ResearchOnline@JCU This file is part of the following work: Miller, Rachel Lynn (2019) Understanding stakeholder involvement in the policy and management of migratory taxa in the Australian marine environment: a case study approach. PhD Thesis, James Cook University. Access to this file is available from: https://doi.org/10.25903/5f4c3d49d28d7 Copyright © 2019 Rachel Lynn Miller. The author has certified to JCU that they have made a reasonable effort to gain permission and acknowledge the owners of any third party copyright material included in this document. If you believe that this is not the case, please email [email protected] Understanding stakeholder involvement in the policy and management of migratory taxa in the Australian marine environment: A case study approach Thesis submitted by Rachel Lynn Miller M.S. Environmental Education Florida Institute of Technology B.S. Marine Science Coastal Carolina University September 2019 For the degree of Doctor in Philosophy College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Townsville, Queensland Australia i Statement on the Contributions of Others Intellectual Support Thesis committee: Associate Professor Mark Hamann James Cook University Emeritus Professor Helene Marsh James Cook University Dr Claudia Benham James Cook University Additional collaborators: Associate Professor Alison Cottrell James Cook University (Adjunct) (supervisor March 2016 – April 2017) Project proposal writing: The main ideas that were included in the thesis proposal were developed by the candidate. She discussed and refined these ideas with the help of A/Prof. Mark Hamann, Emeritus Professor Helene Marsh, and A/Prof Alison Cottrell. The candidate wrote the thesis proposal. A/Prof Mark Hamann, Emeritus Professor Helene Marsh, and A/Prof Alison Cottrell assisted with the editing of drafts. Interview design, data collection, and transcription: The candidate predominately designed the interview questions and data collection strategies. These were improved on with help from A/Prof. Mark Hamann, Emeritus Professor Helene Marsh, A/Prof Alison Cottrell, and Dr. Claudia Benham. The candidate was the sole collector of data and transcribed all audio-recorded interviews and focus groups. Funding Stipend: James Cook University Postgraduate Research Scholarship Research project support: College of Science and Engineering $1500 annually (2016 – 2019) College of Science and Engineering – HDR $500 top-up Enhancement Scheme College of Science and Engineering – $1500 Publication Fee Support A/Prof Mark Hamann’s funds $2500 Emeritus Prof Helene Marsh’s funds $1500 Travel support: College of Science and Engineering – $2500 Competitive Research Training Grant Ethics Approval: Research was conducted under a James Cook University Ethics permit H6876 ii Inclusion of papers published or intended for publication in this thesis Chapter Number Details of publication Nature and extent of author contribution Miller, R.L., Marsh, H., Cottrell, A., & Hamann, M. Data for this chapter was collected 2018. Protecting Migratory Species in the Australian and analysed by the candidate. The 4 Marine Environment: A Cross-Jurisdictional Analysis candidate wrote the drafts of this of Policy and Management Plans. Frontiers in chapter. Emeritus Professor Helene Marine Science 5: Article 229. doi: Marsh, Associate Professor Mark 10.3389/fmars.2018.00229 Hamann, and Associate Professor Alison Cottrell helped with data interpretation and manuscript edits. Miller, R.L., Marsh, H., Benham, C.F., & Hamann, Study design was conceived by the M. (XXXX). Understanding stakeholder involvement candidate and all co-authors. Data 5 and the influence of values on stakeholder for this chapter was collected and relationships in the governance of marine migratory analysed by the candidate. The species. In prep. Target journal: Australian Journal of candidate wrote the drafts of this Environmental Management chapter. Emeritus Professor Helene Marsh, Associate Professor Mark Hamann, and Dr Claudia Benham helped with data interpretation and manuscript edits. Miller, R.L, Marsh, H., Benham, C., & Hamann, M. Study design was conceived by the (Under review) Stakeholder engagement in the candidate and all co-authors. Data 6 governance of marine migratory species: barriers and for this chapter was collected and building blocks. Endangered Species Research analysed by the candidate. The candidate wrote the drafts of this chapter. Emeritus Professor Helene Marsh, Associate Professor Mark Hamann, and Dr Claudia Benham helped with data interpretation and manuscript edits. 7 Miller, R.L., Marsh, H., Benham, C.F., & Hamann, Study design was conceived by the M. 2019. A framework for improving the cross- candidate and all co-authors. Data jurisdictional collaborative governance of a marine for this chapter was collected and migratory species. Conservation Science and Practice analysed by the candidate. The 1: e58. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.58 candidate wrote the drafts of this chapter. Emeritus Professor Helene Marsh, Associate Professor Mark Hamann, and Dr Claudia Benham helped with data interpretation and manuscript edits. Conference presentations associated with this thesis Miller, R.L., Marsh, H., Benham, C., and Hamann, M. 2018. Challenges of managing migratory megafauna in a large marine jurisdiction: Lessons for the Coral Triangle. 5th International Marine Conservation Congress. Oral Presentation, Kuching, Malaysia. Miller, R.L., Marsh, H., Cottrell, A., and Hamann, M. 2017. Protecting migratory species in the Australian marine environment: An analysis of policy and management practices. James Cook University Science Research Festival. Oral Presentation, Townsville, Qld, AU. iii Acknowledgements This thesis would not have been possible without the help of so many different people. I would first like to thank everyone who took the time to partake in my research. Without you, this research would not have happened and I would not have learned so much. I would like to thank my supervisors, Associate Professor Mark Hamann, Emeritus Professor Helene Marsh, and Dr. Claudia Benham, for their guidance throughout this process and for their unwavering support. I would also like to thank Associate Professor Alison Cottrell for her guidance at the beginning of my PhD. Mark took me on as a student after an introduction from a former colleague in The Bahamas, having never even met me. Helene has been an incredible mentor, always making time for me in her busy schedule (even after ‘retirement’) and providing me with opportunities to grow outside of academia. Claudia and Alison were both incredibly patient with me as I transitioned from a marine biologist to a marine social scientist, always providing constructive feedback. Further, I am so thankful to my lab group for their support over the last few years. Thank you so much for making my transition to a new country and a new PhD much easier. Our lab group has been a great support system and helped me improve my presentation skills, writing skills, and make friends along the way. Thank you to my friends, both near and far, who helped keep me steady and healthy on this journey. To my ‘Skort Squad’, Katie and Suzanne, thank you so much for the laughs, the counselling, and the lessons you have taught me. You’ve helped me grow so much as a person over these last 3.5 years. Big hugs and love to Grace and Madie, and all of my other friends who have been such an integral part of my journey. Thank you to my support system from afar, Devangi, Gracie, Courtney, Kari, Caitlyn, and Colleen, for always believing in me and supporting me in whatever adventure I undertake. I owe so much to my family who set me on my academic journey over ten years ago, but whose role in this started much earlier. To my mom and dad, who never told me “no”, I thank you from the bottom of my heart. Thanks for planting that seed into my head when you said “I always thought you would get a PhD” after I said I was finished with school at the end of my Master’s degree. To my siblings, Allie and Raymond, for their support along the way. Give Moose a big snuggle for me. Thank you also to Jane and Leon and the rest of the Kippin clan for being my family away from home. Thank you to my partner, Calum, for your patience during this process. Thank you for being my editor and sounding board. You have been unwavering in your support, calming my anxieties and self-doubt, and I owe you so much. Thank you for the laughter, for moving me outside of my comfort zone, and for keeping me grounded. Thank you for bringing Lewy into our lives, whose snuggles and silliness has given me much joy during long writing days at home. And finally, thank you to the academic women who paved the way for me to undertake this PhD process. I have learned so much from the women who came before me and from the women who are on this journey with me. Being surrounded by so many strong women in academia helped me to find my voice and passion and I hope to be such an example for other women. iv Thesis Abstract Managing threats towards marine migratory species is difficult because the movements of these species are not limited by political jurisdictions. Effective governance of these species requires collaborative and adaptive interventions that are designed and implemented by multiple governance bodies across levels (e.g. local, state, federal government agencies; NGOs; industry bodies). However, although the involvement of diverse stakeholder groups has long been understood to be an integral component of collaborative and adaptive governance of natural resources, it does not come without its challenges. Thus, in order to promote the effective and efficient governance of threats towards marine migratory species throughout their range, it is important to explore the governance system protecting them. My research is one of the first studies to focus on the governance of threats towards marine migratory species within Australian waters, with an emphasis on stakeholder involvement in the governance of threats towards these species.