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3515105034 Lp.Pdf Adam Schwartz Reinstating the Hoplite HISTORIA Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte Revue d’histoire ancienne Journal of Ancient History Rivista di storia antica – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – EINZELSCHRIFTEN Herausgegeben von Kai Brodersen/Erfurt Mortimer Chambers/Los Angeles Martin Jehne/Dresden François Paschoud/Genève Aloys Winterling/Berlin HEFT 207 HISTORIA Adam Schwartz Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte Revue d’histoire ancienne Reinstating the Hoplite Journal of Ancient History Rivista di storia antica Arms, Armour and Phalanx Fighting in Archaic and Classical Greece – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – EINZELSCHRIFTEN Herausgegeben von Kai Brodersen/Erfurt Mortimer Chambers/Los Angeles Martin Jehne/Dresden François Paschoud/Genève Aloys Winterling/Berlin HEFT 207 Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart 2009 Cover illustration: Departure scene with hoplite wearing a linothorax. Red-figure stamnos by the Achilles painter, C5m. British Museum, London (E 448). Reprinted from Ernst Pfuhl: Malerei und Zeichnung der Griechen (Munich 1923) with kind permission of Stiebner Verlag GmbH. Bibliografische Information der Deutschen National- bibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über <http://dnb.d-nb.de> abrufbar. ISBN 978-3-515-09330-9 Jede Verwertung des Werkes außerhalb der Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist unzulässig und strafbar. Dies gilt insbesondere für Übersetzung, Nachdruck, Mikroverfilmung oder vergleichbare Verfahren sowie für die Speicherung in Datenverarbeitungsanlagen. © 2009 Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart Gedruckt auf säurefreiem, alterungsbeständigem Papier. Druck: AZ Druck und Datentechnik, Kempten Printed in Germany CONTENTS Acknowledgments............................................9 1. INTRODUCTION ..........................................11 1.1 Conventions ...............................................11 1.2 Aims and purposes ..........................................11 1.3 Research history ............................................13 1.3.1 The development of the hoplite phalanx..........................13 1.3.2 The course of hoplite battles...................................17 1.4 Sources and methods.........................................18 1.4.1 Literary sources.............................................18 1.4.2 Archaeological evidence......................................20 1.4.3 Methods used ..............................................22 2. HOPLITE EQUIPMENT AND ITS LIMITATIONS ................25 2.1 The hoplite shield ...........................................25 2.1.1 Nomenclature ..............................................25 2.1.2 Materials and measurements...................................27 2.1.3 Characteristics of the hoplite shield .............................32 2.1.4 ‘Wielding’ the hoplite shield...................................38 2.1.5 The hoplite shield in combat...................................41 2.1.6 Hoplite race and pyrrhic dance: the case for the light hoplite shield ....46 2.1.7 Comparison with a modern combat shield ........................53 2.2 Headgear ..................................................55 2.2.1 Typology ..................................................55 2.2.2 Characteristics of the Corinthian helmet..........................59 2.2.3 The Corinthian helmet in combat ...............................61 2.3 Body armour ...............................................66 2.3.1 Breastplates................................................66 2.3.2 Corslets ...................................................70 2.3.3 Cuirasses and corslets in combat ...............................73 2.3.4 Greaves ...................................................75 2.3.5 Additional body armour ......................................78 6 Contents 2.3.6 Effectiveness of bronze armour ................................79 2.4 Offensive weapons ..........................................81 2.4.1 The spear..................................................81 2.4.2 Swords and other secondary weapons ...........................85 2.4.3 The spear in combat .........................................86 2.4.4 The sword in combat.........................................92 2.5 Physical limitations – conclusions ..............................95 2.5.1 The weight of armour ........................................95 2.5.2 Physiology. 98 3. THE PHALANX...........................................102 3.1 The development of the phalanx: myth or reality? .................102 3.1.1 The development of phalanx fighting: an overview ................102 3.1.2 The Homeric poems ........................................105 3.1.3 The Iliad and hoplite fighting . ................................108 3.1.4 The phalanx in Archaic poetry ................................115 3.1.5 The phalanx in Archaic iconography ...........................123 3.1.6 The Amathus bowl .........................................130 3.1.7 The phalanx during the Persian wars ...........................135 3.1.8 The Solonian census classes ..................................141 3.1.9 The development of the phalanx: conclusions ....................143 3.2 The shield in phalanx fighting.................................146 3.2.1 Introduction...............................................146 3.2.2 Rhipsaspia. ...............................................147 3.2.3 Comparison with a modern ‘phalanx’...........................155 3.3 Deployment...............................................157 3.3.1 Width of file ..............................................157 3.3.2 Phalanx depth .............................................167 3.3.3 The wings ................................................172 3.3.4 Community ties in phalanx organisation ........................175 3.3.5 Place and function of the general ..............................179 3.4 Othismos . ................................................183 3.4.1 A vexed question...........................................183 3.4.2 The case against the mass-shove...............................187 3.4.3 Another purpose of the rear ranks?.............................194 3.4.4 Maintaining cohesion .......................................195 3.4.5 Othismos? ................................................198 Contents 7 4. DURATION OF HOPLITE BATTLES .........................201 4.1 The problem of temporal designations ..........................201 4.1.1 Introduction...............................................201 4.1.2 The phraseology of battle duration .............................202 4.1.3 Hoplite battles described as long ..............................204 4.1.4 Ambiguous points of reference................................207 4.2 Contributing factors ........................................208 4.2.1 Necessary phases ..........................................208 4.2.2 Different sectors faring differently .............................213 4.2.3 Pursuit ...................................................214 4.2.4 Physical limitations.........................................215 4.3 Unusually long battles.......................................217 4.3.1 All-day battles: a problem of sources ...........................217 4.3.2 All-day fighting: Sphakteria ..................................220 4.4 Excursus: the possible influence of literary conventions ............222 5. CONCLUSION............................................226 APPENDIX: BATTLE INVENTORY ..........................235 BIBLIOGRAPHY..........................................293 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS .................................303 INDICES.................................................305 General index .............................................307 Index of sources ...........................................321 I. Literary sources.......................................321 II. Inscriptions and papyri .................................337 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It was Dr Mogens Herman Hansen, director of the Copenhagen Polis Centre, and Gorm Tortzen, MA (Copenhagen and Elsinore), my supervisors, who first drew my attention to the topic of the present dissertation. During my work both have been a constant source of inspiration; and without their valuable suggestions, comments, criticisms and fresh approaches, it is safe to say that this study would not have been possible. I owe them both my deepest thanks. During the last half of my three years of research especially, Mogens has been absolutely indispensable. I have had the privilege of working with him and having the opportunity to draw on his enormous expertise and discuss problems as they arose on a daily basis, and not once have I come in vain to him for help or advice. Whatever merit this study may possess, I owe it largely to him. I am also deeply indebted to my colleague Thomas Heine Nielsen, PhD (Copen- hagen), for valuable discussions and suggestions. His never-failing support and op- timism on my behalf have helped me immeasurably during the creative process. Special thanks are due to Dr Jørgen Mejer (Copenhagen), former director of the Danish Institute at Athens, who kindly and patiently drove me around the Pelopon- nese on a tour of ancient battlefields (even to the point of securing transportation to Sphakteria by hiring a boat in Pylos). I also wish to single out Prof Nino Luraghi (Princeton) for stimulating discussions and new perspectives, and for permitting me to read his forthcoming article on early Greek mercenaries, as well as the two anonymous referees of the Historia
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