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9241571322-Eng.Pdf THE ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA SERIES Acrolein (No 127, 1991) DDT and its derival!ves (No. 9, 1979) Acrylamide (No 49, 1985) DDT and its derivatives - environmental Acrylonitrile (No. 28, 1983) aspects (No. 83, 1989) Aldicarb (No 121, 1991) Deltamethrin (No. 97, 1990) Aldrin and dieldnn (No. 91, 1989) Diaminotoluenes (No. 74, 1987) Allethnns (No. 87, 1989) Dichlorvos (No. 79, 1988) Ammonia (No. 54, 1986) Diethylhexyl phthalate (No. 131, 1992) Arsenic (No 18, 1981) Dimethoate (No 90, 1989) Asbestos and other natural mineral fibres Dimethylformamide (No. 114, 1991) (No. 53, 1986) Dimethyl sulfate (No. 48, 1985) Barium (No. 107, 1990) Diseases of suspected chemical etiology and Beryllium (No. I 06, 1990) their prevention, principles of studies on Biotoxins, aquatic (marine and freshwater) (No. 72, 1987) (No. 37, 1984) Dithiocarbamate pesticides, ethylenethio­ Butanols - four isomers (No 65, 1987) urea, and propylenethwurea: a general CadmiUm (No 134, 1992) introduction (No. 78, 1988) Cadmium- environmental aspects (No. 135, Endosulfan (No. 40, 1984) 1992) Endrin (No. 130, 1992) Camphechlor (No 45, 1984) Environmental epidemiology, guidelines on Carbamate pesticides a generalmtroduction studies m (No. 27, 1983) (No 64, 1986) Epichlorohydrin (No. 33, 1984) Carbon disulfide (No. 10, 1979) Ethylene oxide (No. 55, 1985) Carbon monoxide (No. 13, 1979) Extremely low frequency (ELF) fields Carcinogens, summary report on the evalu­ (No. 35, 1984) ation of short-term 111 vllro tests (No. 47, Fenitrothion (No. 133, 1992) 1985) Fenvalerate (No 95, 1990) Carcmogens, summary report on the evalu­ Fluorine and fluorides (No. 36, 1984) ation of short-term m v1vo tests (No. 109, Food additives and contaminants in food, 1990) principles for the safety assessment of Chlordane (No. 34, 1984) (No 70, 1987) Chlordecone (No. 43, 1984) Formaldehyde (No. 89, 1989) Chlorine and hydrogen chloride (No. 21, Genetic effects in human populations, 1982) guidelines for the study of (No. 46, 1985) Chlorobenzenes other than hexachloro­ Heptachlor (No. 38, 1984) benzene (No. 128, 1991) Alpha- and beta-hexachlorocyclohexanes Chlorofluorocarbons, fully halogenated (No. 123, 1991) (No. 113, 1990) Hexachlorocyclopentadiene (No. 120, 1991) Chlorofluorocarbons, partially halogenated n-Hexane (No 122, 1991) (methane derivatives) (No 126, 1991) Hydrazine (No 68, 1987) Chlorophenols (No 93, 1989) Hydrogen sulfide (No. 19, 1981) Chromium (No 61, 1988) Infancy and early childhood, principles for Cyhalothrin (No 99, 1990) evaluatmg health risks from chemicals Cypermethrin (No 82, 1989) dunng (No. 59, 1986) I ,2-Dichloroethane (No. 62, 1987) lsobenzan (No 129, 1991) 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2.4-D) Kelevan (No. 66, 1986) (No 29, 1984) Lasers and optical radiation (No. 23, 1982) 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid­ Lead (No 3, 1977)' environmental aspects (No 84, 1989) • Out of print contmued tn'Slde back. cover This report contains the collective views of an in­ ternational group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, the Interna­ tional Labour Organisation, or the World Health Organization. Environmental Health Criteria 132 TRICHLORFON First draft prepared by Dr J. Sekizawa, Dr M. Takeda and Dr K. Matsumoto (National Institute of Hygienic Sciences, Japan) and Dr M. Eto (Kyushu University, Japan), with the assistance of Dr J. Miyamoto and Dr M. Matsuo (Sumitomo Chemical Company) World Health Organization I Geneva, 1992 The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) is a joint venture of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization. The main objective of the IPCS is to carry out and disseminate evaluations of the effects of chemicals on human health and the quality of the environment. Supporting activities include the development of epidemiological, experimental laboratory, and risk-assessment methods that could produce internationally comparable results, and the development of manpower in the tield of toxicology. Other activities carried out by the IPCS include the development of know-how for coping with chemical accidents, coordination of laboratory testing and epidemiological studies, and promotion of research on the mechanisms of the biological action of chemicals. WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Trichlorfon. (Environmental health criteria ; 132) !.Trichlorfon - poisoning 2.Trichlorfon - toxicity 3. Environmental exposure !.Series ISBN 92 4 157132 2 (NLM Classification: WA 240) ISSN 0250-863X The World Health Organization welcomes requests for permissiOn to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. Applications and enquiries should be addressed to the Oftice of Publications, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, which will be glad to provide the latest information on any changes made to the text. plans for new editions, and reprints and translations already available. <r>World Health Organization 1992 Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory. city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specitic companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. Printed m Finland 92/9011 Rev I - Vammala - 5500 EHC 132: Trichlorfon CONTENTS ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA FOR TRICHLORFON INTRODUCTION. 11 1. SUMMARY AND EVALUATION, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS . 13 1.1 Summary and evaluation . 13 1.1.1 Exposure. 13 1.1.2 Uptake, metabolism, and excretion . 14 1.1.3 Effects on organisms in the environment . 14 1.1.4 Effects on experimental animals and in vitro test systems . 15 1.1.5 Effects on human beings . 16 1.2 Conclusions . 17 1.3 Recommendations . 18 2. IDENTITY, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, ANALYTICAL METHODS . 19 2.1 Identity . 19 2.2 Physical and chemical properties . 20 2.3 Conversion factors . 21 2.4 Analytical methods . 21 3. SOURCESOFHUMANAND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE 29 3.1 Natural occurrence . 29 3.2 Industrial production . 29 3.3 Uses . 29 3 4. ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT, DISTRIBUTION, AND TRANSFORMATION 32 4.1 Transport and distribution . 32 4.1.1 Air . 32 4.1.2 Water . 32 4.1.3 Soil . 32 4.2 Abiotic degradation . 33 4.3 Biodegradation . 35 4.4 Environmental fate . 36 5. ENVIRONMENTAL LEVELS AND HUMAN EXPOSURE . 37 5.1 Environmental levels . 37 5.1.1 Air . 37 5.1.2 Water . 37 5.1.3 Soil . 38 5.1.4 Residues in plants and animals . 38 5.2 Residues in food . 39 5.2.1 Crops . 39 5.2.2 Milk . 51 5.2.3 Meat . 54 5.2.4 Poultry and eggs . 56 5.2.5 Fish . 56 5.3 Occupational exposure . 57 6. KINETICS AND METABOLISM . 58 6.1 Absorption and distribution . 58 6.1.1 Animal . 58 6.1.2 Human . 59 6.2 Biotransformation . 59 6.3 Elimination and excretion . 62 6.4 Reaction with body components . 62 6.4.1 In vitro studies . 62 6.4.2 In vivo studies . 63 4 EHC 132: Trichlorfon 7. EFFECTS ON ORGANISMS IN THE ENVIRONMENT 65 7.1 Microorganisms . 65 7.2 Invertebrates . 65 7.3 Aquatic vertebrates . 71 7.4 Terrestrial vertebrates . 72 7.5 Ecosystems . 75 8. EFFECTS ON EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS AND IN VITRO TEST SYSTEMS . 76 8.1 Acute toxicity . 76 8.2 Short-term exposure . 78 8.3 Skin and eye irritation; sensitization . 80 8.3.1 Skin irritation . 80 8.3.2 Skin sensitization . 81 8.3.3 Eye irritation . 81 8.4 Long-term exposure . 81 8.4.1 Oral administration . 81 8.4.1.1 Mouse . 81 8.4.1.2 Rat . 82 8.4.1.3 Dog . 84 8.4.1.4 Monkey . 85 8.4.2 Intraperitoneal administration . 85 8.4.2.1 Mouse . 85 8.4.2.2 Rat . 86 8.4.2.3 Hamster . 86 8.4.3 Dermal administration . 86 8.4.3.1 Mouse . 86 8.5 Mutagenicity . 86 8.5.1 DNA methylation . 86 8.5.2 Mutagenicity . 88 8.6 Carcinogenicity . 92 8. 7 Teratogenicity and reproductive toxicity . 93 8.7.1 Mouse ..................... 93 8.7.2 Rat . 94 8.7.3 Hamster . 95 8.7.4 Rabbit . 95 8.7.5 Congenital tremor . 96 5 8.8 Neurotoxicity . 97 8.9 Immunological studies . 99 8.10 Toxicity of dichlorvos . 99 8.11 Mechanism of toxicity - mode of action . 102 9. EFFECTS ON HUMAN BEINGS 104 9.1 Acute poisoning - poisoning incidents . 104 9.2 Therapeutic use of trichlorfon . 106 9.3 Occupational exposures . 107 9.4 Treatment of acute trichlorfon poisoning 107 10. PREVIOUS EVALUATIONS BY INTERNATIONAL BODIES . 108 REFERENCES . 109 ANNEX I. Treatment of organophosphate insecticide poisoning in man . 140 ANNEX II. No-observed-effect levels (NOELs) in animals treated with trichlorfon . 145 RESUME ET EVALUATION, CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMANDATIONS ....................... 149 RESUMEN Y EVALUACION, CONCLUSIONES, RECOMENDACIONES . 156 6 EHC 132: Trichlorfon WHO TASK GROUP ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA FOR TRICHLORFON AND FENITROTHION Members Dr V. Benes, Department of Toxicology and Reference Laboratory, Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Prague, Czech and Slovak Federal Republic Dr C. Carrington, Division of Toxicological Review and Evaluation, Food and Drug Administration, Washington DC, USA (Joint Rapporteur) Dr W. Dedek, Department of Chemical Toxicology Academic of Sciences, Leipzig, Germany Dr S. Dobson, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Monks Wood Experimental Station, Huntingdon, United Kingdom Dr D .J. Ecobichon, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada Dr M. Eto, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka-shi, Japan (Vice-Chairman) Dr Bo Holmstedt, Department of Toxicology, Swedish Medical Research Council, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden Dr S.K.
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