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Greek Linothorax Armour Roman Tuna Steaks the Sahariano Tank November 2015 ISTORY BYTEZ Greek Linothorax Armour The Sahariano Tank Roman Tuna Steaks The Battle of Megiddo Coming Soonfrom the History Bytez team Online History Courses Our first course due for release soon: Numismatics: An Introduction to the coins of the Early Roman Empire Future courses: The Roman Emperors Terrorism in the Ancient World The Crusades Roman Warfare Stay-up-to-date with release dates or follow us on Facebook Courses are currently under development by educators with experience in teaching distance students in an online environment. We are planning to bring you the highest quality online courses at low cost. www.historybytez.com Editors Michael ‘Maxx’ Schmitz & Rodney Smee Produced in Australia By History Bytez [email protected] © 2015 www.historybytez.com All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form, by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except brief extracts for the purpose of review, without the written permission of the publisher and copyright owners. - 3 - Authors in this issue Dr Michael ‘Maxx’ Schmitz, B.A. (Hons. I) PhD is a published author with two books, several articles and numerous encyclopedia entries. Maxx is currently focusing on editing a forthcoming series of 3 books which he is also contributing to, as well as working on the History Bytez website and magazine. Rod Smee BA Grad Dip. Ed. is a teacher of Ancient and Modern History and Social Science, in the New South Wales education system, Australia. Rod majored in Modern History and Political Science before doing a Graduate Dip. Ed. and teaching. He has a strong interest in military history (all periods) but loves reading about all aspect of history. Rod believes that the study of history is integral to the development of a mature, modern thinking and questioning society - 4 - www.historybytez.com In This Issue Editorial 7 Linothorax Armour 10 Sahariano Tank 24 Infographic - Major Roman Battles 44 R.I.C 14 gold Aureus of Nerva 46 The battle of Megiddo 50 Retro recipe: Roman tuna steaks 60 Reviews 62 - 5 - - 6 - www.historybytez.com Editorial Welcome to the first ever issue of History Bytez Magazine, written by lovers of history for lovers of history. Although written by academics and educators, it isn’t our intent to produce an academic journal. We want to make this magazine accessible to anyone with an interest in any period of history. I’d like to start by letting you know a little about us. Rod and I (Maxx) are the founders of the History Bytez website (www.historybytez.com) and now the magazine. Rod is from a teaching background having taught history at high school in the NSW secondary education system, and I taught ancient history at university for 7 years. The two of us are therefore both from a teaching background and have shared our love of history with students for many years. There are a number of other educators who will be starting to contribute to History Bytez in the next few months and we will introduce them as they come on board. After spending some time building the website we decided to keep material that is time- dependent on the site, so news stories and ‘on this day’ stories will appear on the website. Longer, more detailed articles will now appear in the magazine rather than on the site. We hope that having the two channels will give us the opportunity to share our love of history with as many of you as possible. As we develop and grow the magazine we are planning on what items should become regular features in the magazine, and we are very interested in hearing about what you want to see, so please send us feedback and tell us which aspects of the magazine you are enjoying most or give us suggestions of the sorts of things you would like to see ([email protected]). Our plan is to bring history to as a wide an audience as possible. As such, we are making the electronic copy of this magazine free and are planning to keep it free, and our approach is to only support the costs associated with development and production through advertising so, any potential advertisers please contact us at [email protected], and readers please support us by supporting those who advertise in the magazine. - 7 - we hope you enjoy the magazine as much as we enjoy bringing it to you. Please tell anyone you think might be interested where they can subscribe to get their free copy rather than passing yours along as it helps us to see how many people are looking at our work. Maxx Ways that you can help History Bytez Like us on Facebook Follow us on G+ Follow us on Twitter Follow our daily stories at www.historybytez.com or Subscribe to our RSS feed Purchase books (or anything) through our affliate links which take you to reputable dealers like Amazon. This costs you no extra but means that History Bytez will receive a small commission for bringing a customer to the merchant which will help us to continue to bring you a free magazine. - 8 - This is your chance to reach your target audience globally Your advertisement could be here In a free e-zine with unlimited distribution potential At the same time you’ll be giving back to your potential customers by keeping this magazine free for its readers. Contact us at: [email protected] -9- Greek Linothorax Armour -10- Greek Linothorax Armour Dr Michael ‘Maxx’ Schmitz Many historians will argue that the quality of Greek armour in comparison to that of the Persians was a significant contributing factor in the Greek defeat of their enemy during the Persian Wars. The armour predominantly used by the Greeks during these wars was the Linothorax, a laminated linen armour. The focus in this article will be on the Greeks and their armour, however the use of the Linothorax was actually far more widespread across the Mediterranean and Near Eastern peoples. We know that the Pompeian mosaic of Alexander the Great depicts him wearing a Linothorax. Strabo the Greek, philosopher, geographer and historian tells us that Spanish warriors wore Linothorax armour, as did the Chalybes in northeastern Asia Minor according to Xenophon. Herodotos tells us that Assyrians and Phoenician sailors used the Linothorax, and Livy even mentions the Samnites employing this type of armour. This article will examine this type of Opposite: Hoplite donning a Linothorax, illustrating the stiff nature of the armour. Note particularly the way the shoulder protection stands up on end. -11- Map of Linothorax distribution around the Mediterraean armour, explain how it was manufactured, It is worth pointing out that there were look at the questions we still have about minimum equipment requirements for a the linothorax and discuss the protective soldier to be able to join a Greek hoplite values of this linen armour. phalanx and not all hoplites were equally well equipped. Although the Linothorax is There is some debate about when and how one of the iconic Greek armours (the other this particular armour was first adopted by being the bronze muscled cuirass) not all the Greeks. It is clear that the armour was hoplites would have been wearing body adopted around about the same time that armour. In classical Greece the norm was hoplite tactics became popular in Greece. that the individual was expected to provide The debate really revolves around whether their own equipment, and as a result the Hoplite tactics led to the development differing levels of personal wealth tended of the armour or whether the armour led to display a wide variety of equipment. The to the development of Hoplite tactics . one exception to this generalisation was For the purposes of this article the order of course Sparta, as the Spartans dictated is fundamentally irrelevant and as such the equipment used by their hoplites and I won’t enter into the debate. We know presented a much more uniform force than that the tactics relied on heavily armoured most Greek armies. soldiers and the use of heavy armour which restricts speed of movement relies on In order to function effectively in hoplite group tactics, either would have been less phalanx combat the minimum equipment effective without the other. needed was a shield and a spear. The shield was the single most important piece of -12- equipment for a Greek hoplite. The shield likely that any hoplite who could afford protected not only the man holding it but it would have worn body armour, and also the provided some protection for the considering the relative costs based on man to his left. the material used to manufacture them the Linothorax, being made of linen rather Evidence indicates that the production than bronze, would have been significantly of Hoplite equipment was big business. cheaper than a muscled cuirass and would Lysias’ father, owned a shield factory likely have been very widely used. Even the which employed the services of 120 full- most basic panoply of equipment, a shield time slaves and apparently possessed a and spear, would cost the equivalent of one stockpile of approximately 700 shields. month’s pay. A full panoply which would The spear was the primary weapon of have included body armour, a helmet and the hoplite, and generally favoured over greaves would have cost at least 3 months’ the sword. This was true most likely for average wages, making hoplite equipment two reasons, the first was reach. The a substantial investment. spear allowed the hoplite to project an attack well forward of the shield wall.
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