RIPARIAN ECOSYSTEM FIELD STUDY
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Riparian & Aquatic Area Survey Riparian Area Transect Riparian Mapping Riparian Profile Soil Survey Canopy Cover Survey
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Are there any differences in the numbers and species of plants that were found the various “zones”? What may account for these differences? 'HSHQGLQJRQWKHVLWHVWXGHQWVPD\ILQGWKDWJUDVVHVDQGVKUXEVDUHPRVW GRPLQDQWLQWKH]RQHVFORVHVWWRWKHVWUHDPZLWKKDUGZRRGVSULPDULO\JURZLQJ LQWKH³PLGGOH]RQHV´DQGFRQLIHUVJURZLQJIDUWKHVWDZD\IURPWKHVWUHDP7KLV WUHQGLVGXHWRWKHGLIIHUHQWUHTXLUHPHQWVWKDWHDFKVSHFLHVKDVIRUWKHDPRXQW RIZDWHULWQHHGVWRVXUYLYHDQGJURZ 2. How does the riparian area influence the stream? 5LSDULDQYHJHWDWLRQSURYLGHVFRYHUIRUDTXDWLFDQGWHUUHVWULDODQLPDOV6KDGH FUHDWHGE\WKHULSDULDQYHJHWDWLRQPRGHUDWHVZDWHUDQGDLUWHPSHUDWXUHV7KLV YHJHWDWLRQDOVROLPLWVZDWHUFRQWDPLQDWLRQDQGSURYLGHVWKHRUJDQLFGHEULVWKDW LVDPDMRUIRRGVRXUFHIRUDTXDWLFDQGWHUUHVWULDOLQVHFWV,QVWUHDPZRRGVORZV ZDWHUYHORFLWLHVSURYLGHVSURWHFWLRQIRUMXYHQLOHILVKDQGFDQSURWHFWVSDZQLQJ DUHDVIURPEHLQJVFRXUHGRXWGXULQJKLJKZDWHUHYHQWVDQGILOWHUVDQGFROOHFWV ODUJHDPRXQWVRIVHGLPHQWDQGGHEULV 3. How does the stream influence the riparian area? 7KHVWUHDPSURYLGHVFUXFLDOZDWHUWRWKHPDQ\YDULRXVVSHFLHVRISODQWVWKDW UHO\RQODUJHDPRXQWVRIZDWHUIRUJURZWK6HDVRQDOIORRGLQJRUKLJKZDWHU HYHQWVPD\GHSRVLWVHGLPHQWDQGQXWULHQWVLQWRWKHULSDULDQDUHD7KHVWUHDPLV DOVRDZDWHUVRXUFHIRUWKHPDQ\W\SHVRIZLOGOLIHWKDWOLYHLQULSDULDQDUHDV 4. What do salmon provide to the riparian area? 1XWULHQWVIURPVDOPRQ FDUFDVVHVSURYLGHIRRGVRXUFHVIRUPDQ\DQLPDOV ERWKDTXDWLFDQGWHUUHVWULDO LQ WKHULSDULDQDUHD7UHHVDQGSODQWVDOVRREWDLQQXWULHQWVIURPFDUFDVVHV 5 RIPARIAN MAPPING & PROFILE ACTIVITY Objective: 7RSURYLGHVWXGHQWVZLWKDQRSSRUWXQLW\WR FUHDWLYHO\H[SORUHWKH ULSDULDQDQGDTXDWLF]RQHVDQG LGHQWLI\DQGGLVFXVVLPSRUWDQWGLIIHUHQFHVLQ WKHFRPSRQHQWVRIWKHULSDULDQDUHDWKDWWKH\REVHUYHIURPD³ELUGVH\HYLHZ´RU ³FURVVVHFWLRQ´ Outcome: 6WXGHQWVVKRXOGOHDYHWKLVDFWLYLW\ZLWKDQDZDUHQHVVRIZKDWWKH ULSDULDQDQGDTXDWLF]RQHVRIDVWUHDPORRNOLNHDQGVRPHVSHFLILFH[DPSOHVRI LWVLPSRUWDQWFRPSRQHQWV Materials: 5LSDULDQ$UHD3URILOHDQG0DSSLQJ'DWD)RUP GDWDIRUPLVDYDLODEOHDWWKHHQGRIWKLV VHFWLRQDQGLQWKH)LHOG7ULS'DWD)RUPVVHFWLRQ 3HQFLOV Procedure: *LYHHDFKVWXGHQWDFRS\RIWKH5LSDULDQ$UHD3URILOHDQG0DSSLQJ'DWD )RUP *LYLQJWKHPFOHDUERXQGDULHVDVNWKHPWRORFDWHDQDUHDZKHUHWKH\FDQVLW DQGGUDZLQGLYLGXDOO\ *LYHWKHVWXGHQWVPLQXWHVWRGUDZDPDSRUSURILOH 5HJURXSWKHVWXGHQWVWRVKDUHDQGGLVFXVVWKHLUPDSV Discussion: 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6WXGHQWVZLOOFRQGXFWDVXUYH\WRGHWHUPLQHWKHGHQVLW\RIWKHIRUHVWFDQRS\DW WKHLUVWXG\VLWH 6WXGHQWVZLOOEHDEOHWRPDNHFRQQHFWLRQVEHWZHHQIRUHVWFDQRS\FRYHUDQG VWUHDPKHDOWK Materials: 6SKHULFDO'HQVLRPHWHU &RPSDVV &DQRS\&RYHU'DWD)RUP GDWDIRUPLVDYDLODEOHDWWKHHQGRIWKLVVHFWLRQDQGLQWKH)LHOG 7ULS'DWD)RUPVVHFWLRQ Procedure: :LWKDSDUWQHUWDNHRQHVDPSOHRIFDQRS\FRYHULQHDFKFDUGLQDOGLUHFWLRQ ,PDJLQH\RXU6SKHULFDO'HQVLRPHWHU 6' KDVOHWWHUVLQHDFKVTXDUH SURFHHGLQJDOSKDEHWLFDOO\FRUUHVSRQGLQJWRWKHGDWDVKHHW +ROGWKH6'´´LQIURQWRI\RXUERG\DWHOERZKHLJKWVRWKDWRSHUDWRUV KHDGLVMXVWRXWVLGHRIJULGDUHD'R\RXUEHVWWRNHHSWKH6'VWHDG\E\ XWLOL]LQJWKHSURYLGHGOHYHO 5 7HOO\RXUSDUWQHUZKLFKOHWWHUHGER[HVWRILOOLQEDVHGRQWKHER[HVFRYHUHG PRUHWKDQE\VKDGH 5 Functions of Riparian Vegetation as They Relate to Aquatic Ecosystems Riparian Vegetation Site Component Function Above Shade- controls temperature and in-stream photosynthetic productivity Source of large and ground-Above Canopy and stems fine plant debris Source of terrestrial insects channel Large debris derived Control routing of water and sediment Shape habitat—pools, riffles, cover Substrate for In channel from riparian biological activity vegetation Streambanks Roots Increase bank stability Create overhanging banks--cover Streams and low-lying Floodplain Retard movement of sediment, water, and floating organic debris in flood flows cover Source: William Meehan et al., Influences of Riparian Vegetation on Aquatic Ecosystems With Particular References to Salmonid Fishes and Their Food Supply , 1977, p. 137. Stream food chains depend on organic debris for nutrients. In small headwater streams, 99 percent of the energy for organisms comes from the vegetation along the stream, and only 1 percent from photosynthesis. The leaves, needles, cones, twigs, wood, and bark dropped into a stream are a storehouse of readily available organic material that is processed by aquatic organisms and returned to the system as nutrients and energy. A diverse population of insects depends on this varied food base. Sixty to 70 percent of the debris is retained and processed in the headwaters by bacteria, fungi, insects, and abrasion, with very little leaving the system until it has been processed. Riparian areas have a high number of edges (habitat transitions) within a very small area. The large number of plant and animal species found in these areas reflects habitat diversity. Since they follow streams, riparian areas are linear, increasing the amount and importance of edge effect. Extensive edge and resulting habitat diversity yield an abundance of food and support a greater diversity of wildlife than nearly any other terrestrial habitat. Floodplains Floodplains are an important part of a riparian area. Floodplain vegetation that shades or directly contributes material to a stream is considered part of the riparian area. Stream channels rely on natural flooding patterns. Frequency of flooding and groundwater supply are the major factors controlling the growth of floodplain trees. Floodplains and backwaters act as reservoirs to hold surplus runoff until peak floods are past. This controls and reduces downstream flooding. Floodplains also spread the impact of a flood over a larger area as vegetation helps collect debris and sediment. 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