VA/Dod CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE for TH MANAGEMENT O DYSLIPIDEMIA for CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REDUCTION Department of Veterans Affairs Department of Defense
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E F VA/DoD CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE FOR TH MANAGEMENT O DYSLIPIDEMIA FOR CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REDUCTION Department of Veterans Affairs Department of Defense QUALIFYING STATEMENTS The Department of Veterans Affairs and the Department of Defense guidelines are based upon the best information available at the time of publication. They are designed to provide information and assist decision-making. They are not intended to define a standard of care and should not be construed as one. Neither should they be interpreted as prescribing an exclusive course of management. This Clinical Practice Guideline is based on a systematic review of both clinical and epidemiologic evidence. Developed by a panel of multidisciplinary experts (all practicing clinicians), it provides a clear explanation of the logical relationships between various care options and health outcomes while rating both the quality of the evidence and the strength of the recommendations. Variations in practice will inevitably and appropriately occur when clinicians take into account the needs of individual patients, available resources, and limitations unique to an institution or type of practice. Every health care professional making use of these guidelines is responsible for evaluating the appropriateness of applying them in the setting of any particular clinical situation. These guidelines are not intended to represent TRICARE policy. Further, inclusion of recommendations for specific testing and/or therapeutic interventions within these guidelines does not guarantee coverage of civilian sector care. Additional information on current TRICARE benefits may be found at www.tricare.mil or by contacting your regional TRICARE Managed Care Support Contractor. Version 3.0—2014 December 2014 Page 1 of 112 Table of Contents Background ................................................................................................................................................... 4 About this Clinical Practice Guideline ........................................................................................................... 5 Scope of this CPG .......................................................................................................................................... 5 Population ................................................................................................................................................. 5 Methods ........................................................................................................................................................ 6 Conflict of Interest ........................................................................................................................................ 7 Patient-Centered Care .................................................................................................................................. 7 Algorithm ...................................................................................................................................................... 7 Populations Excluded from this Guideline .................................................................................................. 10 Reconciling 2006 CPG Recommendations .................................................................................................. 11 Implementation .......................................................................................................................................... 12 Guideline Working Group ........................................................................................................................... 13 Recommendations ...................................................................................................................................... 14 Future Research Needs ............................................................................................................................... 18 Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk and Pharmacotherapy for Primary Prevention .................................. 18 Statins ................................................................................................................................................. 22 Fibrates (gemfibrozil, fenofibrate) ...................................................................................................... 25 Bile acid sequestrants ......................................................................................................................... 26 Niacin .................................................................................................................................................. 26 Ezetimibe ............................................................................................................................................ 26 Long Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids (Fish oils) ........................................................................................ 26 Management of Pharmacotherapy for Secondary Prevention ................................................................... 29 Statins ................................................................................................................................................. 29 Fibrates (gemfibrozil, fenofibrate) ...................................................................................................... 32 Bile acid sequestrants ......................................................................................................................... 32 Niacin .................................................................................................................................................. 33 Ezetimibe ............................................................................................................................................ 33 Long Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids (Fish oils) ........................................................................................ 33 Non-Pharmacologic Approaches................................................................................................................. 35 Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes Diet..................................................................................................... 35 Weight Loss ......................................................................................................................................... 36 Physical Activity .................................................................................................................................. 36 Smoking Cessation .............................................................................................................................. 36 Nutrition Counseling ........................................................................................................................... 37 Mediterranean Diet ............................................................................................................................ 37 Monitoring and Follow-up .......................................................................................................................... 40 Appendix A: Evidence Review Methodology .............................................................................................. 41 Population(s) ............................................................................................................................................... 41 Interventions ............................................................................................................................................... 42 December 2014 Page 2 of 112 Outcomes .................................................................................................................................................... 42 Conducting the Systematic Review ............................................................................................................. 42 Criteria for Study Inclusion/Exclusion ......................................................................................................... 45 General Criteria ....................................................................................................................................... 45 Treatment Goals (LDL-C and non-LDL-C Target Levels) (KQ 1-2) ............................................................ 45 Effectiveness and Safety of Cholesterol-modifying Drugs (KQ 3) ........................................................... 45 Cost-effectiveness of Cholesterol-modifying Drugs (KQ 4) ..................................................................... 45 Additional Risk Stratifying Tests (KQ 6) ................................................................................................... 46 Supplementary Key Question (KQ7) ....................................................................................................... 46 Literature Search Strategy ...................................................................................................................... 46 Electronic Database Searches ............................................................................................................. 46 Hand Searches of Journal and Gray Literature ................................................................................... 47 Topic-specific Search Terms ................................................................................................................ 47 Search Strategies ...............................................................................................................................