DOCSLIB.ORG

George Tolias Philhellenisms

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
George Tolias Philhellenisms THE RESILIENCE OF PHILHELLENISM ’Tis Greece, but living Greece no more! So coldly sweet, so deadly fair, We start, for soul is wanting there… Lord Byron, The Giaour, 1813 George Tolias ABStraCT: This essay aims to survey certain key aspects of philhellenism underpinned by the recent and past bibliography on the issue. By exploring the definitions of the related terms, their origins and their various meanings, the paper underscores the notion of “revival” as a central working concept of philhellenic ideas and activities and explores its transformations, acceptances or rejections in Western Europe and in Greece during the period from 1770 to 1870. Philhellenisms “TheF rench are by tradition philhellenes.” With this phrase, the authors of Le Petit Robert exemplified the modern usage of the wordphilhellène , explaining that it denotes those sympathetic to Greece. Although the chosen example refers to a tradition, the noun “philhellene” entered the French vocabulary in 1825 as a historical term which denoted someone who championed the cause of Greek independence. According to the same dictionary, the term “philhellenism” started to be used in French in 1838. It too was a historical term denoting interest in the Greek cause and support of the Greek struggle for national independence. We find corresponding or identical definitions in other dictionaries of Western languages, as for example in Webster’s, where philhellenes are defined as “friends and supporters of the Greek cause, specifically the issue of regaining independence”, or the Duden Diktionär, where philhellenism is defined as the “political-romantic movement, which supported the liberation struggle of the Greeks against the Turks”. These definitions refer to philhellenism as related to the specific historic context of the Greek War of Independence.1 The shared solidarity of public 1 The main bibliographic guide to philhellenism remains Philhellénisme. Ouvrages inspirés The Historical Review / La Revue Historique Section of Neohellenic Research / Institute of Historical Research Volume XIII (2016) 52 George Tolias opinion in the West during the years of the Greek national uprising affected various domains, from political activism, art and literature to aspects of social and even everyday life, given that it became something of a vogue. As an opinion movement, philhellenic commitments were marked by varying degrees of intensity and participation: from the volunteers who came to fight in revolutionary Greece2 to the many who remained active in their own countries, organizing dense philhellenic networks and philhellenic committees, lending moral and material assistance to the insurgent Greeks; and, finally, to the majority, who absorbed and consumed philhellenic rhetoric and production, participating in a sort of philhellenic “fashion”.3 par la guerre de l’ndépendance grecque, 1821-1833, by Loukia Droulia, published in 1974. A second edition, revised and augmented, is forthcoming in 2017, edited by Alexandra Sfoini. For an overview of philhellenism, see Loukia Droulia, “Ο Φιλελληνισμός. Φιλελεύθερο και ριζοσπαστικό κίνημα” [Philhellenism: A liberal and radical movement], in V. Panagiotopoulos (ed.), Ιστορία του Νέου Ελληνισμού [The history of Modern Greece], Athens: Ellinika Grammata, Vol. III, 2003, pp. 267-286. See also S. Asdrachas, “La Rivoluzione greca. Una sintesi storica”, in Caterina Spetsieri Beschi and Enrica Lucarelli (eds), Risorgimento greco e filellenismo italiano. Lotte, cultura, arte, exhibition catalogue, Rome: Edizioni del Sole, 1986, pp. 73-81. Most classic scholarly studies align themselves with this definition, including Virginia Penn (“Philhellenism in Europe, 1821-1828”, The Slavonic and East European Review 16/48 [1938], pp. 638-653), Jean Dimakis (La guerre de l’indépendance grecque vue par la presse française, Thessaloniki 1968), Christopher Woodhouse (The Philhellenes, London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1969), William St Clair (That Greece Might Still be Free: The Philhellenes in the War of Independence, London, New York and Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1972), Regine Quack-Eustathiades (Der deutsche Philhellenismus ührend des griechischen Freiheitskampfes, 1821-1827, Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 1984), Byron Raizis (American Poets and the Greek Revolution, 1821-1828: A Study in Byronic Philhellenism, Thessaloniki: Institute of Balkan Studies, 1971), Denys Barau (La cause des Grecs. Une histoire du mouvement philhellène [1821- 1829], Paris: Éditions Honoré Champion, 2009), Konstantinos Maras (Philhellenismus. Eine Frühform europäischer Integration, Würzburg 2012) and others. 2 The known philhellene volunteers in the Greek War ofI ndependence numbered 940. The four largest contingents came from Germany, France, Italy and Britain. They were followed by Swiss, Poles, Dutch and Belgians, Hungarians, Swedish, Spanish and Danes. See Stefanos Papageorgiou, Από το Γένος στο Έθνος. Η θεμελίωση του ελληνικού κράτους, 1821-1862 [From genos to nation: The foundation of the Greek State, 1821-1862], Athens 2005, pp. 116-117. 3 Besides the philhellenic images, songs and artefacts sold “in favour of the Greeks”, such as porcelain wares, clocks, liquor bottles, playing cards and soaps, even masquerade balls with Greek themes were organized, such as the one given by the Hungarian noble- man József Batthyány in Milan in 1828. See the series of 50 drawings with the “Costumi vestiti alla festa di ballo data in Milano dal nobilissimo conte Giuseppe Batthyány la sera del 30 gennaio 1828”, in Spetsieri Beschi and Lucarelli (eds), Risorgimento greco e filellenismo The Resilience of Philhellenism 53 Philhellenism formed a self-defined corpus of emblematic gestures, texts, images and objects and an established topos of the nineteenth-century legacy of the West. Although composed by varied, disparate and even contrasting elements, philhellenism evolved beyond national boundaries and cultures, a fact that presupposes common foundations and deeply rooted affinities. As a shared allegiance of the West intermingling the world of learning and the world of politics, affecting public opinion and inspiring personal commitment and even self-sacrifice, philhellenism had no preceding analogy since the Crusader mobilizations. Therefore, its manifestations and their underpinnings have occupied relevant research to a considerable extent. Philhellenism indeed had deep roots and cast a long shadow. It has long been claimed that philhellenism was an upshot of Hellenism, the shared Hellenic heritage and its diffusion.4 The dissemination of Greek culture during ancient times is also referred to fairly often as philhellenism.5 The ancient philhellenism of the Hellenistic age and of Rome was to be renewed by Western humanists beginning in the fourteenth century. “Roman and philhellene”, stated Aldus Manutius, a wording he rendered in Latin with the phrase “Romanus et graecarum studiosus”, a scholar of Greek. In fact, humanists would elaborate the modern version of an extra muros Hellenism, making it a discrete field of scholarly pursuit and a component of the Western cultural construct. This coincided with the conquest of the Greek East by the Ottomans. The humanistic turn towards Greek letters would often be accompanied by expressions of sympathy by the residents of the Republic of Letters towards the Greeks under Ottoman rule, a sympathy which would convert to solidarity during periods of tension and politicization of humanism and amid constant calls for new crusades against the Turks.6 italiano, p. 277. See also Angélique Amandry, “Le philhellénisme en France. Partitions de musique”, Ο Ερανιστής 17 (1981), pp. 25-45; id., “Le philhellénisme en France à travers les étiquettes commerciales”, Revue de la Bibliothèque Nationale 9 (1983), pp. 12-21; id., L’Indépendance grecque dans la faïence française du 19e siècle, Athens: Peloponnesian Folk- lore Foundation, 1982. 4 See Stefanos Α. Koumanoudis, “Περί φιλελληνισμού. Λόγος ἐν τῷ Ἀθηναίῳ, τῇ 27 Φεβρουαρίου 1866”, Πανδώρα 385 (1866), pp. 1-11; Pierre Grimal, “L’héritage de la Grèce”, foreword to Moses Finley and Cyril Bailey, L’héritage de la Grèce et de Rome, Paris: Robert Laffont, 1992, pp. 3-13. 5 The ancient uses of the term cover two distinguished realities: the non-Greeks who participated in or admired Greek culture, and the Greeks who engaged in panhellenic patriotic activity. For some illustrations, see F. E. Adcock, Aspects of Philhellenism in Antiquity, Adelaide: Australian Humanities Research Council, 1961. 6 For an overview, see Gerhard Pfeiffer, Studien zur Frühphase des europäischen 54 George Tolias Thus, the philhellenism of the learned would be linked to political projects as well as to the public sentiment set in motion by the terror of the “Turkish threat”. European wars with the Porte during the eighteenth century would pose the issue of the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire and the creation of more or less client states under Western protection. Within this framework, a novel politicization of philhellenism can be observed, sustained by the Greek plan of Catherine II of Russia and the successive presences of the Russian fleet in the Aegean (1769-1792). The notion of the salvation of Greece promoted by Christian humanism and the imperialist philhellenism of Russia would soon be overlapped by the liberal philhellenism of the late Enlightenment. The latter would promulgate the idea of the modern revival (régénération) of the moral, cultural and political values of antiquity, while simultaneously sustaining the claims of Greek patriots.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 200Th Anniversary of the Greek War of Independence 1821-2021 18 1821-2021
    Special Edition: 200th Anniversary of the Greek War of Independence 1821-2021 18 1821-2021 A publication of the Dean C. and Zoë S. Pappas Interdisciplinary March 2021 VOLUME 1 ISSUE NO. 3 Center for Hellenic Studies and the Friends of Hellenic Studies From the Director Dear Friends, On March 25, 1821, in the city of Kalamata in the southern Peloponnesos, the chieftains from the region of Mani convened the Messinian Senate of Kalamata to issue a revolutionary proclamation for “Liberty.” The commander Petrobey Mavromichalis then wrote the following appeal to the Americans: “Citizens of the United States of America!…Having formed the resolution to live or die for freedom, we are drawn toward you by a just sympathy; since it is in your land that Liberty has fixed her abode, and by you that she is prized as by our fathers.” He added, “It is for you, citizens of America, to crown this glory, in aiding us to purge Greece from the barbarians, who for four hundred years have polluted the soil.” The Greek revolutionaries understood themselves as part of a universal struggle for freedom. It is this universal struggle for freedom that the Pappas Center for Hellenic Studies and Stockton University raises up and celebrates on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the beginning of the Greek Revolution in 1821. The Pappas Center IN THIS ISSUE for Hellenic Studies and the Friends of Hellenic Studies have prepared this Special Edition of the Hellenic Voice for you to enjoy. In this Special Edition, we feature the Pappas Center exhibition, The Greek Pg.
    [Show full text]
  • Blood Ties: Religion, Violence, and the Politics of Nationhood in Ottoman Macedonia, 1878
    BLOOD TIES BLOOD TIES Religion, Violence, and the Politics of Nationhood in Ottoman Macedonia, 1878–1908 I˙pek Yosmaog˘lu Cornell University Press Ithaca & London Copyright © 2014 by Cornell University All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. For information, address Cornell University Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850. First published 2014 by Cornell University Press First printing, Cornell Paperbacks, 2014 Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Yosmaog˘lu, I˙pek, author. Blood ties : religion, violence,. and the politics of nationhood in Ottoman Macedonia, 1878–1908 / Ipek K. Yosmaog˘lu. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8014-5226-0 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-8014-7924-3 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Macedonia—History—1878–1912. 2. Nationalism—Macedonia—History. 3. Macedonian question. 4. Macedonia—Ethnic relations. 5. Ethnic conflict— Macedonia—History. 6. Political violence—Macedonia—History. I. Title. DR2215.Y67 2013 949.76′01—dc23 2013021661 Cornell University Press strives to use environmentally responsible suppliers and materials to the fullest extent possible in the publishing of its books. Such materials include vegetable-based, low-VOC inks and acid-free papers that are recycled, totally chlorine-free, or partly composed of nonwood fibers. For further information, visit our website at www.cornellpress.cornell.edu. Cloth printing 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Paperback printing 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To Josh Contents Acknowledgments ix Note on Transliteration xiii Introduction 1 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Historical Review/La Revue Historique
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by MUCC (Crossref) The Historical Review/La Revue Historique Vol. 13, 2016 The resilience of Philhellenism Tolias George http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hr.11556 Copyright © 2017 George Tolias To cite this article: Tolias, G. (2017). The resilience of Philhellenism. The Historical Review/La Revue Historique, 13, 51-70. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hr.11556 http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 12/01/2020 21:33:32 | THE RESILIENCE OF PHILHELLENISM ’Tis Greece, but living Greece no more! So coldly sweet, so deadly fair, We start, for soul is wanting there… Lord Byron, The Giaour, 1813 George Tolias ABStraCT: This essay aims to survey certain key aspects of philhellenism underpinned by the recent and past bibliography on the issue. By exploring the definitions of the related terms, their origins and their various meanings, the paper underscores the notion of “revival” as a central working concept of philhellenic ideas and activities and explores its transformations, acceptances or rejections in Western Europe and in Greece during the period from 1770 to 1870. Philhellenisms “TheF rench are by tradition philhellenes.” With this phrase, the authors of Le Petit Robert exemplified the modern usage of the wordphilhellène , explaining that it denotes those sympathetic to Greece. Although the chosen example refers to a tradition, the noun “philhellene” entered the French vocabulary in 1825 as a historical term which denoted someone who championed the cause of Greek independence. According to the same dictionary, the term “philhellenism” started to be used in French in 1838.
    [Show full text]
  • Print This Article
    The Historical Review/La Revue Historique Vol. 13, 2016 The resilience of Philhellenism Tolias George https://doi.org/10.12681/hr.11556 Copyright © 2017 George Tolias To cite this article: Tolias, G. (2017). The resilience of Philhellenism. The Historical Review/La Revue Historique, 13, 51-70. doi:https://doi.org/10.12681/hr.11556 http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 30/09/2021 09:18:55 | THE RESILIENCE OF PHILHELLENISM ’Tis Greece, but living Greece no more! So coldly sweet, so deadly fair, We start, for soul is wanting there… Lord Byron, The Giaour, 1813 George Tolias ABStraCT: This essay aims to survey certain key aspects of philhellenism underpinned by the recent and past bibliography on the issue. By exploring the definitions of the related terms, their origins and their various meanings, the paper underscores the notion of “revival” as a central working concept of philhellenic ideas and activities and explores its transformations, acceptances or rejections in Western Europe and in Greece during the period from 1770 to 1870. Philhellenisms “TheF rench are by tradition philhellenes.” With this phrase, the authors of Le Petit Robert exemplified the modern usage of the wordphilhellène , explaining that it denotes those sympathetic to Greece. Although the chosen example refers to a tradition, the noun “philhellene” entered the French vocabulary in 1825 as a historical term which denoted someone who championed the cause of Greek independence. According to the same dictionary, the term “philhellenism” started to be used in French in 1838. It too was a historical term denoting interest in the Greek cause and support of the Greek struggle for national independence.
    [Show full text]
  • Modern Greek Enlightenment and 19 Th Century Greek Nationalism
    To my family MODERN GREEK ENLIGHTENMENT AND 19 TH CENTURY GREEK NATIONALISM The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by Murat Önsoy In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS BILKENT UNIVERISTY ANKARA June 2005 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. --------------------------------- Assistant Professor Hasan Ünal Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. --------------------------------- Assistant Professor Nur Bilge Criss Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. --------------------------------- Assistant Professor Emel Oktay Examining Committee Member Approval of the Institute of Economics and Social Sciences --------------------------------- Prof. Dr. Erdal Erel Director ABSTRACT MODERN GREEK ENLIGHTENMENT AND 19 TH CENTURY GREEK NATIONALISM Murat Önsoy M.A., Department of International Relations Supervisor: Doc. Dr. Hasan Ünal June 2005 This thesis analyzes modern Greek enlightenment and 19 th century Greek Nationalism, in the light of nationalism theories. It confronts with the process of Modern Greek enlightenment which took place within the lands of the Ottoman Empire and the Greek nationalism which was the second phase of the modern Greek enlightenment.
    [Show full text]
  • NOSTALGIA, EMOTIONALITY, and ETHNO-REGIONALISM in PONTIC PARAKATHI SINGING by IOANNIS TSEKOURAS DISSERTATION Submitted in Parti
    NOSTALGIA, EMOTIONALITY, AND ETHNO-REGIONALISM IN PONTIC PARAKATHI SINGING BY IOANNIS TSEKOURAS DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Musicology in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2016 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Donna A. Buchanan, Chair Professor Emeritus Thomas Turino Professor Gabriel Solis Professor Maria Todorova ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the multilayered connections between music, emotionality, social and cultural belonging, collective memory, and identity discourse. The ethnographic case study for the examination of all these relations and aspects is the Pontic muhabeti or parakathi. Parakathi refers to a practice of socialization and music making that is designated insider Pontic Greek. It concerns primarily Pontic Greeks or Pontians, the descendants of the 1922 refugees from Black Sea Turkey (Gr. Pontos), and their identity discourse of ethno-regionalism. Parakathi references nightlong sessions of friendly socialization, social drinking, and dialogical participatory singing that take place informally in coffee houses, taverns, and households. Parakathi performances are reputed for their strong Pontic aesthetics, traditional character, rich and aesthetically refined repertoire, and intense emotionality. Singing in parakathi performances emerges spontaneously from verbal socialization and emotional saturation. Singing is described as a confessional expression of deeply personal feelings
    [Show full text]
  • Conference Proceedings
    National question in Central Europe: Democratic responses to unresolved national and ethnic conflicts International Conference - 22−24 March, 2013 Editor | András Lőrincz Published by | Institute for Cultural Relations Policy Executive Publisher | Csilla Morauszki ICRP Geopolitika Kft., Gyöngyösi u. 45., Budapest http://culturalrelations.org [email protected] ISBN 978-615-5432-00-2 © ICRP 2013. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic type, mechanical, photo- copying, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the copyright holders. ICRP INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE NATIONAL QUESTION IN CENTRAL EUROPE: DEMOCRATIC RESPONSES TO UNRESOLVED NATIONAL AND ETHNIC CONFLICTS BUDAPEST, 22–24 MARCH 2013 CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS Institute for Cultural Relations Policy NATIONAL QUESTION IN CENTRAL EUROPE TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ...................................................................................................................................... 5 KEYNOTE SPEAKERS’ PAPERS OLGA GYÁRFÁŠOVÁ: A Pladoyer for Diversity – National Identity Questions, and Ethnic Minority Issues Instrumentalised by Politics ............................................................... 6 LIA POP: Rroma people in the Romanian national elections, 2012 ............................................................. 19 ETHNIC MINORITY ISSUES IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE DADIANA CHIRAN: Roma-Minority Economic
    [Show full text]
  • Kalaureia 1894: a Cultural History of the First Swedish Excavation in Greece
    STOCKHOLM STUDIES IN ARCHAEOLOGY 69 Kalaureia 1894: A Cultural History of the First Swedish Excavation in Greece Ingrid Berg Kalaureia 1894 A Cultural History of the First Swedish Excavation in Greece Ingrid Berg ©Ingrid Berg, Stockholm University 2016 ISSN 0349-4128 ISBN 978-91-7649-467-7 Printed in Sweden by Holmbergs, Malmö 2016 Distributor: Dept. of Archaeology and Classical Studies Front cover: Lennart Kjellberg and Sam Wide in the Sanctu- ary of Poseidon on Kalaureia in 1894. Photo: Sven Kristen- son’s archive, LUB. Till mamma och pappa Acknowledgements It is a surreal feeling when something that you have worked hard on materi- alizes in your hand. This is not to say that I am suddenly a believer in the inherent agency of things, rather that the book before you is special to me because it represents a crucial phase of my life. Many people have contrib- uted to making these years exciting and challenging. After all – as I continu- ously emphasize over the next 350 pages – archaeological knowledge pro- duction is a collective affair. My first heartfelt thanks go to my supervisor Anders Andrén whose profound knowledge of cultural history and excellent creative ability to connect the dots has guided me through this process. Thank you, Anders, for letting me explore and for showing me the path when I got lost. My next thanks go to my second supervisor Arto Penttinen who encouraged me to pursue a Ph.D. and who has graciously shared his knowledge and experiences from the winding roads of classical archaeology. Thank you, Arto, for believing in me and for critically reviewing my work.
    [Show full text]
  • Greek Language Questions
    Journal of Greek Linguistics 11 (2011) 249–257 brill.nl/jgl Review Article Doing without the Fez: Greek Language Questions Christopher Gerard Brown Th e Ohio State University [email protected] Abstract Th is defi nitive history of the Greek Language Controversy shows how Greek’s status as a prestige language galvanized a national movement attracting various ethnicities of the Millet-i rum . Th e status of classical Greek resonant in Adamantios Korais’s katharévousa helped consolidate the Greek state. An alternate demoticist programme, anticipated by Katartzis, developed in the Ionian Islands, and formulated by Psycharis, took hold through the eff orts of the Educational Demoticists. Standard Modern Greek is a synthesis of the two programmes—neither the phono- logically puristic Romaika of Psycharis nor an archaizing Schriftsprache, it retains elements of both. Keywords Diglossia , katharévousa , purism , Korais , Psycharis , sociolinguistics , Language Question , Language Controversy Peter Mackridge. Language and National Identity in Greece , 1766–1976 . Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2009. Since 1976 the Language Question that agitated the Greek-speaking world for some two hundred years is history, and in Peter Mackridge it has found its historian. Th e Language Controversy, as Mackridge translates the Greek το γλωσσικό ζήτημα, was a debate about nature of the Greek language, its historicity and perennity. Both sides wanted a standard national language to symbolize the continuity of Hellenism, a patent of succession to the prestige and authority of classical antiquity. Partisans of the puristic Schriftsprache sought to teach and improve a fallen people, to restore lost continuity and make them worthy of their heritage.
    [Show full text]
  • Greek Nationalism Versus Europeanization: from Ethnic to Civic Nationalism?
    Balkan Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi / Journal of Balkan Research Institute Cilt/Volume 8, Sayı/Number 2, December/Aralık 2019, ss. 201-234. Geliş Tarihi–Received Date: 31.10.2019 Kabul Tarihi–Accepted Date: 18.11.2019 DOI: 10.30903/Balkan.657714 ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ – RESEARCH ARTICLE GREEK NATIONALISM VERSUS EUROPEANIZATION: FROM ETHNIC TO CIVIC NATIONALISM? Gizem ALİOĞLU ÇAKMAK ABSTRACT Since its emergence in the 19th century, ethnic nationalism has had a significant impact on both state policies and the social sphere in Greece. The Greek Church and education system played a significant role in the consolidation of ethnic nationalist understanding in society and the state apparatus. The constitution also recognizes orthodoxy as an integral part of Greek identity, which makes non- Orthodox Greek citizens a secondary citizen. Also, Article 19 of the Greek citizenship law, which was in force until 1998, divided Greek citizens into two categories: “Greeks” and “non-Greeks”. Since the 1990s, this ethnic nationalist approach has been criticized by Greece’s Western European partners and European institutions. In the same period, Greece underwent a rapid Europeanization process and there were positive developments in minority rights such as the abolishment of Article 19. This study aims to analyze the impact of Europeanization in Greece on ethnic nationalism, which is decisive at the state and social levels. In doing so, it is to analyze the relationship between Greek nationalism and Europeanization within the framework of Kohn’s classification of ethnic-social (civic) nationalism. This research aims to answer the question of whether there is a shift from ethnic nationalism to a civic (inclusive) understanding of nationalism in Greece due to the Europeanization efforts since the second half of the 1990s.
    [Show full text]
  • CORE View Metadata, Citation and Similar Papers at Core.Ac.Uk
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Bilkent University Institutional Repository . To my family MODERN GREEK ENLIGHTENMENT AND 19 TH CENTURY GREEK NATIONALISM The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by Murat Önsoy In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS BILKENT UNIVERISTY ANKARA June 2005 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. --------------------------------- Assistant Professor Hasan Ünal Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. --------------------------------- Assistant Professor Nur Bilge Criss Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. --------------------------------- Assistant Professor Emel Oktay Examining Committee Member Approval of the Institute of Economics and Social Sciences --------------------------------- Prof. Dr. Erdal Erel Director ABSTRACT MODERN GREEK ENLIGHTENMENT AND 19 TH CENTURY GREEK NATIONALISM Murat Önsoy M.A., Department of International Relations Supervisor: Doc. Dr. Hasan Ünal June 2005 This thesis analyzes modern Greek enlightenment and 19 th century Greek Nationalism, in the light of nationalism theories. It confronts with the process of Modern Greek enlightenment which took place within the lands of the Ottoman Empire and the Greek nationalism which was the second phase of the modern Greek enlightenment.
    [Show full text]
  • British Embassy Reports on the Greek Uprising in 1821-1822: War of Independence Or War of Religion?
    University of North Florida UNF Digital Commons History Faculty Publications Department of History 2011 British Embassy Reports on the Greek Uprising in 1821-1822: War of Independence or War of Religion? Theophilus C. Prousis University of North Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/ahis_facpub Part of the Diplomatic History Commons Recommended Citation Prousis, Theophilus C., "British Embassy Reports on the Greek Uprising in 1821-1822: War of Independence or War of Religion?" (2011). History Faculty Publications. 21. https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/ahis_facpub/21 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at UNF Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of UNF Digital Commons. For more information, please contact Digital Projects. © 2011 All Rights Reserved “BRITISH EMBASSY REPORTS ON THE GREEK UPRISING IN 1821-1822: WAR OF INDEPENDENCE OR WAR OF RELIGION?” THEOPHILUS C. PROUSIS* In a dispatch of 10 April 1821 to Foreign Secretary Castlereagh, Britain’s ambassador to the Sublime Porte (Lord Strangford) evoked the prevalence of religious mentalities and religiously induced reprisals in the initial phase of the Greek War of Independence. The sultan’s “government perseveres in its endeavours to strike terror into the minds of its Greek subjects; and it seems that these efforts have been very successful. The commerce of the Greeks has been altogether suspended – their houses
    [Show full text]