Flávio Sampaio

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Flávio Sampaio 2 Flávio Sampaio Paracuru 2013 3 Copyright, 2013, Flávio Sampaio Título original – Balé Passo a Passo Contatos do autor: [email protected] Rua Raimundo Moreira Lima 72 – Centro 62680-000 - Paracuru-Ce Produção Editorial - Flávio Sampaio Projeto da Capa - Alexandro Santiago Traduções - Meg Lia Lima Revisão - Daniele Oliveira 4 Aos Meninos e Meninas de Paracuru que não sabiam como era a dança, mas a quiseram dançar 5 Agradecimentos Á Heloisa Sampaio pelo título desse livro Thaís Gonçalves pela leitura e pelos conselhos 6 Á Jane Blauth Querida mestra Toinha Xavier Uma amizade iluminada Dennis Gray A memória de um grande artista Tatiana Leskova Muitas coisas preciosasvocêmeensinou Cássia Navas Cujo trabalho pela dança admiro a duas décadas David Linhares E seu empenho em trazer mais visibilidade a dança cearense Dalal Achcar Proporcionou a muitos bailarinos brasileiros a oportunidade de aprender 7 Agradecimentos Á José do ValeFeitosa e Tereza Feitosa pelas conversas inspiradoras Helder Gurgel pelas palavras amigas em momentos precisos 8 “Não há coisa tão necessária aos homens quanto à dança. Todos os desastres da espécie humana e as desgraças fatais de que está cheia a história, as torpezas dos políticos, os erros dos grandes capitães, tudo isso vem da falta de habilidade na dança”. Molière 9 Á Paracuru, berço e referência de tantos dos valores que carrego pela vida, omeu amor incontestável 10 INTRODUÇÃO O trabalho do bailarino não é somente o trabalho atlético, exige a cada dia outros conhecimentos do campo do saber para resolver dificuldades sempre maiores. É um trabalho que se inicia quando ele ainda é muito jovem e que, exatamente por causa do treinamento longo e rigoroso, provoca com frequência o sacrifício de uma formação intelectual pessoal. Mesmo nas últimas duas décadas com a criação de um grande numero de Cursos Superiores de Dança e dos Cursos Técnicos em Dança, ainda persiste toda uma problemática relacionada à educação formal entre bailarinos, prin- cipalmente no que diz respeito à iniciaçãodessa formação. Os Cursos Superiores não foram concebidos como formação de base e os Cursos Técnicos, que de acordo com os fundamentos legais que orientam a educação brasileira,são previstos no Ensino Médio, como última etapa da Educação Básica e com o dever de serem articulados ao mundo do trabalho, exige que o aluno já tenha concluído a primeira etapa de sua formação. Portanto essa iniciação fica restrita as Academias ou Cursos Livres de Dança e é nesse momento que temos que ter mais atenções quanto a essa etapa da sua educação. Ainda não há no Brasil muitas Escolas de Dança que se preocupem com uma formação mais ampla em torno da dança, restrita muitas vezes apenas a técnicas acadêmicas¹, em sua grande maioria pelo balé clássico. _______________________________ ¹ Acadêmico referente a dança sistematizada na Academia Real de Música e Dança, fundada na França por Luis XIV, em 1672, e desenvolvida em várias escolas,métodos e estilos. 11 O treinamento corporal já toma dos pedagogos bastante tempo, e eles ainda têm que enfrentar a falta de recursos metodológicos que os instrumentalize a dar a seus alunos novas visões. Ainda precisamos conscientizar os jovens professores de dança para que não ensinem apenas passos, sem dizer para o aluno como eles nascem, como se ligam entre si e formam uma linguagem, e mostrar que, quando esses passos foram criados, eram a tradução de um movimento interior, particular. Claro que nada vale mais do que a busca pessoal. Os que vão mais longe são aqueles que seguem essa busca, que lêem,que estudam, que escutam música, que vão ao teatro, que vêm dançade diferentes estilos com o objetivo de se abrirem a todos os aspectos do saber ao invés de se contentarem com um único domínio. A pouca literatura sobre o ensino da dança clássica publicada em português, faz com que professores e bailarinos tenham constantemente dúvidas sobre os diversos aspectos que envolvem os ensinamentos dessa dança. Seja sobre os preceitos básicos organizados em diversos métodos, seja sobre a maneira correta de escrever os termos em francês, que fazem a terminologia do balé, seja sobre os fatos históricos que fizeram o desenvolvimento do balé, já que no Brasil aprendemos a dança acadêmica que veio da Europa através de diversas correntes estéticas, oriundas de várias “escolas”¹ de formação. Não temos aqui uma “escola” definida de balé. Aprendemos a Escola Francesa tradicional, um pouco do método criado por Ceccetti, o método que Vaganova criou na Rússia,alguma coisa dos ensinamentos de Bournunville, a Escola Inglesa do Royal Academy of Dancing e o método que Balanchine criou na América. _______________________________ ¹ Escola como principio metodológico para desenvolver um estilo próprio de dança acadêmica. 12 Portantoqualquer informação sobre metodologia ou termino- logia de balé no Brasil deverá reunir conhecimentos sobre todos esses métodos. O que se perde pela falta de um estilo próprio, se ganha em profusão de conhecimentos e em versatilidade. Neste livro procuro reunir os diversos aprendizados que temos da dança clássica no Brasil, e colocar lado a lado suas diferenças técnicas, não sendo possível, entretanto, reproduzir através das ilustrações, muitas diferenças estéticas. Tive a preocupação de mostrar um pouco da anatomia humana e da cinesiologiado movimento e seu funcionamento nos exercícios de balé com a intenção de despertar no leitor a vontade de aprender mais. É importante que professores de dança estudem, tenham conhecimentos anatômicos e saibam como lidar com corpose mentes de tão jovens alunos, que tenham a consciência de que podem construir ou danificar seres tão pequeninos, que têm o poder de formar belos físicos e mentes ou deixarem nesses jovens sérias sequelas físicas e de formação intelectual, sequelas que podem ficar para sempre. Também tentei de maneira bastante sucinta, contar os fatos ocorridos em mais de quinhentos anos de desenvolvimento da dança clássica, é importante o conhecimento do passado. Não tenho a intenção de escrever sobre a história da dança, mas somente mostrar um panorama. Optei por aqueles fatos que tiveram um desenrolar sobre as diversas correntes técnicas ou estéticas e que ainda hoje são reproduzidas, assim como as suas ramificações no Brasil. Para o estudante de dança, esse livro pretende ser um facilitador ao estudo dessa arte. No capítulo reservado a História da Dança, fiz consultas essenciais nos livros: “História da Dança no Ocidente” de Paul Bourcier, um livro definitivo, que indico aquem queira se aprofundar mais sobre a 13 história dessa arte; em “História da Dança –Evolução Cultural”, maravilhosa pesquisa de Eliana Caminada e sobre a história da dança teatral no Brasil, na fantástica pesquisa de Eduardo Sucena“A Dança TeatralBrasileira”,que infelizmente não está disponível para o grande público. De Renato Ferracini roubei alguns verbetes, encorajado por seu artigo sobre “mestres” no livro “Café com queijo: corpos em criação”.A Organização do Balé Clássico foi pensada a partir das concepções de organização de Agrippina Vaganova e o capítulo sobre Técnicade Balé foi escrito revelando, a partir da tradição,uma pesquisa pessoal realizadadurante quase trinta anos, observando, testando novos padrões, aprendendo com os meus erros, estudando, escutando mestres e colegas, aprendendo também com a experiência de outros. Durante esses quarenta anos em que abracei a dança como arte e como oficio, acumulei informações e descartei outras, fazendo reflexões críticas sobre a prática para criar o meu próprio pensamento. Porém ainda é um livro de alguém que segue a tradição oral do ensino da dança clássica -“meu professor escutou do seu professor, que escutou do seu” - pois foi através dessa tradiçãoque essa arte se constituiu nesses últimos quinhentos anos, sem, no entanto estar preso a ela.Quanto ao dicionário de terminologia, foi parte traduzida do “Dicionário Oxford de Ballet” e parte retirada do uso cotidiano e da minha própria vivência. Espero que "Balé - Passo a Passo" seja útil para a melhor compreensão dessa arte e ajude a bailarinos e professores de dança, na busca pela essência da sua dança, como ofício, como arte ou como educação. 14 SUMÁRIO A HISTÓRIA...........................................................................................21 Um Panorama sobre a História.....................................................;......23 O Balé no Brasil....................................................................................32 Resumo Cronológico............................................................................47 PRECEITOS BÁSICO DO BALÉ CLÁSSICO..............................................59 A Organização do Balé Clássico............................................................61 Posições dos Pés...................................................................................65 Posições dos Braços..............................................................................66 Diagrama de Orientação.......................................................................72 Posições do Corpo................................................................................73 Posições das Mãos................................................................................73 Posições das Pernas..............................................................................74 Posições da Cabeça..............................................................................75 Pequenas Posições de Partida..............................................................76
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