Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2005 Pessimism, Religion, and the Individual in History: The Meaning of Life According to Lev Tolstoy and Émile Zola Francis Miller Pfost Jr. Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact
[email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES PESSIMISM, RELIGION, AND THE INDIVIDUAL IN HISTORY: THE MEANING OF LIFE ACCORDING TO LEV TOLSTOY AND ÉMILE ZOLA By FRANCIS MILLER PFOST JR. A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Modern Languages and Linguistics in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Fall Semester, 2005 Copyright ©2005 Francis Miller Pfost Jr. All Rights Reserved The members of the Committee approve the dissertation of Francis Miller Pfost, Jr. defended on 3 November 2005. Antoine Spacagna Professor Directing Dissertation David Kirby Outside Committee Member Joe Allaire Committee Member Nina Efimov Committee Member Approved: William J. Cloonan, Chair, Department of Modern Languages and Linguistics Joseph Travis, Dean, College of Arts and Sciences The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii To my parents, Francis Miller Pfost and Mary Jane Channell Pfost, whose love and support made this effort possible iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract v INTRODUCTION 1 PART ONE: LEV TOLSTOY AND THE SPIRITUAL APPROACH INTRODUCTION 2 1. EARLY IMPRESSIONS AND WRITINGS TO 1851 3 2. THE MILITARY PERIOD 1851-1856 17 3. DEATHS, FOREIGN TRIPS, AND MARRIAGE: THE PRELUDE TO WAR AND PEACE 1856-1863 49 4.