde antes de finales de siglo, San Juan se convirtió en un “presidio”, es decir, 8 | introducción | ENCUENTRO CON EL CARIBE FRANCÉS una plaza militar con asignación permanente de soldados. A partir de entonces y durante cientos de años, la ciudad capital fue amurallada y se construyeron fortificaciones como el Morro, San Cristóbal, y el Escambrón. Sin embargo, este esfuerzo no evitó que San Juan fuera atacada a través del tiempo por poderosas flotas navales inglesas (1595, 1598, 1797), holandesas (1625) y finalmente por los norteamericanos (1898). Acaso por todo ello, el espíritu y carácter del criollo y luego del puertorriqueño que surgió en todo ese proceso histórico se afianzó en las raíces culturales hispánicas. Durante el siglo 17, España perdió la hegemonía que tenía en el archipiélago antillano. Desde principios de siglo, Inglaterra y Francia comienzan a colonizar las pequeñas Antillas, islas relativamente olvidadas por España, pues las consideraba “islas inútiles” por no poseer oro. La colonización francesa en las Antillas Menores se formaliza con el ascenso del sagaz Cardenal Richelieu como principal ministro de Luis XIII. En consecuencia, en 1626 se crea de la Compañía de la Isla de San Cristóbal. Años después esta compañía mercantilista sería reestructurada bajo el nombre de Compañía de las Islas de América (1635), hasta 1664 cuando fue sustituida por la Compañía de las Islas Occidentales. Así las cosas, hacia mediados de siglo Francia ya consolidaba su colonización en las islas de Martinica y Guadalupe, islas que lograrían una gran producción azucarera basada en el desplazamiento y aniquilamiento de los caribes que las habitaban y en la importación y explotación de esclavos africanos. Mientras tanto, Jamaica pasaba a manos de los ingleses en 1655 y la pequeña isla de la Tortuga, localizada al norte de La Española, se convertía en una pieza clave de la expansión francesa en el Caribe-insular. Allí se fueron radicando bucaneros, piratas y colonos franceses en busca de riqueza. La situación se agravó cuando las autoridades de Santo Domingo decidieron despoblar la costa norte de La Española para tratar de evitar el negocio y contrabando de los colonos españoles de la zona con dichos aventureros. Como se dice, el remedio fue peor que la enfermedad. Pues la decisión conllevó la progresiva ocupación de la costa norte y la parte occidental de La Española por colonos franceses. A la larga, el esfuerzo militar de los españoles para erradicar a estos colonos no dio resultado. Por lo tanto, España terminó cediendo esa parte de la isla a Francia en 1697. Durante todo el siglo 18, la colonia francesa de Saint-Domingue logró convertirse en una rica productora de azúcar debido a la mano de obra esclava. Hacia finales de siglo, la rebelión de los esclavos culminó en la llamada Revolución Haitiana y en el surgimiento de la República de Haití en 1804. A todo esto, es necesario resaltar que el inhumano tráfico de esclavos africanos al Caribe iniciado desde las primeras décadas del siglo 16, daría paso a una verdadera transculturación en las Antillas. A un mestizaje tanto
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