B.A.R.C.-479

I^R'WW GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION

NUCLEAR POWER PROSPECTS IN THE BASIN* by K. T. Thomas and N. S. Sunder Rajan Wutc Treatment Division

BHA6HA ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE BOMBAY, INDIA J970 B.A.R.C.-479

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION

NUCLEAR POWER PROSPECTS IN THE MEKONG BASIN*

K.T. Thomas and N.S. Sunder Rajan Waste Treatment Division

BHABHA ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE BOMBAY, INDIA 1970 NUCLEAR POMIEli PllOSPECTS IN THE MEKONG BASIN*

by

K.T, Thomas and N.S. Sunder Rajr.n.

The four lower Mekong countries, , , and the Tlenublic of that share the nekonp river - probably one of tho largest natural resources in South East \sia - have cnrnon problems of dcvolo->- ment. Economy of these countries is mainly based on agriculture, the irvlustri;ii base being very small. The per capita consumption of electricity, in this region in the year 1065 varied frora a hiffh of 46.0 kwh in Thailand to a low of about 6.1 kwh in Laos, These figures can be compared to 7*5,5 kwh in India and 4800 kwh in the United States during the sane year. The main load contn.- of power consumption in the region is located around Greater Bangkok in Thailand where there has been an upsurge in the development of industries in the recent past. Except for local transmission and distribution net works which are in existence, there are no interconnecting national or regional i;rids in the area, 'Hie status of electrical poirer development in the area, and a classified break—up of installed capacities are presented in tables 1 and 2.

As can be seen from these tables, the electrical power industry in the region is still in its initial stages of development* In particular, the bases of electrical >ower industry in Laos arid Cambodia are very snail and mainly dependent on diesel units of smll capaeitine (.3 to 10 MV>T),

* Text of the paper presented by }fr. K.T. Thomas, Bhablin. .Uonic Research Centre, Trombay, Bombay, India, at the Mekong Third Engin- eering Seminar, Committee for Coordination of Investigations of the Loi?sr Mekong Basin, 10—2-'! November I960, Vientiane, Laos. «• 2 • —

TABLE 1

(l 2) Status of Electrical Power in the Lower Mekong BasinN *"

Country- Year Installed Generated Increase over Per capita capacity energy previous year kwh MW Mil. Icwh

Thailand 1963 391.7 005,9 17,74 31,4 1064 548.3 1107.0 19,65 37,4 1965 559,2 1406,1 28,71 46.0 1966 541.0 1853,0 31.89 58,39 196T 687.0 2414.0 30.20 74.34

Laos* 1963 5.8 10.0 ff.6 4,1 1964 11.5 13.4 34.0 5,1 1965 10,2 16,6 23.9 6-1

Cambodia* 1963 38.7 98,8 16.,4 1964 1965 35.9 31.5

Republic* 1963 228*0 585.1 38.3' of 1064 325,3 -1.85 36.5 Vietnam 1965 326.0 5 ..0 -5.62 33,7

* For the years 1966 and 1967, data not available for Canbodia, Laos, and Republic of Vietnam,.

+ — indicate data not available,

1. United Nations Statistical Year Book (19G7)

2. Mekong Committee, stage I Interim Report, USBR (1968) -: 3 •-

TABLE 2

Classification of Installed Generating Capacities

Country Year Steam Hydro Diesel Gas Tot.il Mff Mff Mff Turbine W m

Thailand 1963 219.8 _ _ 141.9 mm «• 391-7 1964 259,8' 140*0 148.5 548.3 1965 259.8 146.3 153.1 550.2 1967 234,3 302,9 140«9 687.1

Laos 1963 - - 5,8 - - 5,8 1964 _ _ - - 11.3 0.2 11,5 1965 - - 10.0 0.2 10,2

Cnmliodia 1963 3.0 — —. 35,7 _ _ 38.7 1965 .3,0 32,9 - - 35.9

Hepublic 1963 49.0 83,9 95.1 - - 228.0 of 1084 49,0 163,8 112,5 - - 325.3 Vietnam 1965 53,2 163,8 96,5 12.5 326,0

1. United Nations Statistical Year Book (1067) —•'• 4 i — installed mainly to serve load centres located around large towns and cities in these countries. More than 70$ of generated electrical energy in Laos and Cambodia is distributed in the general vicinity of Vientiane and Prorapenh, The power system in Thailand is comparatively better developed and has at present a doubling rate of about three years. The high annual growth rate of more than 30^ in electrical power production is due to many fuetors, The most important one is the snail base of power consuming industries, Any addition

to the industrial load or extension of the existing n0T,er systero represents a large increase in the load denandn A.3 the base becomes larger the load growth rate usually reduces gradually. The other factors are the rising standard of living, rapid industrial development, and artificial effects on economy imposed by the present unsettled conditions in the region.

The total installed capacity amounted to 10 W in Laos and nearly 36 MWT in Cambodia in the year 1965, There were no interconnections between the various diesel units installed in the countries till 1964, Only a rudi- mentary network based on 6,6 kV lines was presents This is gradually being replaced by a 15 kV network, In Thailand, th cotal installed capacity in 1967 was 687 Mff. Out of this 44$ was from hydroelectric stations. The

largest station in the network is the Yanhee hydro station (Units lf2t3 and 4) with 280 Mff total installed capacity. This operates in parallel with North Bangkok Thermal Station having a total installed capacity of 150 MW (units 1 and 2), a 230 kV transmission net work interconnecting the two stations „

The estimated future electrical requirements of Thailand, Laos

and Cambodia are presented in Tables 3,4 and 5, Figures lf2 and 3 are graphical representations of these requirements. Long term projections of future demands of electricity have been carried out by the concerned governments with the cooperation of various international agencies such as the United States Agency for International Development (tJSAID), Economic Commission for Asia nod the Far East (ECAFE) and its subsidiary agencies, etc- and also some private concerns with expertise in the field of electrical power development. For Thailand, an electric power study team conducted a survey of the country's electrical resources and requirements under a contract

3, Thailand Electric Power Study (1986) TABLE 3

2,3,4 Estimated Electrical Bequirement of Thailand

Year 1968 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Gross generation 2,700 4,100 8,790 14,600 22,700 32,430 47,738 75,926 required million kwh

Average annual 24,4 23.2 16.5 10.7 9.2 8.76 3.0 lln9 growth rate $

Peak demand 606 898 1,840 2,940 4,440 6,170 9,018 14420.0 I (IB) en

Annual load 50.9 52,1 54.6 56,6 58.3 60,0 60,0 60.0 T factor $

2. Mekong Committee, Stage I Interim Report, Pa- Kfong Project (l968) 3. Thailand Electric Power Study, USAID report (l9C6) 4. Committee for the Coordination of Invest!Rations of the lower Mekong Basin, Annual Report (1968) TABLE 4

2,4 Estimated Electrical Ilequirement of Laos

Year 1968 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Gross generation 48,376 80,167 170,460 300,090 454,676 663,530 938,227 lr315,9b0 required 1000 kwh

Average annual 17 20 16.45 12.12 8.45 7_30 7.40 7.10 growth rate %

Peak demand 12.2 20.1 30.7 65.8 95,8 135O8 187,9 260.7

Annual load 45.3 45,6 49.0 52J) 54=2 55.8 57,0 57.6 factor $

2. Melconpr Committee, Stag's I Interim Report, Pa - Mong Project (1968) 4. Committee for the Coordination of Investigations of the lower Mekong Da3in Annual Report (tf?68) TABLE 5

Estimated Electrical Requirement of Cambodia4,

Year 1968 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Gross generation 245,0 405.7 665,4 1034.1 1544.5 21597,2 3375,4 required million kvrh

Average annual 13.6 12.8 11,1 10,0 9,74 9-38 growth rate ^

Peak demand 46.5 90.5 141.8 212.4 307u9 446.1 664.5

+ - - Indicate data not available 4- Committee for the Coordination of Investigations of the Lower Mekong Bnsin, Annual Report (1068) -: 8 :-

to USAID and the Royal Thailand Government in 1066 . The requirements, as envisaged by the team for the period 1068 to 85, have been further proiected to the year 2000 , As per these projections, the annual load growth rate, which is more than 3fK at present, with the expansion of the power system, is expected to gradually regress to around ±0$ in the late seventies and assume a steady rate of B% during the eighties and beyond. Projections of the requirements for Laos and Cambodia for the period 1968 - 2000 were obtained from the Mekong Secretariat* Aa can be seen from Tables 4 and 5, the overall requirement of installed capacities, 250 W in Laos and 625 Mff in Cambodia, in the next 30 years is rather small as compared to a requirement of about 13,800 Wi in Thailand for the sar.e period. Data on projections of electrical requirements for the Republic of Vietnam were not available.

to meet the above requirements of electrical power in this region would have to be based on a realistic analysis of tiie natural re- sources - hydel, thermal and nuclear^ Thermal resources in the region available for power generation are meagre. The thermal fuel resources present in the region are limited to lignite reserves at Moe Moh and Erabi in Southern Thail-md and marginal reserves of crude petroleun at Fang also in Thailand* The lignite reserves are estimated to total about 105 million tons, the heating value being in the range of 6600 DTU/lb, The oil resorvea are negli- gible and cannot be economically exploited for po'-pr ^enoration. In the near future, as at presnnt, fuel oil required for thermal power generation will have to continue to be imported, The present cost of imported oil in the Bangkok area ia about US « 2,5 per liter or US I 58 per million BTtf .

The region has, in the Mekong river and its tributaries, a vast potential for hynro-electric power generation, conservatively estimated to

be fnr beyond 12,000 Mff, \a of 10,-57, the installed capacity of hydel stations in the region accounted for only about 1000 MiV, mainly located in the Republic of Vietnam and Thailand. Plans for exploitation of the hydro-potential of the Mekong river are underway, the stage I scheno consisting of installation of 10 x.,100 We station at Pa-Mong in Thailand on the Laotian border. A hydcl station of a total installed capacity of 135 MW is also planned at Nan Ngura

3. Thailand Electric Power Study, USAID report (1966) TABLE 0 2 Proposed Installation Schedule For North, Northeast and Central Areas of Thailand

Year Installation Installed Energy gene- Year Installation Installed Energy gene- capacity ration capacity rate on (kwh) (MW) (kwh)

1088 Gas Turbine, 210.8 830 1978 Strikit No,4 125 «• MI North BKK 1979 Nuclear No,2 400 2,800 Thermal 1960 Gas Turbine 115 210 1981 Bhumibol No, 7,8 140 1070 Lam Don Noil 36 70 1983 Pn-Mong No,1,2,3 900 6,307 1971 South BKK. Ther- 400 2,730 1985 Pa-Mong No.4 300 2,103 mal No. 1 & 2. I

1972 Nam Phroro No,1„2 40 120 1986 Pa-Monfi No-5 300 2,102 ••a Sirikit No.1,2 250 850 1987 Pa-Mong No.6t7 600 4,205 V 1973 South HKK. 300 2,100

Thermal NoP3 1988 Pa~Mong No,8,9 600 4,205 1974 Strikit No.3 125 Quae Yai at 1,2 240 1.100 1989 Pa-Mong No-10 300 1 508 1978 Nuclear No,. 1 400 2,800

1977 N0E, Steeim Plant 50 350 No.l Quae Yni No.3,4 240

2. Mekong Committee, Staffe I Interim Report, Pa-Mo rig l'roject (lOfiB) -» 10 t-

TABLB 7

Construction Program of Laos

Year Installation No. and kw Total Existing at for each kw end of year

1967 6,400 1968 Supply from Thailand 5,0000 5,000 11,400 1969 New diesel installed 4 at 2,000 Supply from Thailand 3,0000 11,000 22,400 1972 Nam Nfrura No. 1 & 2 2 at 15,000 Reduction 2.4 old diesel retired. -2,4000 19,000 42,000 8 W from Thailand -8,000

1973 Nrm Nfrum No.3 1 at 35,000 Reduction 4 iSf old diesel -4,0000 31,000 73,000 retired

1980 Reduction old -3,0000 100>000 diesel retired 1 at 35,000 1985 Nan Ngum No.5 1 at 35,000 35,000 135,000

1986 - - _ _ - _ 135,000

2. Mekong Committee, Stage I Interm Report, Pa-Mong Project (lQG8) -: 11 :-

in Laos on one of the Mekong tributaries. The plans and installation schedules of power stations to meet the future electrical requirements of Thailand arid 2 Laos are presented in Tables 6 and 7 .

As can be seen from the above tables, the first units of the Pa-Wong project are expected to be installed only in 19S3.

The requirement of electrical energy in the region till 1083 is I;or about a total of 3000 W1. Firm plans are in various stages of execution for installation of 1200 M«r by 1973, The plans include expansion of trio existing hydro-electric power stations by about 200 MW and installation of thermal stations with total capacity of 3^0 Mff, based on local lignite resources. The remaining 700 Mff are proposed to be installed in thermal stations in Central Thailand, based principally on imported fuels.

In addition to meeting the requirements of the period 1973-1Q83, totalling 1800 Mff, it would be necessary to propwrly plan for an optimised integrated operation of hydro and thermal stations beyond 1083 when the Pa-Mong project would enter the operation phase. From economic considerations, thermal and nuclear stations would have to be operated as base load plants at high load factors in the range of 75 to 85^ and the hydel units operate.! at peak loads taking advantage of their built-in flexibility.

The paucity of natural fossil fuel resources in the region, the high cost of imported fuel oil and th« distance of the hydro-resources from Greater Bangkok-the main consumer area in the region, has persuaded the concerned countries and several international agencies to investigate the possibility of the introduction of nucTear power in the region- The Thailand power study team has suggested 800 MSe (2x400 Mffe) of installed capacity in nuclear power stations in Thailand during this period.

The cost of power front nuclear sources is progressively coming down due to the scaling up of reactors to large sizes. With the benefits of economies of scale as well as the recent aevelopments in nuclear reactor con- cepts, it is not unreasonable to expect nuclear power ultimately at a coat of

2, Mekong Committee, Stage I Interim Report, Pa-Mong Project (l968>

3, Thailand Power Study Eeport CSAJD (i960) -: 12 :- 2 rails/kwh. Even at a cost of 3 mils/kwh electrical energy can increasingly substitute some of the raw materials in many chemical and metallurgical in- dustries based on electrolytic or electrothermic processes. With such sub- stitution the demand for energy could be expected to rise dramatically leading to a crucial role for electricity in opening out under-developed areas to industrialisation.

A comparison of nuclear and thermal power in the region would depend on the indigenous availability of the fuels and their cost. As already men- tioned earlier3 thermal resources of the region are only in the form of lignite resources located in Southern Thailand, The estimated reserves of 105 million tons are sufficient in quantity only to sustain local thermal power plants planned for the near future. Figure 4 represents p. comparative study of the economies of nuclear power station based on boiling light water cooled and moderated reactor and fossil fuel fired thermal power stations for varying fuel costs. The analysis is based on twin unit stations. Other bases of comparison are as below:

Fossil Fuel-fired Power Station

Plant factor : 85jf Boiler efficiency : 90$C Capital charge : Sjf rate Plant life : 25 yrs.

Nuclear Station

lyps of reactor : Light water cooled and moderated. Reactor and power : 25 years plant life Plant factors : 85% Charge rate : 6* Net station : 28^. efficiency

The above comparison indicates that above 200 We size nuclear plants can be competitive in comparison to thermal power stations at locales where fossil fuel costs are above US IE 25 per million BTU. The delivered costs of coal and imported fuel oil for thermal power generation in the Greater Bangkok region are US ff 40 and US E 58 respectively. -: 13 :-

The hydro resources of the region in the Mekong and its tributaries estimated at more than 12QDO MW, to be beneficially exploited, would have to satisfy certain critical factors such as contiguity of conauner areas, avail- ability of suitable storage sites For reflation of fluctuating seasonal water flows, irrigational demands and necessary flood control measures- The supply of water to the reservoir is raainiy on a seasonal basis during the monsoon months from mid-May to mid-October, the rain-fall itself suffering large variations in nature and magnitude from year to year. The region in the vicinity of the Mekong river is not well developed Simultaneous industri- alisation would have to accompany power p-eneration to provide a steady load for the power stations in ihe .urea.

The first sta^e in the exploitation of the Mekong river resources ia the Pa-Mong hydro-electric project with a total capacity of 3000 MlVe (10 units of 300 We each) to he installed in the period 1983-1990, The first units are expected to go into operation by 1983. A transmission network would have to be planned and installed by that time between Pa-Mong and the principal load centre situated around Bangkok. The transmission dis- tribution network based on a 230 kV system is expected to cost about US S 80 million. The capital investment in the project including the transmission facilities would cost US $ 270 per kwe installed. Break-even contours where nuclear power based on C\NDU type heavy water ceo led and moderated natural uranium reactors are competitive with delivered cost of hydel power from Pa-Mong are presented in Figure - 5,

As can be seen from the above figure, nuclear power, though the cost of generation is higher as compared to hydel, is attractive, if only due to its independence of geographical factors and climatic conditions. Also, in areas where the utilisation of installed hydel capacity is low due to large seasonal fluctuations in the supply of reservoir water, pumped storage baaed on low cost nuclear power can be advantageously used. Thus, there is in "this region a sufficient incentive for the introduction of nuclear power in a big way.

Many types of power reactors with variations in fuel, coolant and moderator systems and materials of construction are in operation and in different stages of development around the world. Each of these has its own advantages or otherwise, depending on locale, fuel availability and -: 14 :- other facton. Appendix I presents the comparative economics of different re- actor concepts for two unit stations with capacities in the range of total 400 to 2000 UWe. The same ia summarised in Table - 8.

As can be seen from the above table, the light water reactors need the lowest capital investment. The reactors U3e enriched uranium, facilities for enrichment at present being available in very few countries. Smaller capacity reactors of this type have higher fuel costs due to a) lower plant efficiency (b) higher enrichment needs for lower capacities and (c) higher fabrication costi3 per kilogran of uraniun for the smaller units.

The use of natural uranium in heavy water reactors is a great advantage for its use in developing countries which do not have a strong nuclear base. This coupled with greater efficiency in its use makes it have the lowest fuel costs among all the reactor systems- The capita] investment needed for this type of reactors is slightly higher than the others. This, in general, is due to the design features of the reactor, the heavy water inventory and also on account of systems required for the control of the leakage of heavy .:ater. The fuel is available from many countries; a high degree of domestic narticipation in fuel fabrication is possible and very low fuel costs can be achieved. This would compensate, in part, for the high capital cost needed. These types of reactors are expected to be econo- mical, viable and feasible to be constructed in minimum time in developing countries,

Therefore, the requirements of electrical power in the region during the period 1973-1983 could be met primarily by nuclear power stations based on heavy vater reactors. Beyond 1983, with generation of power from Pa-Mong, the nuclear stations could gradually furnish base loads complementing short time peaking of the hydel units. For purposes of comparison, economies of 3000 Mffe size nuclear station near the load centre as an alternate to Pa-Mong hydel is presented in Appendix II.

Effective use of low cost nuclear power in complement with hydel power from the Mekong and with simultaneously planned industrialisation of the region can work miracles for the area. However, installation of large nuclear stations would require an infra-structure providing channels of transport and coranunications. In addition, it would be necessary to create -.: 15 .:-

TABLE 8

Economics of Nuclear Power Stations (Twin-Units) of Capacities 400-2000 1ST

Reactor Type Fuel Capital coats Unit generation •/ HWe coat Mils/kwh.

Boiling light water Enriched U0r 266-144 4.33-2 cooled and moderated 2-4% U - 23^ (am) Pressurised light Enriched ' J 288-151 4-4 -2.17 water cooled and 2-5* U-235 moderated

Pressurised heavy Nat. uranium 379-192 4.67-3,287 water cooled and moderated ()

Boiling light water Nat. uranium 295-159 4.47-2.29. cooled heavy water moderated (BL )

Advanced gas cooled Enriched U0Q 391-198 5=2-2.3 reactors„ (AGCRl) (l-6-2.4# U-235) -: 16 :•

APPENDIX - I

A Comparison of Different Beactor Systems

Station Capital Generation j. . -,. Reactor type aize, We cost cost mils/kwh

(Boiling light 400 266.84 4.331

Water cooled Light water 500 240.40 3.860

Moderated reactor) 600 223.09 3.54 Off-load

BLTCR 1000 182.99 2.777 About once in 12 to 18 months,

2000 143.81 2,004

Pressurised 400 281 4,40 Light water cooled and moderated 500 254 .3,9 Reactor) 600 237 3,69 Off-load PLWR 1000 194.7 2.88 About once .in 12 to 18 months. 2000 151.4 2.17

(Pressurised 400 376.48 4.669 Heavy water cooled and moderated 500 341.78 4.261 Reactor) 600 315.22 3.985 On-load PHWR 1000 257.21 3,38 2000 192.5 2.87 -; 17 j- APPENDIX I CONTD

Station Reactor type Capital Generation Refueiling size, MWe cost $/KWe cost mils/lew

(boiling Light 400 295.36 4.468 Water cooled 500 268,75 4,146

Heavy water 600 251.67 3t83 moderated

Heactor) 1000 204.52 3 = 075

BIJVHWR 2000 159.37 2.292

(\dvanced gas 400 391,77 5,198

cooled reactor) 500 348.19 4.66

AGCr 600 324.00 4.26 On-load

1000 262.21 3.248

2000 198 ..08 2.337

r. ,. -w —i -: 18 :- a sound scientific and technological base. Therefore, it would be essential to have long range programme of training and education. Such a programme would have to be with a view of not only providing technical knowledge, but also motivation.

Notes and Bslevant Economic Asanmptions

1. The capital costs include direct and indirect coats and initial full core load of fuel (in-core fuel inventory) 2. The generating costs are estimated taking into account operation and maintenance costs, full replacement costs and out-core fuel inventory. 3. The capital investment in each reactor system is based on the expended or estimated cost of an existing or proposed nuclear power station with that reactor system, and is suitably extrapolated to other capacities using power law. The bases of the calculations for the various reactor systems are as below:

BLWR - 2 x 190 MWe nuclear power station of International General Electric at Tarapur, India. PDVB - 175 Mffe nuclear power station at Yankee Rowe ?n the Dnited States, PHWR - 2 x 200 We G4NDU station at Ranapratapsagar, India AGCH - 2 x 600 Me Station at Dungness (P), United Kingdom Bimm - 2 x 250 We proposed station of AECL (Refs AECL-2211)

4. Approximate cost of fuel purchase is assumed to be constant at $ 80/Kg. of natural uranium and $ 180/Kg,, of enriched uranium. Enrichment assumed is 2.5 per cent.

5. Fuel costs have been calculated on 'on power' replacement on continuous basis. Though normally enriched uranium systems are refuelled on an off-load basis, calculations for generating costs have been baaed for simplicity on an con power' continuous refuelling basis. Out-core fuel inventory has been assumed at a constant level equivalent to 3 months supply being replenished by purchase on a monthly basis. The extra cost of the sophisticated fuelling machine required in the case of on- load refualling is expected to be practically offset by the cost of forced shut-downs required by off-load refuelling. Off-load refuelling has not been considered separately in our calculations. 6. Fixed charge rate assumed to be 6 % depreciation provided by sinking fund method over a plant li/e of 25 years.

7. Irradiated fuel transport and reprocessing coat assumed to be $ 18 per Eg. of uranium.

8. Nuclear insurance provided at % 430/tfwt/yr. 9. Freight and insurance assumed at 5 $ of direct costs,

10- Heavy water replacement assumed at 0r5j£ and at a cost of §54.0/Kg. 11. Uranium credit in the spent natural uranium fuel is assumed at $0O/Kg. Uranium credit in the spent enriched uranium fuel is assumed at 0165/Kg, The decrease in eus>t is attributed to depletion which varies depending on the reacto- operation parameters. The extent of decrease which; at best, is approximate was obtained on the basis of

cost analysis carried out by Burns & Hoe Inc. N.Ya (Ref: Pre- Investment study on power including nuclear power in Lu?,on, Republic of Philippiaes

_ Annex 4 V2 IAJGA. 106o)4 12, Plutonram credit assumed at $S/gm= 13, Plant load-factor assumed at 80 per cent. 14, Plant life assumed at 25 years for both nuclear reactor and power plant. 15, Interest during construction works out at 6 ner cent over a period of 4 years. APPENDIX II

Capital Investment and Energy Generation Costs of Nuclear Power Stations of a Total Capacity of 2900 - 3000 Utffe.

Reactor type 3LWR BLW-HffR AGCR

Capital Unit Capital Unit Capital Unit investment generation investment generation investment .generation million U«S.$ cost mils/kwh million U.S.$ coat mils/kwh million U.S.# cost mila/kwh

Unit Size Combinations 6x400 Ifffe + 500 Mffe o 598.76 663.6 3.32 850 „ 3 3>92 (2900 JWe) 3\,54

4x600 MWe + SOO Ifffe (2900 Iflfe) 532.2 2.85 587.2 3.03 742.3 3.44 6*500 Mfe (3000 Mffe) 548.97 2*89 613,55 3.08 786.&2 3.52 2x1000 We + 2x500 Iflfe (3000 Mffe) 470.62 2.37 523,28 2.56 658.36 3.04

Assumptions and Bases of calculations same as in Table 8 -: 21 :-

18*7

0 (008 1970 4980 1988 9990 teas 2000 VSAR FIG.I.PEAX DEMAND AND GROSS ENEHGV REQUIREMENTS It 88 -2 000-TH AIL AHG —: 22 •-

O2«

044 1

0.20 7

?EAK DEMANO*- 16 v ..2 »- ° 7 (9 W 2 0,2 I Z. 7 008 V

.GROSS GENERATION 0-04 0-3

*> ESTMATEC raaa oro W78 isao raeo >9»o tees 2000 YEAR FI0.2.P8AK DEMAND AHD «RPSS ENERGY REQUIREMENTS t«68-*000^LA08 OT STC

O-8 TBO

1968 !9?0 1978 1980 1983 1990 »999 2000

YEAR H0.3. PEAK DEMAND AND GROSS ENERGY REQUIREMENTS I968-2000-CAMB0DIA -; 24 :-

I i I—!—i—r FIG.3 ENERGY COST Vs STATION SIZE TWO UNIT SYSTEM

0 800 400 600 600 1000 1200 STATION SIZE, MWe \ N* V \pl«OJECT/ /<

NUC1EAR STATION Of 400 MW

/

FIC 4 BREAKEVEN CONTOURS FOR NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS