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Walleye Pollock Theragra Chalcogramma

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Walleye Pollock Theragra Chalcogramma Long-term changes in food and feeding habits of common minke whales in western North Pacific region Tsutomu Tamura1 and Hidehiro Kato2 1: The Institute of Cetacean Research, JAPAN 2: The National Research Institute of Far Seas Fisheries Common minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) Male, Body length 7.2m Body weight 4.5t How much is the size of minke whale？ Measuring the body length Body length 7 – 8 m Measuring the body weight Body weight 5 – 6 t Stock structure Migration pattern of common minke whale (O stock) June-Sep. O stock ？ J stock ？ ？ Abundance (O stock) Apr.-May 25,000 animals IWC，1992 Mature Mature Immature Male Female Material and methods Sorting of the stomach contents 50゜N 11 45゜ 9 Objective 8 40゜ * To investigate temporal and 7 geographical variability in the feeding ecology of minke whales 35゜ * To estimate food consumption and the implication for marine ecosystem 140゜ 150゜ 160゜ 170゜E Data * Stomach contents (Commercial, Scientific) * Commercial whaling ( - 1978) * Sampling date and position * Scientific whaling (1994 - ) * Oceanographic data 150 inds. * Echo-sounder analyses Prey species of common minke whale Major prey species Krill Euphausia pacifica Squid Japanese common squid Todarodes pacificus Pisces Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus Pacific saury Cololabis saira Walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma Minor prey species Copepods Neocalanus cristatus Krill Thysanoessa inermis T. inspinata T. longipes Pisces Japanese sardine Sardinops melanostictus Chub mackerel Scomber japonicus Japanese pomfret Brama japonica Pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha Coho salmon O. kisutch Chum salmon O. keta Japanese sand lance Ammodytes hexapterus Barracudinas Paralepis atlantica Daggertooth Anotopterus pharao Major prey species of common minke whales in western North Pacific Krill Japanese anchovy Pacific saury (Euphausia pacifica) (Engraulis japonicus) (Colorabis saira) 160kg 300kg 300kg Body length 2 – 3cm Body length 12 – 13cm Body length 20 – 30cm Major prey species of common minke whales in western North Pacific Walleye Pollock Japanese common squid (Theragra chalcogramma) (Tadarodes pacificus) 220kg 150kg Body length 20 – 50cm Mantle length 20 – 25cm Prey Species Predator Schematic of food chain in relation to common minke whales in western North Pacific Phytoplankton Geographical and monthly change of prey species 1994-1999 (Spring) 50゜N 50゜N May June 45゜ 45゜ 40゜ 40゜ 35゜ 35゜ 140゜ 150゜ 160゜ 170゜E 140゜ 150゜ 160゜ 170゜E Japanese anchovy Krill Main prey species Coastal: Japanese anchovy, Walleye pollock Pacific saury Walleye pollock Offshore: Japanese anchovy Geographical and monthly change of prey species 1994-1999 (Summer) 50゜N 50゜N July Aug. 45゜ 45゜ 40゜ 40゜ 35゜ 35゜ 140゜ 150゜ 160゜ 170゜E 140゜ 150゜ 160゜ 170゜E Japanese anchovy Krill Main prey species Coastal: Pacific saury, Walleye pollock, Pacific saury Walleye pollock krill Offshore: Pacific saury, Japanese anchovy Distributions of Saury’s fisheries grounds and water temperature 1996 (1994) (1995) (1997) 2000 (1998) Water (1999) Temperature 10 ℃ 15 ℃ Fisheries 2002 grounds (2001) Fishing grounds in the North Pacific Mid August Mid Sept. from JAFIC (1994-2002) 45 N Short-term change 145 E Year Water Dominant prey species Temperature May, June Aug., Sept. 1994-1997 Normal J. anchovy P. saury 1998-2000 Warm J. anchovy J. anchovy 2001-2002 Normal J. anchovy P. saury The going south movement of Pacific saury was delayed due to be high sea water temperature. Distribution of common minke whales and their prey species around east of Hokkaido in September and October, 2003 Walleye pollock Cold water Pacific saury Krill Japanese anchovy Warm water Minke whales are opportunistic feeders. Results of echo-sounder and sighting position of minke whales in May and June, 2001 Krill Japanese anchovy Walleye pollock Minke whale Minke whale can feed on abundant prey in each area. Murase et al. 2002 Long-term change 45 N Dominant prey of minke whale 100 75 145 E 50 25 Chub mackerel Japanese sardine Pacific saury Frequency (%) Regime shifts No data 0 Seawater Warm Cold Warm temperature 300 Fisheries catch 200 These changes were corresponded with regime shifts. 100 Ten thousand tons 0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Tamura and Fujise (2002) Year Long-term change Krill → Sand lance → Sardine (1970-75) (1976-82) (1983-85) Sand lance → Krill (1948-49) (1950’s) Krill → Sand lance → Sardine (1968-71) (1971-77) (1978-87) Prey switching was reflected the change of abundance of prey in each area and season Omura and Sakiura (1956), Kasamatsu and Tanaka (1992） Daily prey consumption of common minke whale D = 206.25M0.783 ; I = D / E * *： Sigurjonsson and Vikingsson (1998) D : Daily require energy contents (kcal per day) M : Body weight of whales (kg) I : Daily prey consumption (kg per day) E : Energy contents of prey species (kcal per kg) Feeding days: 200 days E : Japanese anchovy (S.L 120mm) 1,530 kcal/ kg Pacific saury (S.L 300mm) 3,140 kcal/ kg Zooplankton (krill) 850 kcal/ kg → Average contents: 1,700 kcal/ kg → Daily prey consumption: 200 kg Future output of JARPN II research Fisheries Whales Our results * Prey composition * Prey consumption MULTSPEC Squid Walleye pollock model Japanese anchovy Pacific saury Krill PICES region WTZ (Western Tropical Zone) Common minke whale : 50゜N about 12,000 animals 45゜ WTZ 40゜ Daily prey consumption : 35゜ about 2,300 tonnes 140゜ 150゜ 160゜ 170゜ 180゜E Seasonal prey consumption (180 days) : about 414,000 tonnes Prey switching ? Regime shifts The impact of food consumption will change in marine ecosystem.→ Interaction (whale, prey) Future work PICES SCIENTIFIC REPORT No. 14, 2000 Hunt, Kato and McKnnell Total amount of food consumption by marine mammal 13,020,000 mt Lack of quantitative and qualitative information ・ Abundance of marine mammals ・ Prey species (Area, Season, Year) Conclusions * There are geographical, seasonal and yearly changes in the prey species of minke whales. * These changes are explained by difference in prey availability, which is conditioned by change in regime shift. * The daily prey consumption of minke whale was estimated at 200 kg. The temporal and geographical variability in the feeding ecology of marine mammals will affect the ecosystem. We need a long-term research for marine mammals to understand some issues such as abundance estimates, feeding ecology of marine mammals in PICES region..
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